Ch_35_Higher_Verterbrates Flashcards
periods of the Mesozoic Era
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
When was the Triassic period?
250 - 200 mya
When was the Jurassic period?
200 - 145 mya
When was the Cretaceous period?
145 - 65 mya
Why are Reptilia the first animals to colonize land
shelled egg did not need to be in water
How do Reptiles prevent losing water
scaled skin that are dry
Since eggs are shelled, how are they fertilized?
internal
Ectotherm definition
cold blooded
Reptiles are warm blooded or cold blooded
cold blooded
Some Reptiles _ in cold climates
hibernate
Which class was the first flying vertebrates
Reptilia
Four membranes of Amniotic egg
Chorion, Amnion, yolk sac, Allantois
Chorion
outermost layer of Amniotic egg - gas exchange
Amnion
second-most outer layer of Amniotic egg - surrounds embryo in fluid-cavity
yolk sac
Amniotic egg layer that has food
Allantois
layer of Amniotic egg that has excreted wastes
Animals that are reptiles
snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, alligators, lizards, dinosaurs (debatable)
T/F Dinosaurs descended from the first reptiles on land
T
When did dinosaurs first appear?
Mesozoic Era
Major reason proposed for dinosaur extinction
meteorite
Why did some species of small reptiles survive the meteorite and cold winter?
hibernate in cold
Why did various bird and mammals survive the meteorite?
warm blooded and small
Lizards make up what percent of reptile species
50%
Number of Lizard species
3,800
T/F Lizards are slow moving in general
F fast moving
T/F Lizards are most predators
T, with teeth and tongue often designed for predation
Lizards contain _ to camouflage
chromatophores
Lizards are able to live in which climates
tropical and temperate
Jesus Christ Lizard species
Fennel Lizards
Komodo Dragon another term
Monitor Lizard
Largest lizard
Komodo Dragon
Snakes are part of this class
Reptilia
number of snake species
3,000
Who did snakes evolve from?
lizards
How do Pit vipers detect body heat
heat sensing pit
Pit viper examples
Copperhead, Rattlesnake, Water Moccasin
How do Pit vipers penetrate poison into prey
collapsible fangs
What type of toxin does Pit viper venom have
Hemolytic toxin
Snake responsible for the number 1 bite in SC
Copperhead
How do California ground squirrels avoid Pit viper snake strikes
tail flagging and sand kicking
Another term for Cottonmouth
Water Moccasin
Why are Water Moccasins referred to as cottonmouths?
white mouth when open
T/F Fixed Fang snakes fangs are collapsible
F
Fixed Fang snake examples
Cobra and Coral
Types of enzyme in Fixed Fang snakes
Digestive and neurotoxin
Where are Fixed Fang snakes found
coast
Harmless snake that looks like Coral Snake
Milk snake
Poison Order of Copperhead, Rattlesnake, Coral Snake
Coral Snake > Diamondback > Copperhead
Red on yellow, deadly fellow; Red on black, venom black
Coral Snake vs Milk Snake
Largest poisonous snake
King Cobra
Largest snake that ever lived
Titanoboa
Titanoboa length and weight found
48 ft and 2,500 pounds
Number of turtle and tortoise species
250
Turtles live in _ environments and tortoises live in _ environments
aquatic, land
Both turtles and tortoises have _ to protect their bodies
shells
T/F turtles and tortoises have teeth
F, strong jaws but no teeth
Why are Marine turtles endangered?
