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Microbio > Viruses (#1) > Flashcards

Viruses (#1) Flashcards

1
Q

“virus” means _______ in latin

A

poison

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2
Q

genetic elements (DNA or RNA) that replicate independently of a cell’s chromosome, but require a living host in order to reproduce

A

viruses

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3
Q

viruses are ________ _________ parasites

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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4
Q

why are viruses called “obligate intracellular parasites?

A

they damage the cells they take over (parasite) + they are OBLIGATED to be inside the cells to take them over (obligate intracellular)

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5
Q

viruses infect _______ cell types

A

ALL (every living cell)

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6
Q

viruses are ______ infectious agents

A

accellular

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7
Q

what do viruses contain?

A

DNA or RNA

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8
Q

various shapes of DNA/RNA that viruses contain (5):

A
  • single stranded
  • double stranded
  • linear
  • circular
  • segmented
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9
Q

shape of DNA/RNA: genome is one or more pieces; allows for reassortment of genome to increase their diversity

A

segmented

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10
Q

what kind of genome does influenza virus have?

A

segmented (can take pieces of human, swine, and bird flu to become a near virus – why we get a new vaccine every year)

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11
Q

we get a new flu shot every year because theres so much ___________ (due to segmented genome) that it changes our _________ reactions

A

reassortment; antibodies

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12
Q

extracellular form of viruses =

A

virion

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13
Q

the complete virus particle (nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, and possibly external layers); moves from host cell to host cell

A

virion

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14
Q

the protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid in a virion is called the _______

A

capsid

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15
Q

most numerous microbe =

A

viruses!

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16
Q

size range of viruses:

A

10 - 2300 nm

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17
Q

size range of bacteria:

A

200 nm - 750,000 nm

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18
Q

virions contain a ________

A

nucleocapsid

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19
Q

what is a nucleocapsid composed of (3)?

A
  • nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
  • protein coat (capsid)
  • some have additional components
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20
Q

the polio virus is the size of a bacterial ________

A

ribosome

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21
Q

the most common size of viruses is up to ________ nm

A

400 nm

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22
Q

larger viruses tend to infect ________ and are _________

A

amoeba; aquatic

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23
Q

large viruses that infect amoeba have _______, which are hairs made of a similar material to peptidoglycan; make amoeba think they’re eating bacteria and then get infected by a virus

A

fibrils

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24
Q

virus structures can either be ________ or ______

A

enveloped or naked

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25
Q

what does a naked virus structure include?

A
  • nucleic acid
  • capsid (composed of capsomeres)
  • can possibly have peplomers/spikes
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26
Q

what does an enveloped virus structure include?

A
  • nucleic acid
  • capsid
  • glycoprotein (spikes/peplomers)
  • envelope
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27
Q

what is the capsid composed of?

A

capsomeres

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28
Q

what is the envelope made of?

A

lipid bilayer

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29
Q

what are spikes made of?

A

glycoproteins

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30
Q

part of virus structure: protects nucleic acid and may have an attachment role as well

A

capsid

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31
Q

type of virus structure: only have nucleic acid + capsid (can possibly have protrusions)

A

naked virus

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32
Q

type of virus structure: has a LIPID bilayer and protein protrusions

A

enveloped virus

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33
Q

types of virus SYMMETRY (3):

A
  • helical
  • icosahedral
  • complex (both)
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34
Q

virus symmetry refers to its _______ symmetry

A

capsid (does NOT include envelope)

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35
Q

type of virus/capsid symmetry: tube; if it has an envelope, it may look spherical

A

helical symmetry

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36
Q

type of virus/capsid symmetry: polyhedron – 12 equilateral triangles + 12 vertices; most efficient way to enclose a space; could also have an envelope

A

icosahedral symmetry

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37
Q

example of virus w/ helical symmetry =

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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38
Q

the structural subunits of capsids, called ________, is just long enough to cover the nucleic acid; all the same type of protein in helical symmetry

A

capsomeres

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39
Q

type of virus/capsid symmetry: no JUST helical or icosahedral; might have both or some other symmetry

A

complex symmetry

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40
Q

example of a virus w/ complex symmetry that has a STRANGE shape =

A

vaccinia (pox virus)

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41
Q

example of a virus w/ complex symmetry that has BOTH helical + icosahedral symmetry

