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Psych 3313 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is needed for long term memory?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

Involved in perceptual priming

A

Sensory systems

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3
Q

Protein kinases (PKM) prevents the removal or AMPA receptors. Lasts indefinitely

A

Maintenance (stage 4 of synaptic strengthening)

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4
Q

BDNF produces sustained calcium release. Protein synthesis contributes to stability. Lasts about 2-4 hours

A

Consolidation required (stage3 of synaptic strengthening)

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5
Q

What is the most beneficial way to prevent cognitive decline?

A

Social interaction and physical exercise as opposed to video games or isolated/stationary tasks

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6
Q

High amounts of this cause impairments in consolidation and retrieval

A

ACh

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7
Q

What happens in storage/consolidation?

A

Neural trace formed via synaptic plasticity across neurons and brain regions to form a physical representation of a memory

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8
Q

Learning new info

A

Encoding

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9
Q

What does increased activation of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus predict?

A

Improved later remembering

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10
Q

PAGE 51

A

PAGE 51

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11
Q

Process of accessing stored memories (remembering)

A

Retrieval

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12
Q

Essential to memory functions and has differential effects in different stages of memory

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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13
Q

Parts of non declarative (implicit) memory

A

Procedural memory (how to), associative learning (conditioning), and non associative learning (habituation and sensitization)

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14
Q

Involved in conditioned responses between two stimuli

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q

What is less likely to be modified due to reconsolidation?

A

Strong, older memories

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16
Q

Patient HM cause of surgery

A

Severe temporal lobe epilepsy

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17
Q

Involved in habituation and sensitization

A

Reflex pathways

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18
Q

Has unlimited capacity and lasts indefinitely

A

Long term memory

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19
Q

Presynaptic differences in long term potentiation

A

More vesicles

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20
Q

Part of the brain involved with naming animals but not tools

A

Brocas area and left medial occipital lobe

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21
Q

Long term potentiation as a memory mechanism

A

Strongest link we have to memory formation. Associativity, cooperativity, and persistence

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22
Q

Parts of declarative (explicit) memory

A

Semantic (facts) and episodic (what happened)

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23
Q

What is contained in working memory?

A

A central executive, phonological loops, episodic buffers, and visuospatial sketchpads

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24
Q

What happens to most info that hits sensory memory?

A

It is forgotten

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25
Q

What two parts of the brain support the central executive in working memory?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex

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26
Q

What are long lasting memories?

A

Stories we all have and like to tell that strengthen over time but aren’t as accurate. Strongest memories as time goes on

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27
Q

What do a little and a lot of stress cause?

A 
Little = boosted performance
Lot = reduced performance
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28
Q

What are the possible underlying changes that cause healthy aging of memory?

A

White matter deterioration, poor sleep quality, and difficulty clearing adenosine

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29
Q

What does memory retrieval stimulate?

A

Same consolidation processes responsible for original learning

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30
Q

Patient HM retrograde effect

A

Gradual episodic amnesia to about 10 years. More impaired closer to surgery

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31
Q

Production of proteins by RNA

A

Translation

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32
Q

Extraordinary episodic recall associated with larger amygdala volume and greater amygdala to hippocampus connectivity

A

Hyperthymesia

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33
Q

Levels or cortisol and helpfulness/harmfulness

A

A little is helpful and a lot negatively impacts cognitive function

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34
Q

Involved in encoding and consolidation of memories and long term potentiation

A

Glutamate

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35
Q

What leads to hypersensitivity to stressors?

A

Dendritic changes in the amygdala

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36
Q

How can info stay in short term memory longer?

A

Rehearsal

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37
Q

What is the contemporary (new/improved) thinking of models of memory?

A

Formation of memory trace involves hippocampus and cerebral cortex simultaneously and ability to recall memory shifts from hippocampus to cortex

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38
Q

Patient HM anterograde effect

A

Complete amnesia for episodic memories

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39
Q

What are the two important areas often studied in the hippocampus?

