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Microbio > The Microbial World > Flashcards

The Microbial World Flashcards

1
Q

organisms and acellular entities too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye

A

microorganisms

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2
Q

microorganisms are generally LESS THAN/EQUAL TO ____ ___ in diameter

A

1 mm

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3
Q

microorganisms are often ____

A

unicellular

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4
Q

what do all microorganisms LACK?

A

lack highly differentiated tissues

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5
Q

T/F: all microorganisms are less than/equal to 1 mm in diameter and are unicellular

A

false

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6
Q

exceptions to microorganism (2)

A
  • not always small (algae can be 12 in. in diameter)
  • some things that are super small are actually multicellular animals
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7
Q

how do you tell if an organisms is a microorganism or not?

A

look at the tissues + determine if they are highly differentiated or not
–> if they are, then its prob an animal
–> if not, its a microorganism

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8
Q

organisms and biological entities studied by microbiologists can be _____ or _____

A

cellular or acellular

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9
Q

CELLULAR organisms/entities include (4):

A

1) fungi
2) protists
3) bacteria
4) archaea

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10
Q

fungi examples (2-2):

A
  • yeasts
  • molds
  • could potentially add mushrooms
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11
Q

protist examples (3):

A
  • algae
  • protozoa
  • slime molds
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12
Q

bacteria example (1):

A

E. coli

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13
Q

archaea example (1):

A

methanogens (release methane gas)

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14
Q

methanogens, an example of archaea, release ____ ____

A

methane gas

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15
Q

ACCELULAR organisms/entities include (4):

A

1) viruses
2) viroids
3) satellites
4) prions

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16
Q

what are viruses composed of?

A

protein + nucleic acid

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17
Q

what are viroids composed of?

A

RNA

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18
Q

what are satellites composed of?

A

nucleic acid (often RNA)

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19
Q

what are prions composed of?

A

protein

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20
Q

which of the ACELLULAR organisms cause PLANT disease?

A

viroids

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21
Q

which of the ACELLULAR organisms can cause ANIMAL disease (2)?

A

satellites (and tech. prions)

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22
Q

which of the ACELLULAR organisms cause HUMAN diseases?

A

prions

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23
Q

“kary” means _____, referring to the nucleus

A

nut

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24
Q

2 types of microbial cells:

A

prokaryotic and eukatryotic

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25
Q

type of microbial cells that lack a true-membrane bound nucleus (not absolute)

A

prokarytic cells

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26
Q

type of microbial cell that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; are more COMPLEX morphologically; usually LARGER than the other type

A

eukaryotic cells

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27
Q

bacteria and archeons are both _______ cells

A

prokaryotic

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28
Q

T/F: all bacteria have a cell wall

A

false

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29
Q

little piece of DNA; most eukaryotic cells do NOT have them

A

plasmids

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30
Q

T/F: not all eukaryotic cells have a cell wall

A

true

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31
Q

what structural components do ALL cells share (4)?

A
  • cytomplasm
  • cytoplasmic membrane
  • ribosomes
  • genome made of DNA
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32
Q

DNA is stored as a _____ in prokaryotic cells and within a ______ in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleoid; nucleus

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33
Q

most eukaryotic cells do not have ______ like prokaryotic cells do

A

plasmids

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34
Q

properties of ALL cells (4):

A
  • structure
  • metabolism
  • growth
  • evolution
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35
Q

propterty of all cells: all cells use info. encoded in DNA to make RNA and protein; all cells take up nutrients, transform them, conserve energy, and expel wastes

A

metobolism

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36
Q

2 types of metabolism:

A

1) catabolism
2) anabolism

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37
Q

type of metabolism: transforming molecules to produce energy and building blocks; BREAK DOWN

A

catabolism

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38
Q

type of metabolism: synthesizing macromolecules; BUILD UP

A

anabolism

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39
Q

property of all cells: information from DNA is converted into proteins, which do work; proteins are used to convert nutrients from the environment into new cells