A

T4 bacteriophage

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42
Q

complex symmetry that has BOTH helical + icosahedral symmetry

A

binal symmetry

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43
Q

T4 bacteriophage has complex symmetry that is term:

A

binal symmetry

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44
Q

the capsid head of T4 bacteriophage looks like _________ symmetry while the sheath looks like ________ symmetry

A

icosahedral; helical (tube)

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45
Q

theres ______-_______ general of viruses

A

200-300

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46
Q

of virus species:

A

1500 species

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47
Q

classification of viruses is based on (5):

A

1) what they infect (animals, amoeba, bacteria)
2) nature of virion (naked/enveloped)
3) nucleic acid (DNA, RNA, linear, circular, etc.)
4) strategies of infection + reproduction
5) nucleotide sequence

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48
Q

central dogma of biology:

A

DNA –> mRNA –> protein

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49
Q

T/F: all living cells are double-stranded DNA

A

true

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50
Q

the one strand of DNA used to make mRNA is called what?

A

antistrand

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51
Q

types of viral GENOMES for ssRNA viruses (2):

A
  • positive sense
  • negative sense
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52
Q

positive and negative sense genomes are only for what type of virus genome?

A

ssRNA (single-stranded RNA) viruses

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53
Q

type of ssRNA virus genome: genome and mRNA are the SAME sequence

A

positive sense (+, plus strand)

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54
Q

type of ssRNA virus genome: genome and mRNA are COMPLIMENTS to one another (ex: AUG –> UAC)

A

negative sense

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55
Q

example of virus with negative sense genome =

A

flu virus

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56
Q

mRNA is always in the ______ sense

A

positive

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57
Q

outer, flexible membranous layer

A

viral envelopes

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58
Q

lipids and carbohydrates in the viral envelope are usually _______ derived

A

host

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59
Q

viruses can acquire their envelope from their host through a process called _______

A

budding

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60
Q

process where virus exits the host cell and uses spikes to pull lipid bilayer with it

A

budding

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61
Q

very few ___________ have an envelope

A

bacteriophages

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62
Q

most bacteriophages have a ________ type of genome

A

dsDNA

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63
Q

envelope ______ may project form the envelope surface

A

proteins

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64
Q

protein projections on the envelope surgace

A

spikes or peplomers

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65
Q

spikes or peplomers are ________ encoded

A

viral (makes them inside the cell first)

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66
Q

functions of spikes (5)

A
  • viral attachment to host cell (very specific)
  • enzymatic activity
  • role in nucleic acid replication
  • identification of virus
  • release of virus (nervinadose spikes)
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67
Q

the spikes viral attachment to host cells is very _______

A

specific

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68
Q

spike that the flu virus uses to attach to respiratory cells SPECIFICALLY; can attach to RBCs (blocking WBCs from attacking it)

A

Hemagglutinin spike

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69
Q

what spike is involved in the release of the virus?

A

nervinadose spikes

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70
Q

the ______ virus have nervinadose spikes

A

flu

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71
Q

Tamaflu inhibits the fomration of _______ spikes in order to decease the duration of the flu; prevents more viruses from spreading to other parts of the body through release

A

nervinadose spikes

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72
Q

most enveloped viruses are _______ viruses

A

animal

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73
Q

animal viruses don’t have a cell wall but they have a ________ _______

A

lipid bilayer

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74
Q

animal viruses are released via ________

A

budding

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75
Q

animal viruses type of genome:

A

dsDNA or ssRNA

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76
Q

specific polymerase that virus brings with it; reads NEGATIVE sense RNA virus genome and makes it into POSITIVE sense mRNA; host cells don’t have this

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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77
Q

spikes are _______

A

antigens

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78
Q

viral replication/reprod. steps (5):

A
  1. attachment (adsorption of phage virion)
  2. penetration of viral nucleic acid
  3. synthesis of viral nucleic acid + protein
  4. assembly and packaging of new viruses
  5. cell lysis and release of new virions
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79
Q

the viral replication mechanism used depends on viral ________ and ________

A

structure + genome

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80
Q

similar steps of viral replication for all viruses (6):

A

1) attachment
2) entry (of viral genome)
3) uncoating of genome
4) synthesis
5) assembly
6) release

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81
Q

attachment of viruses is specific (not random at all) and uses common ______ ________ for receptors

A

cell components (ex: LPS, peptidoglycan)

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82
Q

types of entry/penetration of viral nucelic acid into the host cell (3)

A
  • injection
  • endocytosis
  • fusion of virion to cell membrane
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83
Q

which method of entry do most bacteriophages used to penetrate their genome into the host cell?

