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Microbio > Microbial Metabolism (Energetic and Redox #2) > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism (Energetic and Redox #2) Flashcards

1
Q

1) source of energy
2) source of electrons
3) water
4) nutrients

A

requirements for microbial survival and growth (4):

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2
Q

source of energy

A

requirement for microbial survival/growth: used for cellular WORK; all cells have to do this

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3
Q

source of electrons

A

requirement for microbial survival/growth: play a role in energy production; reduce CO2 to form organic molecules; help make macromolecules

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4
Q

nutrients

A

requirement for microbial survival/growth: to synthesize organic building blocks needed for cell maintenance and growth

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5
Q
  • carbon (C)
  • hydrogen (H)
  • oxygen (O2)
A

which nutrients are required for microbial survival and growth?

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6
Q
  • organic or inorganic chemical compounds
  • sunlight (ENERGY only)
A

sources of energy + electrons (2):

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7
Q

oxidizing (removing electrons) from a compound

A

how is energy obtained through organic or inorganic chemical compounds?

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8
Q

no (just energy here)

A

can you obtain electrons from sunlight?

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9
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

energy (Proton Motive Force) is usually conserved in cells as ______

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10
Q
  • chemicals
  • light
A

energy sources (2):

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11
Q

chemotrophy

A

cells gain energy from chemicals through ________: EATING chemicals

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12
Q

phototrophy

A

cells gain energy from light through ________: getting Energy from the Sun

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13
Q

organic or inorganic

A

cells can either eat ______ chemicals or ______ chemicals

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14
Q

chemoorganotrophs

A

cells that eat organic chemicals

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15
Q

chemolithotrophs

A

“rock eaters;” cells that eat inorganic chemicals for energy

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16
Q

E. coli

A

example of chemoorganotrophs =

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17
Q

Thiobacillus thiooxidans

A

example of chemolithotrophs

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18
Q

phototrophs

A

cell that gain energy through the sun/light

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19
Q

R. capsulatus

A

example of phototroph =

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20
Q

carbon AND hydrogen

A

organic elements (2):

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21
Q

carbon

A

inorganic substances = NO ________

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22
Q

no because there is no hydrogen

A

is CO2 organic?

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23
Q

energy source or electron source OR carbon source

A

nutritional types of organisms can be based on _____ sources or ______ sources OR ______ source

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24
Q

-phototrophs
- chemotrophs

A

Nutritional Types of Organism based on ENERGY source (2):

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25
Q

phototroph

A

Nutritional Type of Organism based on E source: use light

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26
Q

chemotroph

A

Nutritional Type of Organism based on E source: obtain energy from OXIDATION of chemical compounds

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27
Q
  • lithotrophs
  • organotrophs
A

Nutritional Types of Organisms based on ELECTRON source (2):

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28
Q

lithotrophs

A

Nutritional Type of Organisms based on ELECTRON source: use REDUCED inorganic substances

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29
Q

organotrophs

A

Nutritional Type of Organisms based on ELECTRON source: obtain electrons from organic compounds

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30
Q
  • heterotrophs
  • autotrophs
A

Nutritional Types of Organisms based on CARBON source (2):

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31
Q

heterotrophs

A

Nutritional Type of Organisms based on CARBON source: use organic molecules as carbon sources (which often serve as energy and electron source as well**)

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32
Q

autotrophs

A

Nutritional Types of Organisms based on CARBON source: use CO2 as their sole or principle carbon source; must obtain energy and electrons from other sources; “primary producers”

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33
Q

chemoorganoheterotroph

A

1 most common nutritional type of microorganism

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34
Q

organic sources

A

where do chemoorganoheterotroph get their carbon source, energy source, AND electron source from?

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35
Q

photolithoautotroph

A

2 most common nutritional type of microorganism

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36
Q

CO2

A

where do photolithoautotrophs get their carbon source from?

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37
Q

light

A

where do photolithoautotrophs get their energy source from?

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38
Q

inorganic e- donor / source

A

where do photolithoautotrophs get their electron source from?