habitat destruction, fishing nets, egg collection, egg and young predation, follow false lights, etc…
device on fishing nets that help turtles escape
TED - Turtle Exclusion Device
largest tortoise
Galapagos Tortoise
Number of crocodile and alligator species
22
Crocodile and alligators are ectotherms or warm-blooded
ectotherms
Number of chambers in crocodile and alligator hearts
4
Crocodile and alligator do this in winter
hibernate
T/F Crocodiles and alligators give birth and leave
F, have nests for young
Alligator have what over tympanum
nothing, no lobe
Alligator mouth is _, eye lid is _, teeth are _, and tympanum are _ compared to crocodiles
round, smooth, even, not lobed
Crocodile mouth is _, teeth have _, and tympanum are _ compared to alligators
pointed, significant overbite, lobed
Deinosuchus size
40 ft
Deinosuchus lived during this period
cretaceous, 145 - 66 mya
Class Aves common term
Bird
Ornithology definition
study of birds
What are birds believed to be evolved from
reptiles, possible velociraptors
oldest bird
Archaeopteryx
When did Archaeopteryx show up
100 mya in Jurassic
Phorusphacid
10-ft large meat-eating bird in South America that lived from 62 mya to 2 mya
Tall Aves have the following famous characteristics
lay eggs, nests, feathers
Like reptiles, bird fertilization is external or internal
internal
sexual dimorphism definition
different appearance by gender
T/F Aves tend to be dimorphic
T
structures on Bird feather
shaft, barbs, barbules, vane, quill
3 general types of Bird feathers
contour, down, flight
Flight feather description
located on tail/wings, extend beyond the body
Down feather description
used to trap body heat
Contour feather description
comes against the body same form
bird flight adaptations
feathers, small head and hollow bones, large breast muscles and sternum, blood cells with nucleus, endotherms for high metabolism, multiple lungs and large heart
bird bones do not have marrow, how are blood cells replaced
blood cell mitosis
Ratite definition
birds that do not fly
Smallest bird
Hummingbird
largest bird
Ostrich
2 famous traits of class Mammalia organisms
milk glands and hair
number of mammal reproductive processes
3
Monotremes are mammals that have this characteristic
lay eggs
Pouched Marsupials are mammals that have this characteristic
pouched
Most mammals reproduce with fetuses developing
internally with placenta
Duck-Billed Platypus is a mammal that is a _
monotreme
Duck-Billed Platypus is a transition organism from _ to _
reptile to mammal
Another egg-laying mammal besides Duckbilled Platypus
Spiny Anteater aka Echidna
Marsupials common term
Pouched Mammals
Where are most Marsupial species found
New Zealand and Australia
Disadvantage of Marsupial young
premature birth, not efficiently developed
Most of Marsupial young development happens in this location
pouch
Why are Opossum so successful though marsupial
large litter
Most successful mammal reproductive group
placentals
Number of placental species
4,500
why are placental mammals so successful
fetus develops quickly and large number of offspring
Mammals are endothermic or ectothermic
endothermic
What mammal glands emit oil
Sebaceous glands
Why do mammals emit oil
skin and hair protection
Why do mammals emit water from sweat glands
cool body
Mammal teeth types
canine, incisors, molars, premolars
Mammal brains are in general large or small
enlarged
largest animal
Blue Whale
T/F Mammals have generally few senses
F
What may have led to mammals having big brains
processing information from senses
Ungulate Order common term
hoofed mammals
Ungulates tend to be carnivores or herbivores
herbivores
Deer and Horses are examples of this order of mammals
Ungulates
Carnivora Order characteristics
canine teeth and predators
Cetaceans Order common term
marine mammals
Where do Cetaceans live?
oceans
Order Chiroptera common term
flying mammals
What are Chiroptera wings made of
2 skin layers between fingers
famous Chiroptera example
Bats
Chiroptera Greek meaning
hand wing
Rodent order characteristics
generally herbivores that gnaw with long incisors
Squirrels and Beavers are examples of this order
Rodent
Order Proboscidean common term
mammals with trunks
This order is the largest mammals on land
Proboscideans
Proboscideans tend to be herbivores or carnivores
herbivores
Order Lagomorpha description
jump very well with strong hind legs, similar to rodents
arboreal definition
living in trees
Primates characteristics
large brain, opposable thumb, arboreal