A

injection

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84
Q

which method of entry do most animal viruses/eukaryotes used to penetrate their genome into the host cell?

A

endocytosis + fusion

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85
Q

method of entry; cell is tricked into thinking the virus is food and brings it into the cell

A

endocytosis

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86
Q

step of viral replication: removes layer from nucleic acid (viral genome) so it can do its job; takes CAPSID off

A

uncoating of genome

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87
Q

T/F: if you INJECT DNA into the host cell; the nucleic acid is already uncoated from the capsid

A

true

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88
Q

step of viral replication: replicates its genome makes new nucleic acids + proteins; makes new virions and enzymes to take over the cell

A

synthesis

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89
Q

during fusion of the virion to the host cell membrane, the _______ is uncoated but you still have to uncoat the ________

A

envelope; capsid

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90
Q

if a virus uses fusion, uncoating of the capsid occurs in the __________

A

cytoplasm

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91
Q

in some ANIMAL cells (when using fusion), uncoating of the capsid from the nucleic acid may not occur until the ________

A

nucleus

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92
Q

methods of the release of new virions (3):

A
  • lyse
  • exocytosis
  • budding
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93
Q

the genome of a negative sense RNA virus:
a) has the same sequence as the viral mRNA
b) has the complementary sequence of the viral mRNA
c) has the reversed sequence of the viral mRNA
d) is used as the viral mRNA

A

b) has the complementary sequence of the viral mRNA

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94
Q

viral replication phases (2):

A
  • eclipse
  • maturation
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95
Q

viral replication phase: making early viral enzymes to take over the host cell + to replicate its genome

A

eclipse

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96
Q

viral replication phase: assembling all new virions

A

maturation

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97
Q

once a virus is added to a host cell, there is a ______ period before its is released

A

latent period

98
Q

period during viral replication; minutes to hours; nothing going on the OUTSIDE but a lot going inside

A

laten period

99
Q

order of products created during viral replication:

A
  • early enzymes
  • nucleic acid
  • protein coats (capsid)
100
Q

of virions released from cell when infected

A

burst size

101
Q

the burst size for most viruses is ________ virions

A

100

102
Q

viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages

103
Q

bacteriophages are also called _________

A

phages

104
Q

bacteriophages are very ________ and structually ________

A

diverse; complex

105
Q

most bacteriophages contain _________ genomes

A

dsDNA (contrast to animals which are dsDNA or ssRNA)

106
Q

most bacteriophages have a ________ virus structure

A

naked

107
Q

very few bacteriophages have __________; presence of peptidoglycan and other things makes it harder to steal lipid bilayer + there’s few that can bud

A

envelopes

108
Q

which method of entry do bacteriophages use to get their genome inside the host cell?

A

inject (most)

109
Q

viral infections of bacteria causes around ______ of ALL bacterial mortality; it’s very common

A

1/3

110
Q

_____% of all marine prokaryotes are infected w/ viruses; ocean is chalk full of bacteriophages

A

70%

111
Q

there are _________ - __________ viruses (bacteriophages) per mL of ocean water at the surface

A

1 mil - 100 million

112
Q

viruses that lyse the host cell; deadly

A

virulent / lytic

113
Q

virulent (lytic) bacteriophages begin _______ immediately after entering the host

A

multiplying

114
Q

virulent bacteriophages ______ bacterial host cell for release

A

lyse

115
Q

virulent (lytic) bacteriophages can ONLY go through which pathway?

A

lytic pathway

116
Q

different types of phages:

A
  • lytic (virulent)
  • lysogenic (temperate)
117
Q

example of lytic (virulent) virus =

A

T4

118
Q

T4 infects which bacteria?

A

E. coli

119
Q

burst size of T4 =

A

100

120
Q

T/F: all viruses can go through the lytic (virulent) pathway

A

true!

121
Q

T/F: animal viruses cannot lyse the cell

A

false (some can do it too in addition to phages)

122
Q

T4’s receptor:

A

LPS

123
Q

since T4’s receptor is LPS, they only infect what kind of bacteria?

