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Psych 3313 > Peripheral Nervous System and the Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System and the Spinal Cord Flashcards

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1
Q

Autonomic nervous system functions

A

Involuntary responses

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2
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Optic. Sensory. Sight

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3
Q

How can the BBB potentially be opened or weakened?

A

high blood pressure, microwaves, ultrasonic waves, radiation, infection, injury (stroke, inflammation, pressure)

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4
Q

Blockage of CSF flow usually at narrow points in the passage

A

Hydrocephalus

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5
Q

How is blood supplied to the brain anteriorly?

A

Carotid arteries

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6
Q

Spinal nerve regions for sympathetic and parasympathetic

A 
Sympathetic = thoracic/lumbar
Parasympathetic = cranial/sacral
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7
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear/auditory. sensory. inner ear

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8
Q

Same side of the midline

A

ipsilateral

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9
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

Excludes some molecules from passing easily

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10
Q

Far from the center

A

Distal

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11
Q

Opposite sides of the midline

A

contralateral

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12
Q

CSF path of flow

A

Ventricles down the spinal cord and up and around the cortex

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13
Q

What molecules are allowed through the BBB via passive diffusion?

A

water, some gasses like O2 and CO2, and lipid soluble molecules

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14
Q

What are the cerebral ventricles filled with?

A

CSF

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15
Q

Why is there left arm pain during a heart attack and who does it occur in?

A

Its linked to a spinal nerve and is pretty much only in males

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16
Q

How much CSF is replenished and how often?

A

100-150 mL at a time, replenished 3x a day

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17
Q

What are the 4 cerebral ventricles?

A

Lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle

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18
Q

What molecules are allowed through the BBB via active transport (protein channel)?

A

glucose and amino acids

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19
Q

Cranial nerve condition causing temporary paralysis of one side of face

A

Bell’s palsy

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20
Q

Where does CSF exit into the bloodstream?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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21
Q

How is the BBB related to Alzheimer’s?

A

Research is showing that the BBB is leaky in Alzheimer’s

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22
Q

How is blood supplied to the brain posteriorly?

A

Vertebral arteries at base of skull

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23
Q

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways use at targets

A

Sympathetic uses NE and parasympathetic uses ACh

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24
Q

Functions of the somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary movement

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25
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Sympathetic division

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26
Q

What procedures are done on the meninges?

A

Spinal tap and epidural

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27
Q

Towards the midline

A

Medial

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28
Q

2nd synapse NT of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

NE in sym and ACh in parasym

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29
Q

NTs of autonomic nervous system

A

ACh and NE

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30
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

Abducens. Motor. external rectus muscle (eye)

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31
Q

Divides the brain into two relatively equal halves

A

Midsagittal section

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32
Q

Tight junction between endothelial cells and actroycyte end feet along capillaries

A

Blood brain barrier

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33
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Vagus. both. motor heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract. sensory heart lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear

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34
Q

Ventral horn

A

motor output for voluntary movement or spinal reflexes

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35
Q

Examples of spinal reflexes

A

patellar reflex, flexor-withdrawal, Babinski reflex

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36
Q

Constricts pupils to baseline and stimulates digestion

A

Parasympathetic

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37
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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38
Q

Where is there a ganglion chain and what does it do?

A

sympathetic to improve timing

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39
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

Oculomotor. Motor. Eye muscles

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40
Q

Structures of somatic nervous system

A

Motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions

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41
Q

Why is the patellar reflex sort of monosynaptic?

A

While you only excite one muscle group, you must inhibit its counterpart

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42
Q

Maintains constant internal environment

A

BBB

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43
Q

How many peripheral spinal nerves?

A

31

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44
Q

NTs of the somatic nervous system

A

ACh

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45
Q

Posterior of body

A

Bottom

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46
Q

What is the gray matter?

A

Cell bodies

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47
Q

1st synapse of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A 
sympathetic = short with light myelination
parasympathetic = long with light myelination
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48
Q

Toward the back and higher in the brain

A

Superior or dorsal

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49
Q

Sun sneezing caused by overstimulation of trigeminal nerve

A

ACHOO syndrome

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50
Q

Close to the center

A

Proximal

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51
Q

Structures close to the midline

A

medial

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52
Q

How is Bells palsy caused

A

Usually following a sinus infection, inflammation/infection of facial nerve

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53
Q

Challenges of medicine and the BBB

A

how can we make a medicine that works and gets past the BBB

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54
Q

Structures to the side of the midline

A

lateral

55
Q

Tail end of four legged animal and back of brain

A

Caudal or posterior

56
Q

What does hydrocephalus cause?

A

Enlarged ventricles. The head can be so large they can’t be born vaginally

57
Q

What does the meninges do?

A

Provides 3 layers of protection for the nervous system

58
Q

Effectors (targets) of autonomic nervous system

A

Cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, glands (lungs, digestive system, internal organs, etc.)

59
Q

How are spinal cord segments connected and what do they do?

A

They are interconnected and are involved with complex coordinated movements

60
Q

Toward the belly and lower in the brain

A

Inferior or ventral

61
Q

What areas have weak BBBs?

A

Secreting centers like the choroid plexus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland

62
Q

Head end of legged animal and front of brain

A

Rostral or anterior

63
Q

Anterior of brain

A

Front

64
Q

How is the spinal ganglion formed?