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39
Q

chemoorganoheterotrophs

A

what nutritional type are humans?

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40
Q

metabolism

A

total of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell

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41
Q
  • catabolism
  • anabolism
A

2 parts of metabolism:

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42
Q

catabolism

A

type of metabolism: fueling reactions; energy-conserving reactions; provide REDUCING power (aka electrons); generate precursors for biosynthesis – breaking things DOWN

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43
Q

anabolism

A

type of metabolism: the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; requires energy, electrons, and building blocks from fueling reactions – building things UP

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44
Q
  • chemical
  • transport
  • mechanical
A

types of work carried out by microorganisms (BIOENERGETICS - 3):

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45
Q

chemical

A

type of work: synthesis of new cellular material

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46
Q

transport

A

type of work: take up nutrients, repair and replace, elimination of wastes, and maintenance of ion balances

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47
Q

mechanical

A

type of work: motility of cells; chemotaxis

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48
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work or cause particular changes

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49
Q

G (free energy)

A

the amount of energy that is available to do useful work

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50
Q

∆G°’

A

the change in free energy during a chemical reaction for standard conditions (pH 7, temp. of 25°C, 1 atm, reactants and products at 1 M concentration)

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51
Q
  • exergonic reactions
  • endergonic reactions
A

types of Free Energy Change reactions (2):

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52
Q

exergonic

A

type of Free Energy Change reaction: release energy

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53
Q

endergonic

A

type of Free Energy Change reaction: require energy

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54
Q

products

A

in exergonic reactions, energy is in the ________ of the reaction

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55
Q

reactants

A

in endergonic reactions, energy is in the ______ of the rxn

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56
Q

NEGATIVE

A

in EXERGONIC reactions, ∆G°’ is _______

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57
Q

POSITIVE

A

in ENDERGONIC reactions, ∆G°’ is _______

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58
Q

exergonic (since ∆G°’ is negative)

A

free energy change reaction: proceeds spontaneously

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59
Q

endergonic (since ∆G°’ is positive)

A

free energy change reaction: will NOT proceed spontaneously

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60
Q

catabolism

A

exergonic reactions are what type of metabolism?

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61
Q

anabolism

A

endergonic reactions are what type of metabolism?

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62
Q

electron

A

many metabolic processes involve redox reactions, which are ______ transfers

63
Q

donor to acceptor

A

electron carriers are often used to transfer electrons from an electron _______ to an eletron _____

64
Q

energy

A

redox reactions can result in ______ release, which can be conserved as ATP or another energy-rich compound

65
Q

molecule

A

electrons CANNOT exist alone, they must be a part of a _______

66
Q

oxidation

A

REMOVAL of an electron (or electrons) from a substance

67
Q

reduction

A

ADDITION of an electron (or electrons) to a substance

68
Q

reduced

A

more hydrogens = ______ form

69
Q

Oxidation is LOSS
Reduction is GAIN

A

what does OIL RIG stand for?

70
Q

proton (H+)

A

oxidation and reductions frequently invovle the transfer of not just electrons, but both an electron (e-) PLUS a _______

71
Q

oxidized

A

NAD+ = _____ form

72
Q

reduced

A

NADH + H+ = ______ form

73
Q

glucose + 6oxygen <——> 6 CO2 + 6 water

A

respiration formula:

74
Q

CO2

A

in respiration, glucose is the reduced form of _____

75
Q

oxygen

A

in respiration, water is the reduced form of _______

76
Q

donor

A

in respiration, glucose is an electron ______

77
Q

“nanny”

A

NAD is termed the _______

78
Q

reduced
oxidized

A

in respiration, oxygen is ______ to water and glucose is _______ to CO2

79
Q

oxidation

A

electrons released during the _______ of chemical energy sources must be accepted by an electron acceptor

80
Q

electron transport; PMF

A

In chemotrophs, organic electron DONORS must go through _______ _____/generation of _____ to give electrons to to electron ACCEPTORS in aerobic + anaerobic respiration

81
Q

fermentation (endergonic)

A

if chemotrophs don’t go through respiration, they can go through __________

82
Q

T/F: fermentation is a type of anaerobic repsiration

A

false (its its OWN things)

83
Q

equilibrium constant for oxidation-reduction reaction; a measure of the tendency of the reducing agent to LOSE electrons; “How many e- are they capable of giving??”