A

gram-negative (E. coli)

124
Q

T4 injects a _______ strand of DNA into the bacteria

A

linear

125
Q

T4 has a __________ to break beta-1,4 of the peptidoglycan layer

A

lysozyme

126
Q

T4 uses the enzyme ________ to put a hole in the cell membrane

A

polan (i think thats the name)

127
Q

how long does it take for T4 to replicate and lyse the bacterial cell from the start of infection?

A

only 25 minutes!

128
Q

order of T4 products after infection (6):

A

1) T4 nucleases, DNA polymerase, and new sigma factors
2) phage T4 DNA
3) phage head proteins
4) tail, collar, base plate, and tail fiber proteins
5) mature T4 virion
6) T4 lysozyme production

129
Q

in T4, what are early mRNA used for?

A

T4 nucleases, DNA polymerase, and new sigma factors

130
Q

changes specificity of host cell enzyme to make it work for the virus; makes sure RNA polymerase the cell has will ONLY bind to VIRAL protein; makes the cell make only viral mRNA

A

new sigma factors

131
Q

in T4, what are late mRNA used for?

A

structural components of the virus — tail fiber proteins, capsid, collar, base plate, proteins (aka building VIRIONS)

132
Q

break down host (bacterial) chromosomal DNA

A

T4 nucleases

133
Q

used to replicate viruses DNA

A

DNA polymerase

134
Q

T/F: viruses package their genome first and THEN add other stuff when replicating inside a host cell

A

true

135
Q

why does T4 make lysozyme at the end?

A

to get out of the cell! (lyse)

136
Q

type of phage: can go through the lytic pathway OR the lysogenic pathway

A

temperate (lysogenic) phages

137
Q

pathway: reproduce as virulent phages

A

lytic pathway

138
Q

pathway: remain within host cell without destroying it; integrate genome into host genome

A

lysogenic pathway

139
Q

relationship when virus integrates its viral DNA/genome into the host’s genome (chromosome)

A

lysogeny

140
Q

lysogeny is kinda like ______

A

dormancy (kinda)

141
Q

example of lysogenic phage =

A

lambda

142
Q

lambda has a ________ head and a __________ segment tail

A

icosahedral head; helical segment tail

143
Q

lambda has a ______ tail that is very FLEXIBLE

A

flexis

144
Q

lambda has ______ symmetry

A

binal (complex)

145
Q

lysogenic process steps (4):

A

1) attachment of the virus to the host cell
2) injection of viral DNA
3) viral DNA is integrated into host DNA
4) viral DNA is replicated with host DNA at cell division (binary fission)

146
Q

once viral DNA is incorporated onto bacterial chromosome, the virus is considered a ________

A

prophage

147
Q

why is it advantageous to integrate the viral genome onto the hosts chromosome?

A

way to not kill host but still propagate

148
Q

what is it called when the bacterial cell is triggered into the lytic cycle from the lysogenic cycle?

A

induction

149
Q

what does “prophage” mean?

A

pro: incorporated onto the chromosome
phage: bacterial virus

150
Q

nonlytic relationship between a phage and its host

A

lysogeny

151
Q

cell has to be _________ for lysogeny to occur

A

permissive

152
Q

integrated bacteriophage genome

A

prophage

153
Q

lambda use _______ enzyme to integrate into host chromosome

A

integrase

154
Q

lambda integrates its genome between ________ and ________ operons of the E. coli chromosome

A

galactose; biotin

155
Q

the area between galactose and biotin where lambda integrates its genome is called the _________ _______

A

attachment site

156
Q

lambas prophage replicates with its _____ genome

A

host

157
Q

operon that allows bacteria to use galactose as a carbohydrate source

A

galactose operon

158
Q

operon that allows bacteria to make biotin

A

biotin operon

159
Q

essential growth factor

A

biotin

160
Q

cluster of genes that are regulated together; under the SAME control

A

operon

161
Q

infected bacterial host

A

lysogen

162
Q

the lysogen appears and acts _______ during lysogeny

A

normal (

163
Q

during lysogeny, the prophage may change the ________ of its host

A

phenotype

164
Q

when the prophage changes the phenotype of its host (prophage in attic changes the shutters from red to orange; bacteria is the house)