A

growth

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40
Q

“growth” in microorganims means :

A

increase in cell #

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41
Q

property of all cells: chance mutations in DNA cause new cells to have new properties, theryby promotoion this; phylogenic trees built from DNA seq. capture these type of relationship between species

A

evolution

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42
Q

properties of SOME cells (4):

A
  • differentiation
  • communication
  • motility
  • horizontal gene transfer
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43
Q

property of some cells: form new cell structures, such as as a spore

A

differentiation

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44
Q

property of some cells: cell interact with eachother by chemical messengers; can change gene expression and cause cells to act differently depending on the environment

A

communication

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45
Q

property of some cells: capable of “self-propulsion”; ex: flagellum

A

motility

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46
Q

property of some cells: cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms

A

horizontal gene transfer

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47
Q

GENERAL size of eukaryotic cell =

A

8 nanometers (similar to RBC)

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48
Q

GENERAL size of prokaryotic cell =

A

3 nanometers

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49
Q

size RANGE of eukaryotes:

A

0.8 nanometers - millions of nanometers

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50
Q

size RANGE of bacteria/archaea:

A

0.2 nanometers - 750 nanometers (visible)

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51
Q

size RANGE of viruses:

A

0.01 nanometers - 2.3 nanometers

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52
Q

genus of bacteria that lacks a cell wall around the membrane

A

mycoplasmas

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53
Q

biggest eukaryotic cell

A

ostrich egg

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54
Q

some viruses can fall in the _____ size range

A

bacteria

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55
Q

SA to volume ration formula =

A

3 / r

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56
Q

the smaller an organism, the larger the ______ ______

A

SA-volume ratio

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57
Q

advantages to being small (3):

A
  • bring in stuff faster
  • get rid of waste faster
  • reproduce faster which leads to more mutations = ADAPT FASTER (and survive extreme conditions)
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58
Q

since eukaryotics are generally larger, what do thye have to combat being less efficient in bringing materials in?

A

organelles

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59
Q

which as a larger SA:volume ratio (3/r)?
r=1 or r=2

A

r=1 (SA:volume ratio is 3, compared to 1.5)

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60
Q

cell morphology components (2):

A
  • shape
  • arrangement
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61
Q

most common cell shapes =

A

cocci and bacilii

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62
Q

sphere shaped cells

A

cocci

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63
Q

rod shaped cells

A

bacilli

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64
Q

3 main shapes of cells:

A

1) spheres (cocci)
2) rods (bacilli_
3) spirals (spirillum and spirochete)

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65
Q

what’s the difference between spiriullum and spirochete cells?

A

both helices but spirillum are RIGID and spirochetes are FLEXIBLE

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66
Q

types of cocci cell shapes (5):

A

1) diplocci
2) streptococci
3) staphylococci
4) tetrads
5) sarcinae

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67
Q

type of cocci: pairs

A

diplocci

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68
Q

type of cocci: chains

A

streptococci

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69
Q

type of cocci: grape-like clusters

A

staphylococci

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70
Q

type of cocci: 4 occi in a square

A

tetrad

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71
Q

type of cocci: cubic configuration of 8 cocci

A

sarcinae

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72
Q

what type of cocci is staph?

A

staphylococci (grape-like clusters)

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73
Q

types of bacilli cell shapes (2):

A
  • coccobacilli
  • vibrios (kinda)
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74
Q

type of bacilli cell shape: very short rods

A

coccobacilli

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75
Q

type of bacilli cell shape: resemble rods, comma shaped

A

vibrios

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76
Q

what cell shape is E. coli?

