Cell Surface Structures, Inclusion, and Endospores Flashcards
usually composed of polysaccharides (sugars); part of cell envelope; outer layer; well organized and not easily removed from cell
capsules
advantages of capsules (2):
- attachment to surfaces and each others biofilms
- protects against MANY things
what all do capsules protect against (4)?
- desiccation
- phagocytosis
- viruses, detergents, toxins, and antimicrobials (antibiotics)
- absorption of nutrients
drying out of an organism
desiccation
serves as an invisibility cloak; other cells don’t recognize them and leave them alone
capsules
capsules repel ______ so you have to
stains
what method do you have to use to look at bacteria with capsules?
negative stain
what kind of stain is used to stain the BACKGROUND in Negative Staining?
acidic stain
what kind of stain is used to stain the CELL in Negative Staining?
basic stain
similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized, and are easily removed
slime layers
slime may aid in ______ for cells
motility
what kind of motility do slime layers provide aid in?
glide motility (like a snail)
protein tubes; extend beyond the cell envelope; short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages (up to 1,000 per cell); mediate attachment to surfaces; some required for motility or DNA uptake
fimbriae/pili
what type of pili is required for motility (or DNA uptake)
type IV pili
similar to fimbriae except LONGER, THICKER, and LESS numerous (1-10 per cell); also protein; required for conjugation; sent out into environment and try to attach to other cells with a plasmid; sends in DNA
sex pili
genes for formation of sex pili are found on ______
plasmids (“plasmid-encoded”)
closest thing we have to sexual reproduction in bacteria
sex pili
sex pili are so thin that you have to use a ______ as a mordant
virus
storage of nutrients, metabolic ends products, energy, and building blocks
storage inclusions
what kind of elements do inclusions store (4):
- carbon
- phosphate
- sulfur GLOBULES
- nitrogen
examples of carbon substances stored in inclusions (2):
- glycogen
- poly-beta-hydrozybutyrate (PHB)
example of phosphate substance stored in inclusions =
polyphosphate granules
sulfur is stored in inclusions as ______
globules (usually in sulfur fixing bateria)
example of nitrogen substance stored in inclusions =
cyanophyicin granules
sulfur globules are stored in the ______, not the _______
periplasm, NOT cytoplasm —– means Gram-negative
since sulfur globules are store in the periplasm, and not cytoplasm, which kind of bacteria have them?
Gram-negative
other inclusions (3):
- carbonate minerals
- gas vesicles
- magnetosomes
other type of incusion: found in alkaline lakes; carbonite; make minerals/store minerals from environment (biomineralization); “balists” of the ship because they keep the cell stable
carbonate minerals
what are carbonate minerals termed as?
“balists of the ship” (bc they keep it stable)
other type of inclusion: stockpile of magnetite; live in water; magnetic; like low oxygen conditions; pulls them to the BOTTOM of the lake (type of motility)
magnetosomes
other type of inclusion: in cyanobacteria; “life-jackets;” impermeable to water AND gases; rigid; cell can inflate/deflate for motility; float so they can get sunlight and perform photosynthesis
gas vesicles
compex, dormant survival structures fromed by SOME bacteria (mainly gram-positive); various locations within the cell (species specific); resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, and desiccation
bacterial endospores
location of the endospore in a bacteria is _____ specific
species
what are endospores resistant to (4)?
- heat
- radiation
- chemicals
- dessiccation (drying out)
what type of bacteria mainly have endospores?
Gram-positive
what species (specifically) of Gram-positive bacteria have endospores?
Bacillus + Clostridium
endorspores are metibolically _______ — dont need nutrients or water and can live for a longggg time
inert
what happens to the cells that make endospores?
lyses and dies
