Ch_35_Lower_Vertebrates Flashcards
4 traits of Phylum Chordata
Tubular nerve cord, posterior anal tail, pharyngeal gill pouches, notochord
Phylum Chordata has a _ nerve cord
tubular
The Chordata nerve cord receives support from the _
notochord
Where is the tail on Chordata
posterior anal region
The Chordata has this type of gill pouches
Pharyngeal gill pouches
Subphylum Urochordata common term
Sea Squirt
Subphylum Cephalochordata common term
Lancelet
Subphylum Vertebrata common term
Vertebrates
Subphylums of Phylum Chordata
Cephalochordata, Urochordata, Vertebrata
subphylum Urochordata phylum
Chordata
subphylum Vertebrata phylum
Chordata
subphylum Cephalochordata phylum
Chordata
What are Urochordata or Sea Squirts also known as
Tunicates
Why are Urochordata referred to as Tunicates?
have thick cellulose cover - aka a tunic
Why are Urochordata referred to as Sea Squirts?
squirt water out and filter feed
Urochordata adults lack _ characteristics that larvae have
chordate
Urochordata Larva undergo _ to become adult
metamorphosis
Urochordata are invertebrates or vertebrates?
invertebrates
subphylum Cephalochordata common term
lancelet
How do Cephalochordata bodies look like a lancelet?
body shape
Why are Cephalochordata able to swim side to side?
have segmented muscle
Why do Cephalochordata have limiting mobility?
the notochord is attached to the muscle
What do Cephalochordata use to filter feed?
cilia and gill slits
How do Cephalochordata breathe if gills used for feeding?
absorb oxygen through skin
Number of Subphylum Vertebrata species
44,000
Number or Subphylum Vertebrata fish species
34,000
Vertebrata fish classes
Acanthodii/Ostracoderms, Actinopterygii, Cephalaspidomorphi, Chondrichthyes, Myxini, Placodermi, Sarcopterygii
Instead of a notochord, vertebrate have a
vertebral column
Vertebrata have an endo or exoskeleton
endoskeleton
T/F Vertebrata skeleton has skull for brain protection
T
What do Vertebrata use for gas exchange?
lungs or gills
T/F Vertebrata perform asexual reproduction
F
T/F Vertebrata are generally hermaphroditic
F, separate genders
Ostracoderms are part of this subphylum
Vertebrata
Ichthyology definition
study of fishes
Ostracoderm common word
earliest fish
When do Ostracoderms first appear
Cambrian Period
T/F Ostracoderms are finless and jawless
T
How do Ostracoderms defend themselves without jaws?
defensive head shields
What type of feeders are Ostracoderms?
filter feeders
How do Ostracoderms move water through gills for respiration
muscular action
class Cephalaspidomorphi common term
Lamprey Eel
class Myxini common term
Hagfish
class Placodermi common term
Placoderms
class Chondrichthyes common term
Rays and Sharks
class Actinopterygii common term
Ray Finned Fishes
class Sarcopterygii common term
Lobe Finned Fishes
class Amphibia common term
Frogs and salamanders
class Reptilia common term
Reptiles
Reptiles were the first organisms that eggs with a _
shell
class Aves common term
Birds
class Mammalia common term
Mammals
Lamprey Eels class name
Cephalaspidomorphi
Lamprey larvae are similar to subphylum _
Cephalochordata
What type of fins do Lampreys have?
caudal and dorsal
T/F Lamprey Eels have vertebrae with cartilage support
T
T/F Lamprey Eels have spiracle and gill slits
T
What type of habitat do Cephalaspidomorphs live in?
Benthic
Who do Sea Lamprey parasitize and where?
Salmon in the Great Lakes
Hagfish class name
Myxini
What type of feeders are Hagfish?
benthic scavengers
T/F Hagfish see well
F
How do Hagfish navigate if see poorly?
oral feelers
T/F Hagfish are hermaphrodites when born
T
T/F Hagfish can change gender
T
How do Hagfish defend themselves
secrete slime
Placoderm class
Placodermi
Placoderms were the first fish with what characteristics?
paired pectoral and pelvic fins, biting jaws
T/F Placoderms grew to large sizes
T
T/F Placoderms have armored thick scales for protection
T
Dunkleosteus belongs to this class
Placodermi
Why are Placodermi extinct?