A

coccobacilli

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77
Q

other shapes & arrangements of cells (4):

A
  • filamentous (mycellium)
  • pelomorphic
  • unique shapes (star)
  • unique arrangements (palisades)
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78
Q

example of filamentous shape of cell =

A

mycellium

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79
Q

other shapes and arrangement: network of long, multicellular filaments

A

mycellium (filamentous)

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80
Q

other shapes and arrangement: variable in shape

A

pleomorphic

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81
Q

other shapes and arrangement: star

A

unique shape

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82
Q

example of unique ARRANGEMENT cell =

A

palisades

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83
Q

other shapes and arrangement: ends are curved so they stick together; “chinese letters, picket fense”

A

palisades (unique arrangement)

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84
Q

other shape of cell: coffee-bean shape in pairs

A

Neisseriae

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85
Q

other shape of cell: example of Palisades arrangement

A

Corynebaceria

86
Q

other shape of cell: large cocci in irregular clusters

A

Mirococci + staphylococci

87
Q

other shape of cell: moldlike filamentous bactera

A

Streptomycetes

88
Q

How did microbes evolve (4 steps)

A

1) mutation of genetic material
2) new genotypes (genetic code)
3) advantageous phenotypes
4) natural selection (ex: antibiotic resistance)

89
Q

are bacteria and archaea haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

90
Q

how do bacteria and achaea increase genetic diversity?

A

horizontal gene transfer within the same generation

91
Q

what’s the advantage of bacteria and archaea being HAPLOID?

A

mutations can’t be masked by another set of genes (since there’s only one copy of every gene) – can lead to advantageous phenotypes

92
Q

horizontal gene transfer steps (3):

A

1) elongation
2) transformation
3) transduction

93
Q

horizontal gene transfer step: closest to sexual reporudction

A

elongation

94
Q

horizontal gene transfer step: take up DNA from their environment

A

transformation

95
Q

horizontal gene transfer step: occurs via VIRUSES

A

transduction

96
Q

order of origin of Earth (8 groups W/ transistions in atmosphere):

A

1) Bacteria and Archaea
2) Phototrophic Bacteria
————- transition to an oxygenated atmosphere
3) Cyanobacteria (take up oxygen)
4) Eukarya
—————-oxygen increases, prokaryotes pop up
5) Animals
6) Vascular Plants
7) Mammals
8) Humans

97
Q

was oxygen present when Bacteria, Archaea, and Phototrophic Bacteria came to be?

A

no

98
Q

first known bacteria that used oxyogenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

99
Q

LUCA =

A

last universal common ancestor

100
Q

Bacteria and Archaea divered around _____ ___

A

3.8 bya

101
Q

Eukarya divered from Archaea around _____ ____

A

2.0 bya

102
Q

where did Eukarya diverge FROM?

A

Archaea

103
Q

3 domain system based on a comparison of the DNA encoding small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Universal Phylogenetic Tree

104
Q

3 domains of the universal phylogenetic tree:

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
105
Q

which of the 3 domains of the universal phylogenetic tree are PROKARYOTIC?

A

bacteria and archaea

106
Q

which of the 3 domains of the universal phylogenetic tree are EUKARYOTIC?

A

eukarya

107
Q

5steps of creating a phylogenetic tree (5):

A

1) isolate DNA from each organism
2) make copies of rRNA gene by PCR
3) sequence DNA
4) analyze sequence
5) generate phylogenetic tree

108
Q

in a phylogenetic tree, the LONGER the line/branch, the more _______ there was in their DNA sequences

A

mismatches

109
Q

evolutionary distance =

A

2/9

(2 mismatches out of 9)

110
Q

why are mitochondria and chloroplasts on separate branches within the phylogenic tree for Bacteria?

A

they have their own DNA

111
Q

which theory provides a reason for why mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and states that “a prokaryote cell engulfed another prokaryotic cell which survived and developed a symbiotic relationship with it”

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

112
Q

cyanobacteria and algae give us ____% of our oxygen

A

70%

113
Q

archaea are more closely related to ______ than _______

A

eukaryotes than bacteria (despite being prokaryotes like bacteria)

114
Q

within the 3 domains of the universal phylogenetic tree, most are microbes/microorganisms except _____, _____, and ______

A

animals, plants, and fungi

115
Q

which domains of life include(s) microorganisms?