A

lysogenic conversion

165
Q

phage may switch from lysogenic to lytic cycle upon __________

A

induction

166
Q

when prophage comes out of the hosts chromosome

A

induction

167
Q

example of phenotypic change: Salmonella enterica mutates its ______ _________ on LPS so if you get infected with it again (and its mutated), your body has to create all NEW antibodies

A

O antigen

168
Q

example of phenotypic change: diptherium toxin that makes ppl sick comes from a _________

A

prophage

169
Q

diptherium toxin that makes ppl sick comes from a prophage makes it a __________

A

pathogen

170
Q

prophage from diptherium toxin becomes a _______ virus; now PERMANENTLY part of its chromosome

A

cryptic

171
Q

A lytic (virulent) bacteriophage:
a) can remain dormant in bacterial cell until induction
b) can incorporate into the bacterial chromosome
c) takes over the host cell immediately after infection and then releases the newly assembled virions via budding
d) takes over the host cell immediately after infection and then releases the newly assembled virions via lysis

A

d) takes over the host cell immediately after infection and then releases the newly assembled virions via lysis

172
Q

Lambda genome has ___________ in __________ conformation with _______ _______

A

dsDNA; linear conformation; cohesive ends

173
Q

sticky ends that if brought together will stick together

A

cohesive ends

174
Q

Integration of lambda DNA into host steps (3):

A

1) lambda genome cyclizes at its cohesive ends
2) a site-specific endonuclease creates staggered ends of phage and host DNA (b/w galactose + biotin)
3) lambda genome integrates and gaps are closed by DNA ligase

175
Q

in bacterial DNA; fights foreign DNA invaders

A

endonuclease

176
Q

closes gaps in DNA/chromosomes

A

ligase

177
Q

process by which temperate phage reproduction is initiated; results in switch to lytic cycle

A

induction

178
Q

induction is triggered by drop in levels of _______ _______

A

lambda repressor

179
Q

drops in levels of lambda repressor is usually caused by what?

A

DNA damage by UV light or chemical mutagens

180
Q

cuts prophage out for induction by binding to INTEGRASE enzyme; enables integrase to reverse integration process

A

excisionase

181
Q

T/F: when DNA damage occurs from UV light or chemical mutagens, it goes into a SOS response trying to salvage its DNA and one of its repair enzyme it makes breaks down the lambda repressor

A

true

182
Q

for animal viruses, the _______ virion enters the animal cell

A

ENTIRE

183
Q

what methods do animal viruses use to get inside the animal cell?

A

endocytosis or fusion to the membrane

184
Q

many animal viruses replicate in the ________ of the animal cell

A

nucleus

185
Q

many animal viruses are _________

A

enveloped

186
Q

what kind of genome do animal viruses have?

A

dsDNA or ssRNA

187
Q

Effects of Animal Viruses (4):

A
  1. virulent (lytic)
  2. latent
  3. persistent
  4. cancer
    or doesn’t work
188
Q

effect of animal virus: death of the cell and release of the virus

A

virulent (lytic)

189
Q

effect of animal virus: slow release of virus without causing cell death (ex: HIV); doesn’t necessarily kill the cell, but compromises it in some way; sometimes viral genome goes on the chromosome

A

persistent infection

190
Q

2 examples of PERSISTENT infection in animal cells =

A

HIV and hepatitis B

191
Q

effect of animal virus: virus present but not replicating (until activation occurs + presents itself)

A

latent infection

192
Q

2 examples of LATENT infection =

A

HSV (herpes) + varicella-zoster (chicken-pox then shingles)

193
Q

effect of animal virus: formation of proviral state and transformation into tumor cell with tumor cell division; viruses that incorporate onto the chromosome – onto a tumor suppressor gene

A

cancer

194
Q

mutated tumor suppressor genes =

A

proto-onco genes

195
Q

T/F: cancer is always malignant

A

false ..

