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Bio 2 > Viruses_Bacteria_Archaea_B > Flashcards

Viruses_Bacteria_Archaea_B Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 Prokaryote Domians

A

Bacteria

Archaea

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2
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

discovered bacteria in the 17th century
examined scrapings from teeth
thought “little animals” arose spontaneously

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3
Q

Pasteur

A

experiment disproved spontaneous generation around 1850

crooked neck showed particles settle from outside

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4
Q

Prokaryote Size

A

1 - 10 um in length
.7 - 1.5 um in width
some variety

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5
Q

prokaryote greek

A

before a nucleus

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6
Q

how far do prokaryotic fossils date back

A

3.5 - 3.8 billion years

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7
Q

how long do fossils indicate prokaryotes lived alone

A

2 billion years

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8
Q

why can Prokaryotes thrive in variety of environments

A

variety of ways to obtain energy

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9
Q

glycocalyx

A

organized capsule that surrounds cell wall

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10
Q

slime layer

A

loose gelatinous sheath that surrounds cell wall

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11
Q

outer layer that protects parasitic prokaryote cell from host defenses

A

glycocalyx/ slime layer

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12
Q

flagella 3 parts

A

basal body
hook
filament

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13
Q

fimbriae

A

enable prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces

short hairlike filaments on surface

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14
Q

disease from Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

fimbriae allow N. gonorrhoeae to attach to host cells and cause gonorrhea

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15
Q

nucleoid

A

single circular strand of DNA, dense area in prokaryotes of chromosome location

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16
Q

plasmids

A

accessory rings of DNA

found in some prokaryotes

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17
Q

prokaryote ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

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18
Q

binary fission overview

A

prokaryote form of replication

splitting of parent cell into 2 daughter cells

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19
Q

binary fission steps

A

1) singular circular chromosome replicates; 2 copies separate as cell enlarges
2) plasma membrane/cell wall separate the cell into 2 cells

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20
Q

Prokaryote Reproduction Methods

A

Genetic Recombination:

  • conjugation
  • transformation
  • transduction
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21
Q

conjugation

A

DNA passed between bacteria through sex pilus

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22
Q

transformation

A

ingest free peices of DNA from other dead/alive bacteria

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23
Q

transduction

A

bacteriophages transfer DNA from one cell to another

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24
Q

what do i need for the quiz

A

2 pencil

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25
Q

Kingdom for Domain Bacteria

A

Eubacteria

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26
Q

number of species of Eubacteria

A

tens of millions

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27
Q

number of Eubacteria species named

A

9000

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28
Q

most common type of prokaryote

A

Bacteria

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29
Q

peptidoglycan

A

located outside plasma membrane
rigid cell wall
complex of polysaccharides linked by amino acids that keeps the cell from exploding/collapsing during osmosis

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30
Q

Gram Positive

A

purple

thick peptidoglycan

31
Q

Gram Negative

A

pink

thin peptidoglycan

32
Q

when Gram stain procedure developed

A

late 1880s

developed by Hans Christian Gram

33
Q

Bacteria three basic shapes

A

spirillum: spiral-shaped
bacillus: elongated/rod-shaped
coccus: spherical

34
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

toxic to O2

grow in absence of O2

35
Q

Health effects of anaerobic bacteria

A

botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus

36
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

able to grow with or without O2

37
Q

Aerobic

A

require O2. All multi-cellular organisms are aerobic

38
Q

Autotrophic Bacteria

A

generate own food from inorganic compounds

39
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use light energy to assemble required organic molecules

40
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

generate organic molecules from oxidation of inorganic compounds

41
Q

Source of energy besides Sun

A

deep ocean hydrothermal vents

provide H2S for chemosynthesis

42
Q

Methanogens

A

methane producing chemosynthetic bacteria from hydrogen gas and CO2

43
Q

Rhizobium

A

symbiotic between legume plants and bacteria (mutualism)
nodules formed on plant roots
Bacteria provide plants with Nitrogen
Plants give protection and nutrients

44
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria

A

can’t make own food

45
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

ingest pre-formed organic nutrients

46
Q

sapotrophs

A

break-down decaying organic matter

47
Q

chemicals we utilize produced by Bacteria

A

ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, butyl alcohol, acetones

48
Q

more chemicals we utilize produced by Bacteria

A

butter, cheese, sauerkraout, rubber, cotton, silk, coffee, and cocoa
antibiotics

49
Q

Symbiosis

A

close association between 2 or more different species

50
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit

51
Q

commensalism

A

1 species benefits, other is unaffected

52
Q

parasitism

A

one species benefits, other is harmed

53
Q

Formed in response to harmful environmental conditions

A

endospores

54
Q

T/F endospores can survive boiling, freezing hydration, and UV

A

true

55
Q

vegetative cells (endospores)

A

endospores absorb water and grow again?

56
Q

Bacterial Toxin release sources

A

secreted by living cell

released by portions of cell wall when bacteria die

57
Q

what normally causes bacterial disease

A

toxins

58
Q

Shigella dysentariae

A

releases a toxin
sticks to the intestine
causes diarrhea

59
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

causes all muscles to stiffen
ingest spores
disease comes from toxins

60
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

ingest spores
disease comes from toxins
babies can die from this
Babies do not have stomach acids and pH that breaks down these spores

61
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Anthrax

transferred as spores

62
Q

Antibiotic pathways

A

inhibit

  • protein synthesis
  • cell wall synthesis
  • nucleic acid synthesis
63
Q

Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae charectrestics

A

Prokaryotic, not algae
can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous
photosynthesis (first on earth)
heterocysts allow Nitrogen fixation

64
Q

where are cyanobacteria commonly found

A

fresh water, soil, harsh habitats, moist surfaces

65
Q

symbiotic cyanobacteria

A

liverworts, corals, ferns, and lichens

66
Q

Cyanobacteria “bloom”

A

nitrates and phosphate cause blooms
die off
decomposing bacteria utilize oxygen
massive fish kills

67
Q

Archaea Kingdom

A

Archaea

68
Q

T/F rRNA base sequence different in Archaea than Bacteria

A

T

69
Q

Methanogens

A

obligate anaerobes
live in marshes, swamps, intestinal tracts
produce methane as product of respiration
methane is greenhouse gas

70
Q

what do halophiles remove excess of from inside cell

A

Chlorine

71
Q

what temperature do thermophiles survive best above

A

80 degrees C

72
Q

T/F there are thermophiles can live above boiling point

A

true

73
Q

what pH do thermophiles grow best at

A

1 - 2

Bio 2 (17 decks)

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