A

ALL (archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) – all can lack highly differentiated tissue

116
Q

which domains of life include(s) microorganisms?

A

could argue all as well

117
Q

microorganisms of Domain Eukarya (not macro; 2)

A

1) protists
2) fungi

118
Q

types of protists (4):

A
  • algae
  • protozoa
  • slime molds
  • water molds
119
Q

type of protist: plant-like

A

algae

120
Q

type of protist: animal-like

A

protozoa

121
Q

type of protist: can act like protozoa OR algae

A

slime molds

122
Q

type of protist: grow on moist soil or vegetation; caused the potato famine in the 1940s

A

water molds

123
Q

types of Fungie (~3)

A
  • yeast
  • mold
  • might argue mushrooms (still lack differentiated tissue)
124
Q

a collection of STRAINS that share many stable properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains (look at DNA or CG content)

A

microbial species

125
Q

since Bacteria and Archaea do not reproduce ______, the term “species” has a different meaning; NOT defined as an interbreeding natural population

A

sexually

126
Q

subset of microbial species; consists of the descendants of a single, pure microbial culture

A

microbial strain

127
Q

one strain is designated at the “______ strain” = standard strain; permanent

A

“type strain”

128
Q

within the type strain name, such as “E. coli 0157:H7”, the letters have to do with the _____

A

antigen

129
Q

within the type strain name, such as “E. coli 0157:H7”, the numbers have to do with what?

A

the order in which it was discovered

130
Q

T/F: all strains of microbial species cause the same side-effects in the body when infected

A

false

131
Q

who came up with Binomial Nomenclature?

A

Carl Linnaeaus (1707 - 1778)

132
Q

what does binomial nomenclature consist of?

A

genus and species

133
Q

importance of microorganisms (7)

A

1) oldest form of life
2) most populous and diverse group of organisms
3) major fraction of biomass and KEY reserviour of essection nutrients
4) play a major role in recycling essential elements
5) some carry out phototsynthesis
6) influence ALL other living things
7) excellent tools for study

134
Q

it is estimated that there are _______________ microbial cells

A

2 x 10^30 (more than the predicted stars in the universe!!!!!)

135
Q

T/F: microbes are found virtually everywhere on the planet

A

true

136
Q

most microorganisms are found _______

A

underground

137
Q

what % of microorganisms are found underground?

A

92%-94% (up to 10 km deep)

138
Q

microorganims are the key reservior of ____ ____

A

essential nutrients

139
Q

microorganims house a substantial amount of _____ and 4X more ____ and ____ than plants do

A

carbone
nitrogen + phosphorus

140
Q

cyanobacteria give us ____% of our oxygen and are thought to be the _____ ones to do this

A

75%
first

141
Q

regarding how microorganims inlfluence all other living thigns, most are _____/_____ while some are _____

A

beneficial/benign
detrimental

142
Q

T/F: other life fomrs require microorganims for survival

A

true

143
Q

why are microorganisms excellent tools for study (2)?

A
  • easy to grow in lab
  • rapid growth
144
Q

however, less than ___% of microbes are able to be cultured

A

1%

145
Q

in what ways do microbes impact humans (8):

A

1) agriculture
2) energy
3) food
4) disease
5) industry
6) environment
7) human microflora
8) cycling of nutrients

146
Q

microial impact on agriculture: animals that have a chamber where microbes live in the stomach and transform celluse into fatty acids

A

Ruminent animals

147
Q

microial impact on energy/industry: process of glucose —> ethanol

A

fermentation

148
Q

microial impact on food: some foods rely on ______ depending on the form (ex: milk, cheese, chocolate)

A

fermentation

149
Q

microial impact on disease: can cause death

A

infectious diseases

150
Q

microial impact on human microflora: bacteria on skin kill pathogens

A

skin microbiota (“micrcombination resistance??”)