A

Outside spinal cord nerves swell

65
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

Trochlear. Motor. Superior oblique muscle (eye)

66
Q

Worst version of meningitis that is relatively rare, life threatening, and has antibiotics and vaccines available

A

Bacterial. Meningococcal

67
Q

Ventral of body

A

Front

68
Q

CNS to body

A

Motor

69
Q

Parasympathetic division neurons path

A

Top of spinal cord and brain long to another neuron and short to organs

70
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal. motor. muscles of the tongue

71
Q

Would CSF help a concussion?

A

No

72
Q

Dorsal and ventral horns

A

Gray matter

73
Q

Sensory

A

afferent

74
Q

Fever, headache, neck pain/stiffness, photophobia

A

Symptoms of meningitis

75
Q

Sudden drop in HR and BP (fainting). Usually caused by seeing blood or needles

A

Vasovagal syncope

76
Q

What happens in the cervical and lumbar regions?

A

Enlargement of horns

77
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal. Both. Sensory in face, sinuses, teeth, etc. Motor in muscles of mastication (chewing)

78
Q

Should we focus on the primary injury or secondary injury of the spinal cord?

A

Secondary bc we can’t do anything about the primary

79
Q

How can the Babinski reflex be observed in adults?

A

Spinal cord damage

80
Q

How does the CSF move?

A

In a pulsatile manner throughout the CSF system with a nearly zero net flow

81
Q

Ascending and descending tracts

A

White matter

82
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

Facial. both. facial muscles

83
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs, exit and enter directly from brain, sensory motor or both

84
Q

Dorsal of brain

A

Top

85
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal. both. motor food to pharynx. sensory posterior part of tongue, tonsil, pharynx

86
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory. Sensory. Smell

87
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater (only in CNS) and Pia mater

88
Q

Regions of spine

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

89
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 left/right pairs that are afferent or efferent

90
Q

Dilates pupils and inhibits digestive functions

A

Sympathetic

91
Q

Ventral of brain

A

Bottom

92
Q

How many cerebral ventricles are there?

A

4

93
Q

Monitoring centers for the BBB

A

Area postrema (makes you vomit if too much of certain things like alcohol) and some hypothalamic nuclei

94
Q

Increased heart rate, blood pressure and blood flow to skeletal muscles

A

Sympathetic

95
Q

Protects the brain from foreign substances

A

BBB

96
Q

What happens below the injury to the spinal cord?

A

loss of sensation (skin and internal organs), loss of voluntary movement (reflexive movement depends on location), loss of voluntary control of bladder and bowel (located in sacral portion)

97
Q

Dorsal of body

A

Back

98
Q

What does CSF do?

A

Mechanical and immunological protection, nutrition/excretion, regulation fo cerebral blood flow, buoyancy/cushioning

99
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

Spinal accessory. motor. sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

100
Q

Motor efferents (spine)

A

Ventral

101
Q

Most common form of meningitis that affects younger individuals and is self resolving

A

Viral

102
Q

Body to CNS

A

Sensory

103
Q

Dorsal horn

A

sensory input

104
Q

What cells form the BBB and how?

A

Astrocytes wrap around blood vessels in the brain

105
Q

HSV1 (herpes simplex virus) caused by viral infection of facial nerve

A

Cold sores

106
Q

Painful skin rash appearing in a band or strip on one side of body (dermatome)

A

Shingles

107
Q

Rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

108
Q

Calms body to conserve and maintain energy

A

Parasympathetic

109
Q

Releases ACh and NE

A

Sympathetic division

110
Q

What is the white matter?

A

Axons

111
Q

Mixed nerves that splits to dorsal and ventral

A

Spinal nerves

112
Q

Area of the skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single spinal cord dorsal root

A

Dermatome

113
Q

What is the composition of CSF?

A

Similar to clear plasma of blood but without proteins

114
Q

1st synapse NT of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

ACh for both

115
Q

Sensory afferents containing root ganglion (spine)

A

Dorsal

116
Q

What makes CSF and where?

A

Ependymal cells make it in the choroid plexus (lines the walls of the cerebral ventricles) or cells in subarachnoid space

117
Q

Sympathetic division neurons path

A

Spinal cord short to sympathetic chain ganglion and long to organs

118
Q

Away from the midline

A

Lateral

119
Q

How can hydrocephalus be treated?

A

Shunting procedure

120
Q

Parallel to midline planes

A

Sagittal section

121
Q

Decreases heart rate and blood pressure

A

Parasympathetic

122
Q

Divides the brain from top to bottom

A

Horizontal (axial, transverse) section

123
Q

Posterior of brain

A

Back

124
Q

Why are the cerebral ventricles correlated with enlarged size in some neurodegenerative disorders?

A

If there’s empty space, fluid fills the space

125
Q

What molecules are blocked by the BBB?

A

large molecules, non-lipid soluble molecules, highly charged molecules, potential neurotoxins, and many drugs including would be meds

126
Q

Protects the brain from hormones and NTs in rest of body

A

BBB

127
Q

Motor

A

efferent

128
Q

Three forms of meningitis

A

Bacterial, fungal and viral

129
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from to?

A

Medulla to the first lumbar vertebra

130
Q

2nd synapse of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A 
sympathetic = long unmyelinated
parasympathetic = short unmyelinated
131
Q

Divides nervous system from front to back

A

Coronal (frontal) sections

132
Q

Anterior of body

A

Top

133
Q

Effectors (targets) of the somatic nervous system

A

Skeletal muscles

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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