Sharks were more agile, preyed upon eggs and young
Sharks and Rays class
Chondrichthyes
4 examples of Cartilaginous Chondrichthyes
Chimaeras,sharks,skates,rays
On Shark caudal fins there is a _
large upper lobe
Shark mouth is ventral or dorsal
ventral
Shark dermal denticles definition
embedded sharp scales in skin
Shark spiracles and gill slits role
respiration
Why do Sharks have large liver
produces oil
Why do Shark livers produce oil
buoyancy
Shark lateral lines role
balance and sense prey
Shark spiral intestine is reduced or enlarged
reduced
Shark olfactory bulb is reduced or enlarged
enlarged
T/F Most sharks have external fertilization
F, internal
T/F Sharks produce relatively small numbers of offspring
T
T/F Female sharks have claspers
F, male sharks do
Why were sharks hunted?
fins, oil, cartilage
Which shark is the largest
Whale Shark
What is the largest predator that is a fish
Great White Shark
Ray pectoral fins are small or large
large
T/F Rays feed on the bottom
T
What is the largest ray
Manta Ray
This ray has a venomous stinger
Sting Ray
Rays have structures that are able to _ scallops
simulate
Rays have small or large pectoral fins
large
Chimaera known as _
Ratfish
Why are Chimaera known as Ratfish
long tail
Where do Chimaera feed
deep bottom
What is interesting about the Chimaera spots?
bioluminescent
Chimaera is known as a transition organism from Cartilage fish to _
bony fish
What covers Chimaera gills
structure similar to Operculum
Chimaera have a structure that resembles a _ ray
Dorsal ray
Chimaera pectoral fins are fleshy or hard
fleshy
Ray Fin class
Actinopterygii
Number of Actinopterygii species
30,000
What percent of fish are Ray Finned fishes?
96%
Actinopterygii have _ instead of slits to protect gills
operculum
5 types of fins on Actinopterygii
pectoral, pelvic, anal, caudal, dorsal
What type of scales do Ray Finned fishes have
loosely plated and flat
Similar to Chrondicthyes, Actinopterygii have a _ for balance and detecting vibrations
lateral line system
How does gas enter swim bladder of Ray Finned fishes?
removed from blood into gas gland
Where does the gas gland of Actinopterygii release gas to
swim bladder
What is the name of the muscular valve that releases gas from the swim bladder
oval body
This organ on Actinopterygii is used to make it buoyant
swim bladder
2 species of Ray Fins that can move out of water
Walking Catfish, Mud Skipper
Sea Horse belong to the class _
Actinopterygii
Seal Horse male or female gives birth
male
Lobe Finned Fishes class
Sarcopterygii
Lungfish belong are a type of _
Lobe Finned fish
Why do Lungfish have air sacs?
store air from above water
This fish may have leg precursors
Coelacanth
Coelacanth belong to this group
Lobe Fin fish
Coelacant may be a transition organism between _ and _
amphibians, fish
Frogs and Salamanders class
Amphibia
Herpetology studies
reptiles and amphibians
lobe-fin fishes evolved into _pods
tetrapods
How do Amphibians breath
through skin
What species did Amphibians probably evolve from?
lobe-fin fishes
T/F Amphibians can reproduce without water
F
T/F Amphibian body does not change form throughout life
F
Are Amphibians ectotherms or endotherms?
Ectotherm
How many chambers does the Amphibian heart have?
3
3 orders in Amphibia
Caudata, Apoda, Anura
Salamanders order
Caudata
Caecilians order
Apoda
Frogs and Toads order
Anura
What is unique about Caudata tail amongst Amphibia
it is long
Which order was the first Amphibians
Caudata i.e. Salamanders
T/F salamanders walk in a straight line
F, side to side
T/F salamanders retain larval characteristics
T, known as paedogenesis
How do female salamanders attract males?
through emitting strong scent
What is the State Amphibian for SC
Yellow Spotted Salamander
What is unique amongst order Anura tails for class Amphibia
there is no tail
This order is the most advanced Amphibians
Anura
Anura hear with this structure
Tympana
How do Anura escape from predators
can jump high
How do Anura males attract females?
sing
T/F Frog gonads are internal
T
How does male Frog get female eggs to fertilize
squeezed out of female cloaca by male
Frog eggs must stay _ and are covered in _
moist, jelly
Toad skin has _
glands
What is unique about order Apoda amongst Amphibians
no legs
T/F Apoda have dry skin
F
T/F Apoda have no scales
F
Where do Apoda live
tropical locations under leaves
What do Apoda eat?
insects and worms
How are Apoda almost blind
covered eyes