151
Q

microial impact on human microflora: chemical messangers in the gut send messages to the brain; can affect mood, cravings, and weight

A

Gut Brain access

152
Q

microial impact on cycling nutrients: take nitrogen and fix it to ______

A

ammonia

153
Q

the discovery of microorganisms didn’t occur until the ______ due to the lack of technology

A

1800s

154
Q

first to describe MICROORGANISMS; described the fruiting structures of MOLDS; came up with the term “cell”

A

Hooke (1635-1703)

155
Q

first to observe and accurately describe BACTERIA through his drawings

A

Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

156
Q

what did Leeuwenhoek think bacteria were?

A

tiny animals

157
Q

father of the microscope

A

Jansen (1500s)

158
Q

“living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter” (false tho)

A

spontaneous generation

159
Q

discredited spontaneous generation for large animals

A

Francesco Redi (1668)

160
Q

who disproved spontaneous generation through an experiment that involved flasks and trapping dust and microorganims?

A

Louis Pasteur (1864)

161
Q

other accomplishments of Louis Pasteur (5)

A
  • demonstrated that microorganisms carried out fermentations
  • discoveries led to the development of microbial control methods (pasteurization and the asceptic technique)
  • discovered attenuation
  • developed vaccines for anthrax, chicken chloera, and rabies
  • solidified the germ theory of disease
162
Q

Louis Pasteur disproved that fermentation was strictly a _____ process

A

chemical

163
Q

developed for wine first; process of heating liquid up high enough to destroy microorganisms and pathogens but not harm the food; not “sterilized”

A

pasteurization

164
Q

technique that developed due to Louis Pasteur’s discoveries that prevents contamination

A

aseptic technique

165
Q

the “weakening”/reduction in strength of strains of microbes for the development of vaccines; discovered by Louis Pasteur; injected chickens w/ cholera

A

attenuation

166
Q

first person to be inoculated against rabies by Louis Pasteur thanks to his vaccine

A

Joseph Miester

167
Q

states that microorganisms known as pathogens or “germs” can lead to disease + rotting (bc microbes eat it)

A

Germ Theory of Disease

168
Q

indirect evidence fo the Germ Theory of Disease: discovered hand-washing to prevent “childbed fever” (infection after childbirth);

A

Ignaz Semmelweis (1847)

169
Q

indirect evidence fo the Germ Theory of Disease: developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microbes from entering wounds; his patients had fewer postoperative infections; “Father of Modern Surgery”

A

Joseph Lister (1867)

170
Q

Joseph Lister is the “Father of ______”

A

surgery

171
Q

direct evidence of Germ Theory: established the relationship between certain strains of bacteria and the disease they cause

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

172
Q

which relationships did Robert Koch establish to provide direct evidence of the Germ Theory (3)?

A

1) Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax
2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Tuberculosis (nobel prize 1905)
3) Vibrio cholerae and Cholera

173
Q

still used today to establish the link between a particular micoorganism and a particular disease

A

Koch’s Postulates

174
Q

Koch’s Postulates (theoretical aspects - 4)

A
  1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
  2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture.
  3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal.
  4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.
175
Q

Laboratory tools of Koch’s Postulates (4):

A

1) microscopy + staining
2) laboratory cultures
3) experimental animals
4) laboratory reisolation and culture

176
Q

Experimental Aspects of Koch’s Postulates (5):

A

1) observe blood/tissue under the microscope
2) streak agar plate with sample from either a diseased or healthy animal
3) incoulate healthy animal with cells of suspected pathogen
4) remove blood or tissue sample and observe by microscopy
5) laboratory culture (into a pure culture– must be same organism as before)

177
Q

singe type of organism/bacteria; descednents of the same cell

A

pure culture

178
Q

materials + technique needed for obtaining and growing bacteria in pure cultures (4):

A
  • nutrient broth
  • nutrient agar
  • Petri dish
  • streak plating technique to isoloate bacterial colonies
179
Q

material needed for obtaining/growing bacteria in pure cultures (Koch’s Postulate): used to GROW bacteria

A

nutrient broth

180
Q

material needed for obtaining/growing bacteria in pure cultures (Koch’s Postulate): used to SOLIDIFY bacteria; polysaccharide derived from seaweed; stays solid at @ body temp + most bacteria dont eat it

A

nutrient agar

181
Q

who developed the Petri dish?