196
Q

example of cancer virus =

A

strains of HPV

197
Q

infection: virus stops reproducing and remains DORMANT for some time

A

latent viral infections

198
Q

T/F: during latency of a viral infection, symptoms, antivirus-antibodies, and viruses are NOT detectable (hidden)

A

true

199
Q

varicella-zoster (chicken-pox –> shingles) is there forever in your _____ cells

A

nerve

200
Q

HSV (herpes) can be triggered by _______

A

stress

201
Q

when stressed, ________ of bacteria change and can activate viruses

A

products

202
Q

infection: virus almost always detectable

A

persistent viral infection

203
Q

clinical symptoms of persistent viral infection are ______ or _______ for LONG periods

A

mild or absent

204
Q

viruses associated with human cancers

A

oncoviruses

205
Q

2 main ways viruses can cause cancer:

A
  1. integrates into DNA on proto-onco genes in host; mutates tumor suppressor gene tuning into an oncogene
  2. virus carries an oncogene (and incorporates it into ur DNA)
206
Q

which of the following conditions could induce the lytic cycle of a prophage?
a) increased levels of a lambda repressor
b) decreased levels of a lambda repressor
d) exposure to UV light
d) B or C

A

d) B or C

207
Q

RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate

A

retroviruses

208
Q

retroviruses are _________-sense

A

positive

209
Q

retroviruses have a ________ genome

A

segmented

210
Q

T/F: retroviruses incorporate onto the host chromosome

A

true

211
Q

retroviruses have an ________

A

envelope

212
Q

what method do retroviruses use to insert there DNA?

A

fusion onto a membrane (uncoating occurs at membrane)

213
Q

enzyme retroviruses bring with it to convert RNA —> DNA

A

reverse transcriptase

214
Q

retroviruses have a ________ stage (HIV on chromosome)

A

provirus

215
Q

retroviruses are released by ________

A

budding (steals lipid bilayer for envelope)

216
Q

example of a retrovirus

A

HIV

217
Q

retroviruses infection process (5 steps):

A
  1. entry and uncoating of the retrovirus
  2. reverse transcriptase activity (two steps)
  3. viral DNA enters nucleus and integrates into the host genome
  4. transcription by host RNA polymerase forms viral mRNA and genome copies
  5. translation of mRNA forms viral proteins; new nucelocapsids assembled and released by budding
218
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome virus

A

SARS-CoV-2

219
Q

SARS-CoV-2 is _______ with ______-shaped spikes

A

enveloped; club-shaped

220
Q

what kind of genome does SARS-CoV-2 have?

A

positive-sense, ssRNA

221
Q

T/F: SARS-CoV-2 is negative-sense

A

false (its positive)

222
Q

SARS-CoV-2 has ________ capsid symmetry

A

helical

223
Q

SARS-CoV-2 infects host through its spike glycoprotein (S) attaching to a host receptor. what is the host receptor?

A

ACE2 on lung epithelial cells (can be on heart, kidney, and intestinal cells too)

224
Q

ACE2 stands for:

A

angiotensin converting enzyme

225
Q

SARS-CoV-2 enters host cell via which method?

A

fusion to host cell membrane

226
Q

new virions of SARS-CoV-2 are released from the host cell by _________

A

exocytosis

227
Q

SARS-CoV-2 transmission jumped from ______ to ______ to ________

A

bats to civets to humans

228
Q

since SARS-CoV-2 came from bats and civets to humans, it is a _________ disease

A

zoonotic

229
Q

SARS-CoV-2 is transmissed from person-to-person contact via ________ _____ or ______

A

direct contact or droplets (aerosal)

230
Q

if you have SARS-CoV-2, you could be a _________ carrier

A

asymptomatic

231
Q

each aerosal droplet from an infected person with SARS-CoV-2 can have up to _______ virions

A

10

232
Q

T/F: the mask can’t stop the virions of SARS-CoV-2 from spreading since their so small, but it can stop the droplets

A

true

233
Q

incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 =

A

5.2 days

234
Q

common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection (3):

A

fever, cough, fatigue

235
Q

____% of colds are caused by coronaviruses

A

15%

236
Q

vaccinated ppl with SARS-CoV-2 are more likely to ______

A

sneeze

237
Q

build-up of fluid in lungs; looks like glass in lungs; caused by SARS-CoV-2

A

ground-glass opacities

238
Q

as time goes by, SARS-CoV-2 is going to be less _______ but more ________

A

virulent; transmissable

239
Q

the structure of SARS-CoV-2 looks like a _______

A

crown

240
Q

coronaviruses make a ______- sense ____ to a _______-sense ______

A

negative-sense RNA –> positive-sense DNA

241
Q

coronaviruses are assembled in the ________ of the host cell and then pick up the lipid portion in the ___________

A

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

242
Q

coronaviruses are packed up in vesicles in the _________ for exocytosis (release)

A

golgi (apparatus)

Microbio (21 decks)

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