A

Area CA and area CA3

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40
Q

What do amnesia patients show compared to normal adults on items on list recall

A

Less primacy effect and less overall. Similar in recency effect

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41
Q

What is a phonological loop?

A

Remembering words. Working memory

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42
Q

Electrical activity differences in long term potentiation

A

Higher electrical activity

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43
Q

Patient HM implicit memory effect

A

No impairment, procedural in tact and could learn new skills

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44
Q

What may fail as dementia develops?

A

Compensation

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45
Q

What is the hippocampus important in for memory and not as important in for memory?

A

More important for short term memory and less critical for later recall

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46
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex and working memory capacity

A

Small activation accompanies maintenance rehearsal and large activation accompanies semantic (elaborate) rehearsal

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47
Q

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

A

Anterograde

48
Q

Involved in specific personal experiences from a particular time and place

A

Hippocampus

49
Q

What is a visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Remembering an image. Working memory

50
Q

What does stress effecting the medial prefrontal cortex cause?

A

Reversible atrophy of dendrites and less responsiveness under stressful conditions

51
Q

What parts of memory are separable in memory with stress?

A

Episodic and emotional components

52
Q

What happens when the thalamus or mammillary bodies are lesioned?

A

Patients show amnesia

53
Q

Calcium levels continue to increase. The spine is enlarged. Lasts about 15-20 minutes

A

Stabilization required (stage 2 or synaptic strengthening)

54
Q

What is true of memories we have the most confidence in?

A

They aren’t always the most accurate

55
Q

Copying of DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

56
Q

What do AMPA receptors cause?

A

Mg2+ to leave NMDA receptors

57
Q

What happens to info unrelated to the stressful situation?

A

It is suppressed. Stressful times get the focus

58
Q

Loss of memories from our past

A

Retrograde

59
Q

What does stress trigger the release of?

A

Epinephrine from the adrenal glands into the circulation

60
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory parts

A

Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

61
Q

What healthy changes occur in healthy aging of memory?

A

Slower eyeblink conditioning, slower rxn time, working memory decline, and formation of new episodic memories declines

62
Q

Steps of long term potentiation

A
  1. ) Apply weak stimulus
  2. ) Apply strong stimulus
  3. ) Apply rapid shocks
  4. ) Apply weak stimulus again
63
Q

Operates over a few seconds, temporary storage, manipulates info, and focuses attention

A

Working memory

64
Q

Short term memory capacity

A

7+ or - 2 (5-9)

65
Q

How is the striatum involved in procedural memories?

A

Match procedures to context and likelihood of reward. Thinking about what fingers do when playing a song.

66
Q

What is the Hebb rule?

A

Neurons that fire together wire together

67
Q

What happens to synapses when info is retrieved

A

They are weakened

68
Q

What provides a basis for learning and memory through the application of a rapid series of electrical shocks to input pathways increasing the postsynaptic potentials in their target neurons?

A

Long term potentiation

69
Q

What does repeated exposure to similar events cause in semantic and episodic memory?

A

Strengthens semantic memory and weakens episodic memory

70
Q

Why is a hippocampal slice beneficial in looking at long term potentiation?

A

You can look at some circuits and not all of them together

71
Q

What is the gateway to the hippocampus that allows the whole brain to access the hippocampus through?

A

Entorhinal cortex

72
Q

4 steps of stress effecting memory

A
  1. ) Epinephrine binds to vagus nerve which reports to the locus coeruleus via the nucleus of the solitary tract
  2. ) The locus coeruleus released norepinephrine
  3. ) Norepinephrine in the amygdala and hippocampus enhances memory formation
  4. ) Epinephrine produces glucose release from liver, supporting signal cascades required for memory formation
73
Q

Process of forming a physical representation of a memory

A

Storage/consolidation

74
Q

What can excessive amounts of glutamate cause?

A

Neuronal damage

75
Q

Do NE or glucocorticoids levels return to normal first?

