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Ch_21_Protist_Evolution_and_Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Protists Domain and Kingdom

A

Eukarya

Protista

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2
Q

Protos Greek

A

first

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3
Q

most protists are unicellular, except this kind

A

algae

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4
Q

what type of “trophs” are protists

A

Heterotrophs, Autotrophs, Mixotrophs

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5
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

several eukaryotic organelles originated as symbiotic relationship with other single-celled organisms

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6
Q

possible origin of mitochrondria

A

ingestion of aerobic bacterium

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7
Q

possible origin of chloroplast

A

ingestion of cyanobacteria

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8
Q

evidence mitochondria/chloroplast originated from prokaryotes

A 
similar:
structure,
size,
reproduction,
biochemistry,
genetic makeup
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9
Q

paraphyletic

A

no apparent common ancestor with all lineage in the same group

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10
Q

number of protist super-groups

A

6

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11
Q

supergroup

A

taxonomic group between Domain and Kingdom

attempts to create an inclusive lineage

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12
Q

T/F Generally Protists prefer moist environments

A

T

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13
Q

Amoeboid movement

A

psuedopodia extend and engulf

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14
Q

psuedo Greek

A

fake

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15
Q

pod Greek

A

foot

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16
Q

Protist movement

A

1) psuedopodia (Amoeboid)
2) Flagella
3) Cilia
4) slime excretion and glide (diatoms, malaria)

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17
Q

long rotating organelle used for protist movement

A

flagella

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18
Q

short hair-like organelles that move in unison for protist movement

A

cilia

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19
Q

Protist nutrient acquisition

A

Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
Mixotropic

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20
Q

How to group Protists

A

1) Movement

2) nutrient acquisition

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21
Q

Alternation of Generations Introduction Concept

A

2 different life stages
diploid (2 n)
haploid (n)

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22
Q

Alternation of Generations flow (start at spores)

A

spores(n) -> mitosis -> gametophyte -> gametes -> fusion -> zygote (2n) -> sporophyte -> miosis -> spores

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23
Q

Protist Supergroups

A

Archaeplastida
Chromalveolata
Excavata
Amoebozoa

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24
Q

Archaeplastida traits

A

contain plastids for photosynthesis

photosynthetic organisms

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25
Q

Archaeaplastids

A

can think of as chloroplasts

derived from cyano-bacteria

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26
Q

Groups of Archaeplastida

A

Green Algae
Red Algae
Land Plants

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27
Q

Green Algae locations

A

ocean
freshwater habititats
snowbanks
moist land

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28
Q

Green Algae traits

A 
photo-synthesizers
group of Archaeplastida
bottom of ocean food chain
major contributor to atmospheric Oxygen
most are unicellular
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29
Q

filamentous Green Algae

A

Spirogyra

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30
Q

colonial Green Algae

A

Volvox

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31
Q

multi-cellular Green Algae

A

Ulva

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32
Q

T/F Green Algae are always green

A

F, some have orange, red, or rust color pigments

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33
Q

Which Algae are plants most closely related to

A

Green Algae

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34
Q

Similar characteristics between plants and green algae

A

chlorophyll,
cell wall,
starch food storage

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35
Q

Volvox characteristics

A

colonial
loose association of independent cells
hollow sphere - many cells arranged in a single layer on its periphery

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36
Q

Volvox daughter budding

A

reproductive cells form new daughter colony within parental colony
daughters develop inside parent until enzyme dissolves part of wall to allow escope

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37
Q

Spirogyra location

A

surfaces of ponds and streams

prefers fast moving water

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38
Q

Spirogyra distinguishing characteristic

A

ribbon-like spiral chloroplasts

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39
Q

T/F Sprirogyra cell division occurs in one-plain producing end-to-end chains

A

T

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40
Q

How do Spirogyra form a zygote

A

2 strands unite in conjugation
exchange genetic material
form a diploid zygote

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41
Q

How does Spirogyra often survive the winter

A

as zygotes

divide by meiosis in Spring to form haploid strands

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42
Q

Ulva common name

A

Sea Lettuce

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43
Q

Ulva appearance

A

blade form

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44
Q

Ulva locations

A

SC coast

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45
Q

Ulva Alternation of generations

A

half of lifecycle as diploid sporophyte

half of lifecycle as gametophyte

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46
Q

Distinguish sporophite appearance from gametophyte appearance Ulva

A

Can’t

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47
Q

Chara location

A

freshwater lakes and ponds

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48
Q

Most closely related green algae to plants

A

Chara, based on DNA data

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49
Q

Chara common name

A

Stoneworts

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50
Q

Chara/plant similarities

A

multicellular sex organs at nodes

cells of body originate from apical

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51
Q

Red Algae characteristics

A

Marine Multicellular Algae

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52
Q

Red Algae appearance

A

Most species branched/ feather ribbonlike appearance

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53
Q

Uses of Red Algae

A

Coralline algae: cell walls of calcium carbonate - coral reefs
Chondrus crispus: cells walls component of carrageen and chocolate stability
Geledium: source of agar for growing bacteria
Porphyra (nori): used for wrapping sushi

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54
Q

Chromalveolata graups

A

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

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55
Q

Stramenopiles types

A

Brown algae
diatoms
golden brown algae
water molds

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56
Q

Alveolate types

A

dinoflagellates
ciliates
apicomplexans

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57
Q

Why are brown algae brown?