A

Richard Petri

182
Q

what did they used to streak bacteria with (2)?

A

potatoes or jello (bacteria would eat it tho and it liquifies at body temp (37 degrees Celcius)

183
Q

used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from small pox; BEFORE Germ Theory of Disease was identified**; innoculated young boy; coined the term “vaccination” bc “vaca” = cow; realized dairy maids were immune to smallpox bc they were exposed to cow pox

A

Edward Jenenr (1798)

184
Q

discovered bacterial endospores and classified bacteria based on shape; termed “bacillus”; also found that endospores “germinate” to active forms when conditions are good

A

Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1998)

185
Q

what did Ferdinand Cohn think bacteria were?

A

plants

186
Q

dormant structures resistant to heat and other harsh conditions

A

endospores

187
Q

discovered penicillin (antibiotic); accidental discovery

A

Alexander Flemming (1929)

188
Q

pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media; isolated the first pure cultures of many soil and aquatic bacteria; described the first virus (Tobaccoe mosaic); discovered aerobic Nitrogen fixation

A

Martinus Beijerinck (1951-1931)

189
Q

whats the purpose of enrichment cultures and selective media?

A

to mimic the environment that bacteria like to increase the # of bacterial growth

190
Q

what is an example of an enrichment culture?

A

blood agar for pathogens

191
Q

“Father of Microbiology”

A

Martinus Beijerinck

192
Q

discovered numerous interesting metabolic processes (such as anaerobic nitrogen fixation); proposed the concept of chemolithotrophy

A

Sergei Winogradsky (1856)

193
Q

process in which organisms get energy from the oxidation of inorganic materials

A

chemolithotrophy

194
Q

who discovered AEROBIC nitrogen fixation?

A

Martinus Beiijerinck

195
Q

who discovered ANAEROBIC nitrogen fixation?

A

Sergei Winogradsky

196
Q

contributor in Molecular Microbiology: “transforming principle:” DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes

A

Griffith (1928)

197
Q

looking for genomes in the environments of samples (ex: on the skin, in water)

A

metagenomics

198
Q

contributor in Molecular Microbiology: “DNA is the genetic material”

A

Avery, Macleod, and McCarty (1944)

199
Q

contributor in Molecular Microbiology: DNA structure

A

Watson, Crick, and Franklin (1953)

200
Q

contributor in Molecular Microbiology: tree of life/DNA sequencing

A

Woese / Sanger (1977)

201
Q

DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes

A

transforming principle (Griffith)

202
Q

contributor in Molecular Microbiology: revolutionized microbiology; invented the process known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Kary Mullis

203
Q

contributor in Molecular Microbiology: metagenomics

A

Handelsman (1998)

204
Q

Griffith found in his famous experiment (regarding the “transforming principle”) that transformation occurred when a dead smooth cell was put with rough cells through the transformation of its _______

A

DNA (thought it was going to be a protein)

205
Q

in Griffiths famous experiment, did rough (no capsule) or smooth (capsulated) colonies kill the mice?

A

smooth colonies (Strain S)

206
Q

in Griffiths famous experiment, Strain _____ transformed Straigh R (rough) colonies into deadly smooth colonies when mixed together

A

S

207
Q

we are in the ____ golden age of microbio

A

second

208
Q

all techniques of DNA came from testing ____ first

A

bacteria

209
Q

the Basic Emphases of micrbio regard ______ itself

A

life

210
Q

the Applied emphases of micro bio ______ ___ ______

A

solve a problem

Microbio (21 decks)

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