A

NE

76
Q

What do 2 synapses instead of one increase?

A

The likelihood of activation

77
Q

What is working memory? Where is it?

A

Manipulating info in some sort of way. In short term memory

78
Q

This enhances hippocampal activity in emotional memories

A

Amygdala

79
Q

Involved in world knowledge, object knowledge, language knowledge, and conceptual priming

A

Cortex

80
Q

Patient HM long term memory effect

A

No episodic impairment for childhood

81
Q

What do NE levels returning to normal initiate?

A

Shift to a memory storage state

82
Q

Effects of stress on memory

A

Reduced hippocampal volume and medial prefrontal cortex

83
Q

What does reconsolidation do?

A

Updates memory to include ongoing info at time of retrieval

84
Q

Impacted parts of patient HM brain

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, and amygdala

85
Q

What is the hippocampal formation made up of?

A

Hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex

86
Q

What are the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex important in?

A

Object permanence

87
Q

Involved in motor and cognitive skills

A

Basal ganglia

88
Q

What do the stress induced actions of NE and glucocorticoids in the amygdala initiate?

A

A memory formation state in the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the caudate nucleus

89
Q

When is linked to alcoholism and amnestic confabulatory (Korsakoffs) neurocognitive disorder?

A

Thalamus and mammillary bodies

90
Q

Interferes with both long term potentiation and spatial memory acquisition

A

NMDA antagonist (APV)

91
Q

What happens when glutamate is blocked?

A

Memory receptors are blocked

92
Q

Hippocampus inputs and outputs

A

Hippocampus to entorhinal cortex to perihinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex to frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and cingulate cortices. Works bi-directionally, feedback to cortex

93
Q

What remains the same in aging?

A

Cognitive measures (intelligence)

94
Q

What happens with electrical activity in delay cells?

A

Increased electrical activity in delay cells and it goes away with a response

95
Q

What is the traditional (old/outdated) thinking of models of memory?

A

Short term memories held in hippocampus, memories transferred to cortex and memories erased from hippocampus

96
Q

Areas of the brain involved with naming tools but not animals

A

Left premotor area and left middle temporal gyrus

97
Q

What is an episodic buffer?

A

Relating info to life that nobody else can do. Working memory

98
Q

This occurs in waves over time

A

Consolidation

99
Q

What does retrieving a memory do?

A

Makes it vulnerable

100
Q

What are Loftus and reconstructive memories involved in?

A

Reconsolidation

101
Q

High amounts of this are helpful in encoding

A

ACh

102
Q

What do at risk adults for AD show?

A

Increased hippocampal activity during encoding. Having to work harder for same amount of result

103
Q

Postsynaptic differences in long term potentiation

A

More Ca2+. More receptors

104
Q

What is a similar phenomenon to long term potentiation that produces reduced responses

A

Long term depression

105
Q

What do glucocorticoids initiate?

A

Changes in gene expression

106
Q

How does info get from sensory memory to short term memory?

A

Attention

107
Q

This is activated during effortful attempts at retrieval

A

Prefrontal cortex

108
Q

What does reduced hippocampal volume cause?

A

Reversible atrophy of dendrites and reduced neurogenesis

109
Q

What is role of transcription factors in memory consolidation?

A

Importance of CREB (cAMP response element binding protein)

110
Q

What is anisomycin?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitor

111
Q

How does memory get from short term memory to long term memory?

A

Encoding

112
Q

What makes up the striatum (basal ganglia)?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens

113
Q

What type of info is more likely to be remembered over?

A

Highly arousing, negative info is more likely to be remembered than non-arousing, positive info

114
Q

4 stages of synaptic strengthening

A

Generation, stabilization required, consolidation required, and maintenance

115
Q

Calcium enters the postsynaptic area. Additional AMPA receptors are inserted. Lasts about 1 minute

A

Generation (stage 1 of synaptic strengthening)

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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