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Microbio > Microbial Ecology (#5) > Flashcards

Microbial Ecology (#5) Flashcards

1
Q

cyanobacteria that make biofilms called “microbial mats;” found in pre-cambrian rocks (extremely old) and still form today

A

stromatolites

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2
Q

where found the first microbial fossils

A

in microbial mats (made by stromatolites)

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3
Q

the study of the relationships of organisms between each other and their environment

A

ecology

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4
Q

sum of all the organisms and abiotic (nonliving) factors in a particular environment (ex: ocean, forests, desert, lakes)

A

ecosystem

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5
Q

every ecosystem has _____

A

microbes

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6
Q

T/F: some ecosystems are EXCLUSIVELY microbes

A

true (ex: boiling hotspring)

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7
Q

portion of an ecosystem where a community could reside

A

habitat

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8
Q

habitat =

A

PLACE

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9
Q

relationships where 2 organisms live in conjunction

A

symbiotic relationships

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10
Q

type of symbiotic relationships (3):

A
  • parasitism
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
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11
Q

type of symbiotic relationship: one organism HURTS the other

A

parasitism

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12
Q

type of symbiotic relationship: both organisms benefit from each other

A

mutualism

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13
Q

type of symbiotic relationship: one benefits while the other is not affected

A

comensalism

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14
Q

a group of organisms of the SAME species in the SAME place at the SAME time

A

population

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15
Q

metabolically related microbial populations (many populations); ex: species that all use photosynthesis

A

guild

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16
Q

a habitat shared by a guild

A

niche

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17
Q

best niche for an organism; organisms DOMINATES this niche; every organism has one

A

prime niche

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18
Q

prime niche is also called:

A

realized niche

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19
Q

two or more cell populations coexisting in a certain area (habitat) at given time

A

community

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20
Q

order of ecological concepts from largest —> smallest (5):

A
  • ecosystem (LARGEST)
  • community
  • guild
  • population
  • individual (smallest)
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21
Q

diversity =

A

variety

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22
Q

types of diversity (3):

A
  • alpha diversity
  • beta diversity
  • gamma diversity
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23
Q

type of diversity: diversity WITHIN a single community (sample); can get a good look at what’s happening within a habitat

A

alpha diversity

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24
Q

components of alpha diversity (3):

A
  • richness
  • abundance
  • evenness
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25
Q

component of alpha diversity: the total number of different SPECIES present in a particular area

A

richness

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26
Q

component of alpha diversity: the PROPORTION of each species

A

abundance

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27
Q

component of alpha diversity: how similar the abundances are (relative abundance of different species); 4 red to 6 green

A

evenness

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28
Q

alpha diversity classification: lots of different species and evenly proportioned

A

rich and even

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29
Q

alpha diversity classification: a lot of different species, but one dominates the others

A

rich, not even

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30
Q

alpha diversity classification: only has one single species

A

not rich or even

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31
Q

type of diversity: COMPARISON of samples (between community diversity); more mathematical comparison

A

beta diversity

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32
Q

type of diversity: the total species diversity for the different ecosystems within a region

A

gamma diversity

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33
Q

gamma diversity is also called _______ diverstity

A

landscape diversity

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34
Q

if you see: A vs B has 8 species, what kind of diversity are you looking at?

A

beta (is comparing A vs. B)

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35
Q

what 2 things can alter diversity?

A

resources + conditions

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36
Q

alteration of diversity examples: macronutrient, micronutrients, oxygen and other e- acceptors, inorganic e- donors

A

resources

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37
Q

alteration of diversity examples: temperature, water potential, pH, oxygen, light, and osmolarity

A

conditions

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38
Q

as you go down into anoxic sediments, you get less and less favorable _____ _______; not able to make as much ATP

A

electron acceptors

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39
Q

Legumes don’t need nitrogen fertilizers bc rhizobia in their root nodules fix _____ into ______

A

nitrogen into ammonia

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40
Q

study of biologically mediated chemical transformations

A

biogeochemistry

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41
Q

biogeochemistry involves the many ______ of activities (of essential elements) carried out by microbes

A

recylcing

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42
Q

biogeochemical cycles (4):

A
  • carbon
  • nitrogen
  • sulfur
  • iron
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43
Q

nitrogen cycle processes (5):

A

1) nitrification
2) denitrification
3) nitrogen fixation
4) ammonification
5) anammox

44
Q

nitrogen cycle process: the oxidation of AMMONIA to NITRATE; might take 2 steps

A

nitrification

45
Q

nitrogen cycle process: the reduction of NITRATE to NITROGEN GAS (N2); bad for soils + plants bc N2 in the atmosphere is unavailable to plants

A

denitrification

46
Q

nitrogen cycle process: the reduction of NITROGEN GAS (N2) to AMMONIA; putting N into a form we can use

A

nitrogen fixation

47
Q

nitrogen cycle process: the release of ammonia during the decomposition of organic nitrogen compounds (dead plants + animals)

A

ammonification

48
Q

nitrogen cycle process: the anaerobic oxidation of AMMONIA to NITROGEN GAS (N2); denitrification but anaerobic

A

anammox

49
Q

major reservoir of nitrogen =

A

atmosphere

50
Q

____% of the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen gas

A

78% (the rest is in rocks n stuff)

51
Q

______ process is bad for us/plants while ______ process is good for us/plants

A

denitrification; nitrogen fixation

52
Q

while denitrification is bad for us, what is it good for?