A

contain fucoxanthin pigment

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58
Q

Why do brown algae have air bladders

A

keep blades close to surface for photosynthesis

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59
Q

brown algae uses

A 
human food (high concentration of Iodine)
fertilizer
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60
Q

brown algae holdfast

A

structure near root to anchor algae

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61
Q

brown algae length

A

few cm to 100 m

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62
Q

Brown Algae examples

A

Laminaria - kelp
Fucus - rockweed
Macrocystis - giant kelp
Sargassum

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63
Q

Macrocystis common name

A

giant kelp

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64
Q

Macrocystis growth speed

A

2 ft/day

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65
Q

Macrocystis location

A

cooler waters with rocks

west coast of North America

66
Q

Kelp forest

A

Macrocystis organisms aggregated and forming large floating canopies. Can be very extensive

67
Q

Kelp ecosystem uses

A

food and habitat for marine organisms

68
Q

Sargassum location

A

start in Caribbean

found also in Sargassum Sea

69
Q

Why do Sargassum drift

A

start life with a holdfast, but break

70
Q

Sargassum receptacle uses

A

produce sex cells

71
Q

Sargasso Sea name root

A

floating mats of Sargassum on surface

72
Q

Diatom group

A

Stramenopiles

73
Q

Diatom shell material

A

Silicon (glass-like)

74
Q

Diatom reproduction

A

reproduce asexually by mitosis until 30% of size

than reproduce sexually

75
Q

Diatom abundance

A

phytoplankton - most abundant organism on Earth

76
Q

Diatom movement

A

fibrils with raphes

mucus secreted out of raphes

77
Q

Diatomaceous earth formation

A

diatoms die

sediment forms

78
Q

Diatomaceous earth uses

A

kills fleas

breaks up fleas as glass

79
Q

Golden Brown Algae group

A

Stramenopiles

80
Q

Golden Brown Algae pigments

A

yellow-brown carotenoid pigments

81
Q

Golden Brown Algae multi/uni?

A

unicellular

82
Q

Golden Brown Algae number of flagella

83
Q

Ochromonas capable of photosynthesis or phagocytosis

84
Q

Ochromonas fresh water or marine

85
Q

Water Molds group

A

Stramenopiles

86
Q

Water molds location

A

fresh water

87
Q

Water Molds characteristics

A

form furry growths
parasitize fish/insects
decompose remains

88
Q

caused Irish potato famine of 1840s

A

Phytophthora (Water Mold)

89
Q

Water Mold cell wall

90
Q

T/F Water Mold body filamentous

91
Q

Water Mold reproduction

A

with 2n diploid motile spores (zoospores) with flagella

92
Q

Saprolegnia

A

Water mold that attacks fish & amphibians

93
Q

Dinoflagellates group

A

Alveolates

94
Q

Dinoflagellates “troph”

A

photoautotrophic

95
Q

Dinoflagellate bounded by

A

protective cellulose and silicate plates

96
Q

Dinoflagellate number of flagella

97
Q

Dinoflagellates that cause Red Tides

A

Gymnodinium

Gonyaulax

98
Q

Dinoflagellates are an important source of

A

phytoplankton

99
Q

Dinoflagellates reproduce asexually by

100
Q

Gonyaulax

A

Agent of Red tide

massive fish kills

101
Q

Red tide

A

“powerful neurotoxin killing fish and causing paralytic shellfish poisoning”

102
Q

Ciliate movement

103
Q

pellicle

A

supports cilia on Ciliates
similar to a protein underneath a membrane
firm on Ciliates

104
Q

Ciliate ingestion

A

heterotrophic
ingests through gullet
expels through cytoproct pore

105
Q

Ciliate nuclei types

A

Macronucleus
- controls normal metabolism
Micronuclei
- involved in sexual reproduction

106
Q

Ciliate reproduction

A

Macronucleus disintegrates
micronucleus undergoes meiosis
2 ciliates exchange haploid micronucleui
2 micronuclei give rise to new macronucleus

