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Psych 3313 > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Acute sleep deprivation example

A

Cramming

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2
Q

How does the first half of the night differ from the second?

A

More REM in second half and more NREM 3 and 4 in the first half

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3
Q

Where are the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei?

A

Pons

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4
Q

Why do infants get a lot of REM sleep?

A

Synapse building

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5
Q

Chemicals associated with sleep

A

Melatonin, adenosine, GABA

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6
Q

Chemicals associated with wakefulness

A

NE, 5HT, ACh, dopamine, histamine, hypocretin

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7
Q

What are the k complexes and sleep spindles thought to do?

A

Suppress cortical arousal to non-dangerous external stimuli (wake up only to meaningful stimuli) and aid in sleep based memory consolidation

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8
Q

What happens from the neck down in REM?

A

Paralysis

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9
Q

Releases NE

A

Locus coeruleus

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10
Q

What do beta and alpha waves represent?

A 
Beta = awake/alert
Alpha = awake/relaxed
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11
Q

Sleep. 1-3 Hz

A

Delta waves

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12
Q

What is hypnic myoclonia?

A

Jerking yourself awake bc you think you’re falling

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13
Q

Neurons are firing more in unison and characterizes deep stages of sleep

A

Synchronous brain activity

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14
Q

What are ultradian cycles?

A

Times of being alert (more beta waves) occurring in 90 minute cycles

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15
Q

What do both waking and sleep involve?

A

Reciprocal circuits of excitation and inhibition

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16
Q

REM off areas

A

LC and RN

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17
Q

What appears in REM?

A

Active EEG similar to awake, beta waves, paradoxical sleep, and sympathetic nervous system activity

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18
Q

CHART ON 20

A

CHART ON 20

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19
Q

What does it mean to be task negative? What process is task negative?

A

Unfocused, daydreaming, mind-wandering. Default mode network is task negative

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20
Q

What happens during sensory input?

A

High frequency gamma band activity

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21
Q

Waves of NREM stage 1

A

Theta

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22
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation example

A

Only 5 hours for 3 months

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23
Q

What is NREM stage 1 similar to?

A

EEG of awake but with more theta hypnic myoclonia

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24
Q

What happens to REM sleep with increasing age?

A

It decreases and then remains relatively constant

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25
Q

What do EEGs do in sleep studies?

A

Electrodes on scalp record gross activity of the brain. Synchronized and desynchronized activity

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26
Q

Effects of sever sleep deprivation

A

Brief visual hallucinations (bad hallucination) and adverse health outcomes

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27
Q

Tired. 4-7 Hz

A

Theta waves

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28
Q

What happens in NREM stage 1?

A

Light sleep, muscle activity slows down, occasional muscle twitching

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29
Q

5HT and NE levels in awake, asleep (NREM), and asleep (REM)

A 
Awake = high
NREM = low
REM = off
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30
Q

These areas are most active in alert states but silent during REM

A

Locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei

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31
Q

These areas have diverse and rich projections to many brain areas

A

Locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei

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32
Q

What waves are in awake?

A

Alpha and beta

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33
Q

What do the LC and RN do before and during REM?

A

Decrease activity before sleep to disinhibit the pons. After 30 mins of REM they reactivate, inhibiting the pons leading to wakefulness or more NREM sleep

34
Q

What percentage of sleep is NREM stage 1?

35
Q

Stimulation inhibits wakefulness circuits = more sleepy

A

Preoptic area of hypothalamus

36
Q

How long are ultradian cycles?

A

About 90 minutes

37
Q

What waves are shown in a waking EEG?

A

Alternation between beta and alpha

38
Q

What happens in NREM 3?

A

Deep sleep begins, brain begins to generate slow delta waves

39
Q

What percentage of sleep is in NREM 4?

40
Q

Alertness. 13-25 Hz

A

Beta waves

41
Q

How does sleep restore our bodies?

A

The release of growth hormone and the repair of free radical induced damage

42
Q

What types of processes are waking and sleep?

A

Active processes

43
Q

What sleep stage is most common?

44
Q

High during wakefulness and REM

A

ACh and glutamate

45
Q

Onset of dark cycle. Surge before opening of sleep gate

46
Q

Effects of moderate sleep deprivation

A

Depression, difficulty learning

47
Q

What appears in NREM 4?

A

Delta waves, parasympathetic activity, and growth hormone release in the highest amount

48
Q

What happens in NREM 4?

A

Very deep sleep, rhythmic breathing, limited muscle activity, brain produces delta waves

49
Q

What is free radical induced damage

A

A factor associated with aging

50
Q

What happens in REM?

A

Rapid eye movement, brainwaves speed up and dreaming occurs, muscles relax and heart rate inc, and breathing is rapid and shallow

51
Q

What do electrooculograms (EOG) do in sleep studies?

A

Electrodes on eyelids to detect eye movements

52
Q

High during wakefulness and low during sleep. Lowering during REM than NREM

53
Q

How are memories consolidated during sleep?

A

Learning during waking strengthens connections and memory processes are reorganized during sleep

54
Q

What percentage of sleep is REM?

55
Q

This has higher EEG frequencies and lower amplitudes. Includes beta and gamma waves

A

Desynchronous brain activity

56
Q

Waves of relaxed wakefulness

A

Alpha waves

57
Q

What happens in NREM stage 2?

A

Breathing pattern and heart rate slows, slight decrease in body temp

58
Q

Helps maintain desynchronized activity in cerebral cortex

A

Reticular formation

59
Q

What waves are in NREM stage 2?

A

Sleep spindles and k complexes

60
Q

What percentage of sleep in NREM stage 2?

61
Q

REM on area

A

Reticular formation in rostral pons

62
Q

What do electromyograms (EMG) do in sleep studies?

A

Electrodes on muscles to record movement

63
Q

What waves are in NREM 4?

64
Q

What waves are in REM?

65
Q

Builds up during wakefulness, gradually drops during sleep, and its receptors are blocked by caffeine

66
Q

Wha happens in the default mode network?

A

Thinking about others, thinking about self, remembering the past, envisioning the future rather than the task being performed. Not engaged in focus but still thinking about things

67
Q

Locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. NE and 5HT release decreases, preparing brain for REM sleep

A

NREM on areas

68
Q

Releases serotonin

A

Raphe nuclei

69
Q

What is NREM 3 almost always grouped to and why?

A

NREM 4 bc its a transition stage into 4

70
Q

When are dreams more likely to occur and why?

A

Second half of night bc more REM sleep

71
Q

Awareness. Greater than 25 Hz

A

Gamma waves

72
Q

What brain areas are important for wakefulness?

A

Reticular formation, locus coeruleus, and anterior raphe nuclei

73
Q

Independent action of many neurons correlated with alertness

A

Desynchronous brain activity

74
Q

4 reasons why we sleep

A

Keeps us safe
Restores our bodies
Reduces energy expenditure
Memories are consolidated during sleep

75
Q

This has lower EEG frequencies and higher amplitudes. Includes delta and theta waves

A

Synchronous brain activity

76
Q

What appears in NREM 3?

A

Delta waves, parasympathetic nervous system activity, the release of growth hormone

77
Q

What percentage of sleep is in NREM 3?

78
Q

When active, cortical neuronal activity becomes synchronized

A

Reticular formation

79
Q

What are sleep spindles and k complexes generated by?

A

Thalamus. Not the cortex

80
Q

What does the reticular formation in rostral pons do?

A

REM on area. Responsible for rapid eye movement and muscle paralysis

81
Q

Relaxed. 8-12 Hz

A

Alpha waves

82
Q

Effects of minimal sleep deprivation

A

Irritability, poor concentration

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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