A

waste-water treatment (removes N from waste)

53
Q

2 steps of nitrification:

A

1) ammonia —> nitrite (NO2-)
2) nitrite (NO2-) —-> nitrate (NO3-)

54
Q

what organism completes the first step of nitrification where it transforms ammonia into nitrite?

A

Nitrosomonas

55
Q

what organism completes the second step of nitrification where it transforms nitrite into nitrate?

A

Nitrobacter

56
Q

nitrification is a ______ process

A

oxidation

57
Q

denitrification is a _____ process

A

reduction

58
Q

plants can assimilate nitrogen from ______ or ______

A

ammonia or nitrate (NO3-)

59
Q

plants prefer to assimilate _____ bc it is easier

A

nitrate (compared to ammonia)

60
Q

can be easily leeched from soil and get into ground water

A

nitrate

61
Q

nitrate in ground water can cause what disease?

A

blue baby syndrome

62
Q

in blue baby syndrome, nitrate binds to _______ making it less able to carry oxygen

A

hemoglobin

63
Q

the legume-root nodule is a plant-bacterial _______ type of symbiosis

A

mutualism

64
Q

plants with seeds that grow in PODS (ex: soybeans, clover, alfalfa, beans, peas, and peanuts)

A

legumes

65
Q

infection of legumes by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, known as _______, leads to the formation of root nodules

A

rhizobia

66
Q

live in roots and take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and fix it to ammonia; gives plants a source of Nitrogen; both benefit from it

A

rhizobia

67
Q

bc of rhizobia, legumes can grow well in what type of soil?

A

nitrogen deficient soil

68
Q

legumes play a key role in _____ _____

A

crop rotation (replenish soil with nitrogen)

69
Q

_____ leaves = not getting enough nitrogen

A

yellow

70
Q

T/F: plants NOT infected by rhizobia grow better

A

false

71
Q

herbivorous mammals that posses a rumen

A

ruminants

72
Q

examples of ruminant animals

A

cows, sheep, and goats (not horses)

73
Q

digestive organ within which cellulose and other plant polysaccharides are digested by microbes

A

rumen

74
Q

order of food particles through a ruminant animal (5):

A

1) esophagus
2) reticulum
3) omasum
4) abomasum
5) small intestine

75
Q

part of ruminant digestive tract: sorting room; sorts large and small particles (small can pass)

A

reticulum

76
Q

part of ruminant digestive tract: acidic stomach

A

abomasum

77
Q

part of ruminant digestive tract: moving organ; mixes plant material microbes in rumen digest plant material (cellulose to sugars) and the rest ferment sugars into volatile fatty acids which are absorbed into the bloodstream by the walls of this

A

rumen

78
Q

main source of energy for ruminant animals comes from the _____

A

rumen (absorption through walls)

79
Q

in the rumen, microbes digest cellulose into sugars and the rest ferment sugars into _____ ______ _____ which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls

A

volatile fatty acids

80
Q

the reticulum sends small particles to the ______ and large particles to the ______

A

omasum; rumen

81
Q

what is not digested in the rumen is ________ so cows can continue to chew and break it down to smaller pieces

A

regurgitated

82
Q

man-made hole in cow for scientific purposes

A

fistula (can stick your FIST in it)

83
Q

microbes in the rumen are mostly _______

A

anaerobes

84
Q

there are ____ to ______ microbes per gram of rumen contents

A

10^10 to 10^11 microbes

85
Q

cellulolytic microbes hydrolyze ____ to free ______

A

cellulose to free sugars

86
Q

fermentation of sugars in the rumen yields what 3 things?

A
  • volatile fatty acids
  • CO2
  • CH4
87
Q

pass through rumen wall into bloodstream; serve as the ruminant’s MAIN energy source

A

volatile fatty acids

88
Q

volatile fatty acids/fermentation products (3):

A
  • acetate
  • propionate
  • butyrate
89
Q

volatile fatty acids are produced in an ______ environment with a constant _____

A

anoxic; pH

90
Q

microbial environments in nature are _____ and constantly _______

A

complex + constantly changing

91
Q

microbial environment conditions are determined in part by ______ _____ of the community

A

metabolic activties

92
Q

resources in microbial environments are highly _____ and often _______

A

variable; suboptimal

93
Q

there is a “_____________” existence of resources for bacteria; doubling exponentially is actually RARE bc of this

A

“feast-or-famine”

94
Q

microbes also have to deal with _______ substances when trying to acquire resources

A

inhibitory substances

95
Q

microbial environments in nature have a ______ or ______ relationship

A

competition or cooperation

96
Q

in a soil particle, each layer counts as a different _________

A

microenvironement

97
Q

assemblages of bacterial cells attached to a surface

A

biofilm

98
Q

biofilms are a ______ community

A

heterogenous

99
Q

what makes biofilms a heterogenous community (2)?

A
  • metabolic differences
  • location
100
Q

biofilms are enclosed in an _______ _______

A

adhesive matrix

101
Q

adhesive matrix traps _____ for microbial growth and help prevent _____ of cells

A

nutrients; detachment

102
Q

biofilms provide _____ for cells

A

protection

103
Q

microbial interactions within biofilms (3):

A
  • metabolic exchange
  • DNA uptake
  • quorum sensing
104
Q

microbial interaction within biofilm: increases diversity; helps pick up advantageous genes

A

DNA uptake

105
Q

quorum sensing is _____ dependent

A

density

Microbio (21 decks)

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