107
Q

Ciliate super-group

108
Q

Apicomplexan super-group

109
Q

Apicomplexan characteristics

A

Nonmotile, parasitic, sporeforming protozoa

110
Q

causes most widespread type of malaria

A

Plasmodium vivax

most widespread human parasite

111
Q

how Plasmodium vivax is transmitted

A

by female Anopheles mosquito

only females suck blood, used for egg production

112
Q

Malaria infection flow

A

transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito
Sporozoites (juvenile form of Plasmodium vivax) infect liver
Merozoites enter blood/attack cells
red blood cells burst, releasing toxins

113
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

chills/fever as red blood cells burst ad release toxins

114
Q

Plasmodium group

A

Apicomplexan

115
Q

Excavata characteristics

A

distinctive flagella

deep oral feeding grooves

116
Q

Excavata subgroups

A

Euglenids
Parabasilids
Diplomonads
Kinetoplastids

117
Q

Euglenids super-group

118
Q

Euglenids characteristics

A

flagellated, freshwater unicellular organisms
flexible protein pellicle
eye-spot for light spot
2 flagella - 1 long, 1 short

119
Q

Euglenid “troph”

A

mixotroph, autotroph, heterotroph

120
Q

Euglenid reproduction asexual or sexual

121
Q

Diplomonads super group

122
Q

Diplomonad characteristics

A

single celled protozoans
2 nuclei
2 sets of flagella
“lack” mitochondria

123
Q

intestinal Diplomonad that causes diarrhea

A

Giardia lamblia

124
Q

Giardia survives outside host and is transmitted through polluted water and stomach through

125
Q

disease caused by Giardia lamblia

A

Beaver Fever

126
Q

Parabasalid super-group

127
Q

Parabasalid characteristics

A

single celled protozoa
4 flagella
undulating membrane
lack mitochondria

128
Q

Sexually transmitted Parabasalid that infects male & female reproductive organs

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

129
Q

Parabasalid that live in termite intestines and digest wood

A

Trichonympha campanula

130
Q

Kinetoplastid super-group

131
Q

Kinetoplastid characteristics

A

single-celled, flagellated protozoans

named for kinetoplasts

132
Q

kinetoplast

A

large mass of DNA found in single mitochondrion

133
Q

Kinetoplastid that causes African Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei

134
Q

Trypanosoma brucei transmission

A

Tsetse Fly

major cause of death in Africa

135
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

western version of Trypanosoma brucei

136
Q

Ameibian Greek

137
Q

Zoa

138
Q

Ameobozoa sub-groups

A

Amoeboids
Slime molds
- plasmodial
- cellular

139
Q

how Amoebas consume food

A

phagocytosis

140
Q

cause of Amoebic Dysentery

A

Entamoeba histolytica

141
Q

Plasmodial Slime Mold super-groups

142
Q

Plasmodium

A

multi-nucleate cytoplasm

143
Q

Plasmodial Slime Mold Characteristics

A

terrestrial decomposer

develops sporangia which produce spores by meiosis in dry conditions

144
Q

When do Plasmodial Slime Mold survive until

A

moist conditions return

145
Q

Plasmodial spore to plasmodium

A

spores released in moist conditions
each becomes haploid flagellated cell/amoeboid cell
2 cells fuse form a diploid zygote
zygote produces multinucleated plasmodium

146
Q

Cellular Slime Mold super-group

147
Q

Cellular Slime mold location

148
Q

Cellular Slime Mold food

A

bacteria and yeast

149
Q

Cellular Slime Mold spore generation

A

food runs out
amoeboid cells aggregate into a pseudoplasmodium
spores survive until more favorable conditions
spores germinate & release amoeboid cells
begins asexual cycle

150
Q

Ophisthokonta sub-groups

A

Animal

Fungi

151
Q

Choanoflagellates super-group

A

Ophisthokonta

152
Q

Choanoflagellates characteristics

A

closely resemble collar cells of sponges
unicellular and colonial forms
filter feeders
beat flagella to generate water currents

153
Q

Rhizaria characteristics

A

Protists with threadlike pseudopods

154
Q

Rhizaria sub-groups

A

Foraminiferans

Radiolarians

155
Q

Foraminifera super-group

156
Q

Foram movement

A

cytoplasm form pseudopods

157
Q

Foram skeleton

A

mineral skeleton made of calcium carbonate

external skeleton

158
Q

Foram interesting facts

A

form the white cliffs of England

used for pyramid construction

159
Q

Radiolarians super-group

160
Q

Radiolarian characteristics

A

all marine plankton

have tests made of glass-like silicon

161
Q

why do Radiolarian have arm-like extensions that resemble spikes

A

increase surface area for buoyancy

capture prey

Bio 2 (17 decks)

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