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Bio 2 > Viruses_Bacteria_Achaea_A > Flashcards

Viruses_Bacteria_Achaea_A Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of parasites are viruses

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

where does virus replicate

A

inside other organism’s cells

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3
Q

T/F every living studied organism has an associated virus

A

T

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4
Q

do viruses outnumber all other life forms

A

yes, by at least 10X

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5
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

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6
Q

living characteristics of a virus

A

DNA/RNA

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7
Q

non-living characteristics of a virus

A

need host cell to reproduce
no metabolism
un-responsive to stimuli

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8
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1884
looking for rabies cause
Found nothing under microscope
speculated infectious agent was too small for microscope

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9
Q

Dimitri Ivanowsky

A

1892
passed crushed leaf extracts from tomato-mosaic virus infected plants through filter fine enough to filter bacteria. Filtered solution remained infectious

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10
Q

Martinus Beijerinck

A

1898

repeated experiment of Ivanowsky. Suggested filtered solution contained new form of agent

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11
Q

When did first images of viruses become visible

A

1937, electron microscope

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12
Q

most important viral taxonomic criteria

A

Host organisms
Particle morphology: filamentous/isometric, enveloped/naked
genome type: RNA/DNA, circular/linear, ss/ds

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13
Q

virus structure

A

nucleic acid core - made of RNA or DNA
protein capsid - consists of capsomeres
shape can be helical or icosahedral
envelope has tissue specific “spikes”

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14
Q

viral genome, number of genes

A

3 - 100

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15
Q

naked virus

A

virus without outer envelope

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16
Q

how does a virus bind to host cell

A

capsid or envelope spikes bind to receptors on the host cell’s surface

17
Q

Lytic Cycle Steps

A

1) Bind: Virus capsid binds to cell receptors
2) Penetration: DNA/RNA penetrates cell
3) Biosynthesis: viral DNA/RNA cause viral components to be synthesized
4) Maturation: viruses assembled inside host cell
5) Release: cell bursts. Resultant viruses attack other host cells

18
Q

Prophage

A

Viral genetic code inside Bacteria DNA

19
Q

Lysogenic Steps

A

1) Attachment/Bind
2) Penetration
3) Integration: Viral DNA integrated into host cell’s chromosome (called a prophage)
4) Biosynthesis: Viral DNA leaves chromosome. (returns to Lytic)
5) Maturation
6) Release

20
Q

Virus Types in this class

A

Bacteriophage
DNA Viruses
RNA Viruses
Retroviruses

21
Q

Bacteriophage

A

viruses that attack bacteria

used in gene transfers

22
Q

Hersey-Chase 1952 experiment

A

used T4 bacteriophage to prove DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material.
Radioactively labeled Phosphorous (DNA) and Sulfur (protein). Phosphorous entered cell, Sulfur did not

23
Q

DNA Animal Viruses types

A 
Herpesviruses
  Oral & Genital
  Chickenpox & Shingles
  Mononucleosis
Papillomaviruses
  Warts
  Associated with cervical cancers 95%
24
Q

RNA Animal Viruses

A 
Picornavirus - small RNA virus
- Polio: neuromuscular disease
- Viral Hepatitis: liver infection
Rhinovirus
- common cold
- mutates rapidly
Orthomyxoviruses
- flu
Rhabdoviruses
- rabies
Hantavirus
- deadly pneumonia
Ebola virus
- hemorrhagic fever
Swine flu virus
- contaminated meat
25
Q

RNA Animal Retroviruses

A 
Retrovirus: RNA Virus -> lysogenic DNA -> inserted into host genome
uses reverse transcriptase enzyme
HTLV - Human T-lymphotropic virus
Cancer causing Virus
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency virus
AIDS
26
Q

How does HIV enter body

A

through blood or body fluid contact

27
Q

HIV Infection

A
  • enters body through blood or body fluid contact
  • attaches to/penatrates Helper T-Lymphocytes
  • Reverse Transcriptase enzymes convert RNA viral code into DNA
  • DNA prophage spliced into host cell DNA
  • prophage may lie dormant or begin producing new viruses
28
Q

Viroids

A

naked strands of RNA (no capsid)

cause plant diseases

29
Q

Prions

A

proteinaceous infectious particles
proteins that are folded abnormally
cause enzyme changes in the brain
agents of Mad Cow Disease and Scrapies

30
Q

other viral taxonomic criteria

A

disease symptoms
antigenicity
protein profile
host range

31
Q

viral classification hierarchy

A 
Order
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Species
32
Q

Baltimore virus classification

A 
seven groups
Nucleic Acid: DNA/RNA
Strandedness: ss/ds
Sense: sense(+)/antisense(-)
replication method
33
Q

virus host range

A

range of cellular organisms a virus is capable of infecting

34
Q

HIV Viral Tissue Tropism

A

T cells

35
Q

Polio Viral Tissue Tropism

A

spinal nerve cells

36
Q

Hepatitis Tissue Tropism

A

liver cells

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