A

Standard Reduction Potential (E’0)

84
Q

more negative E’0, the better electron ______

A

DONOR

85
Q

more positive E’0, the better electron ______

A

ACCEPTOR

86
Q

on the Redox Tower, more _______ E’0 substances are on the top and more _______ E’0 substances are on the bottom

A

negative = TOP
positive = BOTTOM

87
Q

on the Redox Tower, electrons go down or up the tower?

A

down!

88
Q

the greater the difference between the E’0 of the donor and the E’0 of the acceptor, the more _______ the ΔG°’

A

negative

89
Q

the redox tower goes from _____ donors to ______ acceptors

A

reduced donors; oxidized acceptors

90
Q

the further the e- travels down the tower, the ______ energy is released

A

more

91
Q

Redox Tower: the more e-, the more likely they are to ______

A

donate (aka more neg. - top of tower)

92
Q

oxidized form = electron ______

A

acceptor

93
Q

reduced form = electron ______

A

donor

94
Q

you can tell which is the reduced form by looking at what?

A

more one with more e- (or Hs)

95
Q

oxidized/reduced forms are also called ________

A

agents

96
Q

_____ forms are WITHOUT e-

A

oxidized

97
Q

_____ forms are WITH e- (lots of H’s)

A

reduced

98
Q

when writing oxid./reduc/ forms, what is the order?

A

oxidized form / reduced form

99
Q

flow of electrons down the tower _____ energy

A

releases

100
Q

light energy is used to drive electrons ______ the tower during photosynthesis

A

up

101
Q

2 classes of electron carriers:

A

1) coenzymes
2) prothetic groups

102
Q

class of e- carriers: freely diffusible (around the cell); can transfer electrons from one place to another in the cell (“nannies picking up the babies in their mini van”)

A

coenzymes

103
Q

example of coenzyme =

A

NAD+

104
Q

class of e- carriers: firmly attached (fixed) to enzymes in the plasma membrane; function in membrane-associated electron transport reactions (“home nannies”)

A

prothetic groups

105
Q

class of e- carriers: firmly attached (fixed) to enzymes in the plasma membrane; function in membrane-associated electron transport reactions

A

prosthetic groups

106
Q

example of prosthetic group =

A

cytochromes

107
Q

NAD+ (or NADP+) stands for:

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)

108
Q

NAD+ (or NADP+) is a _______

A

coenzyme (“nanny that can drive”)

109
Q

NAD+ can carry ______ electrons + ____ H+

A

2 e- and 1 H+

110
Q

NAD+ is involved in which type of metabolism?

A

catabolism (break down)

111
Q

NADP+ is involved in which type of metabolism?

A

anabolism (build up)

112
Q

NADH and NADPH are good electron ________

A

donors

113
Q

recution potential of redox couple of NADH and NADPH is ______ V

A

-0.32 V

114
Q

NADH and NADPH only accept electrons from things ______ them for CATABOLISM and can only give electrons to things ______ them for ANABOLISM

A

above; below

115
Q

NADH is the ______ form of NAD+

A

reduced

116
Q

what is the only way to go UP the tower?

A

photosynthesis

117
Q

T/F: important e- carriers (NAD+) can be re-used bc cells do not have that many – if they run out they die

A

True

118
Q

steps of NAD+/NADH cycling (

A

NAD+ reduction steps:
1) enzyme I reacts with e- donor and oxidized form of coenzyme, NAD+
2) NADH and reaction product are formed

NADH oxidation steps:
3) enzyme II reacts with electron acceptor and reduced form of coenzyme, NADH

119
Q

Catabolism turns ________ to ________ when transforming reactants to products

A

ADP + Pi into ATP

120
Q

Anabolism turns _____ to ________ when transforming Precursors into Cellular Materials

A

ATP into ADP + Pi

121
Q

________ produces ATP and _________ uses ATP

A

catabolism prod.
anabolism uses

122
Q

energy currency of the cell =

A

ATP

123
Q

about ATP is ______ kJ/mol of energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP + Pi (first bond of P is broken)

A
  • 32 kJ/mol
124
Q

roughly _______ kcal/mol of energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed

A

7/6 kcal/mol

125
Q

ATP has a _____ phosphate transfer potential

A

high

126
Q

second bond of phosphate in ATP can be broken but gives less energy — close enough to call it another _____ kJ/mol

A

-32 kJ/mol

127
Q

can the third P bond in ATP be broken?

A

no, its too stable and would give barely any energy

128
Q

is the energy from ATP negative or positive?

A

negative bc energy is RELEASED

129
Q

what do squiggly bond lines mean (like in ATP)?

A

they release more energy when broken

130
Q

cells typically only break bonds that give them/release more than ____ kJ/mol of energy

A

30 kJ/mol

131
Q

what other compounds do cells use for energy (4):

A
  • phosphoenolpyruvate (-61.9 kJ/mol)
  • acetyl-CoA (-35.7 kJ/mol)
  • acetyl-phosphate (-44.8 kJ/mol)
  • ADP
132
Q

do cells typically use glucose-6-phosphate for energy?

A

no (only gives -13.8 kJ/mol)

133
Q

mechanisms of ATP synthesis (3):

A
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • PHOTOphosphorylation
134
Q

ATP synthesis mechanism: used in fermentation AND respiration (aerobic + anaerobic) and other pathways; ATP is synthesized during steps in the catabolism of an organic compound; in a pathway, you’ll see ATP coming off

A

substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP)

135
Q

ATP synthesis mechanism: used in respiration; a lot more direct way to make ATP but more complex; ATP is produced by Proton Motive Force (PMF)

A

oxidative phosphorylation

136
Q

ATP synthesis mechanism: used by phototrophic organisms; light drives the redox reactions that generate proton motive force

A

PHOTOphosphorylation

137
Q

only ATP synthesis mechanism used for organisms that only perform fermentation to get energy

A

SLP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

138
Q

in oxidative phosphorylation (and photophosphorylation, ATP is produced by _________

A

PMF (proton motive force)

139
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) used energy rich ________ to transform ADP to ATP

A

intermediates

140
Q

oxidative phosphorylation uses the dissipation of ________ to make ATP

A

PMF

141
Q

in the process of oxid. phosphorylation, the PMF is formed by converting an _______ membrane into a _____ ______ membrane

A

energized
less energized

142
Q

an energized membrane has more _______ charges on the OUTSIDE and more ______ charges on the INSIDE

A

positive (outside)
negative (inside)

143
Q

a less energized membrane has the same charge pattern (+ outside, - inside) but just less _____

A

charges

144
Q

what does aerobic + anaerobic respiration and fermenation form ATP for (3)?

A

chemical, transport, and mechanical WORK

145
Q

Chemoorganotrophic Fueling Processes (2):

A
  • respiration
  • fermentation
146
Q

in respiration (for chemoorganotrophs), electrons go through the _______ to form the ______, which is used for ________ _____ to produce ATP

A

ETC
PMF
oxidative phosphorylation

147
Q

final e- acceptor in AEROBIC respiration =

A

oxygen

148
Q

final e- acceptor in ANAEROBIC respiration =

A

something other than oxygen

149
Q

in respiration (for chemoorganotrophs), CARBON atoms can go through _______ to form ATP (and by-products of CO2 + biosynthesis); easy and fast

A

SLP

150
Q

in fermentation (for chemoorganotrophs), CARBON atoms go through _____ to get ATP

A

SLP

151
Q

in fermentation (for chemoorganotrophs), electrons go to _________ electron acceptors

A

ENDOGENOUS e- acceptors

152
Q

what does endogenous e- acceptor mean?

A

e- acceptor is already made within the cell

153
Q

example of endogenous e- acceptor =

A

pyruvate

Microbio (21 decks)

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