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Microbio > Microbial Metabolism (Catabolism - #3) > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism (Catabolism - #3) Flashcards

1
Q

2 phases of glycolysis:

A

1) energy investment phase
2) energy payoff phase

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2
Q

how many ATP are used in the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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3
Q

how many ATP are FORMED during the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?

A

4 ATP

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4
Q

net products of glycolysis (4):

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 H20 (water)
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH + 2H+
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5
Q

electron carrier in glycolysis =

A

NAD+

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6
Q

pathway of glycolysis goes from ______ to _______

A

glucose to pyruvate

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7
Q

Fermentation is an ________ of glycolysis

A

extension

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8
Q

fermentation does NOT equal _____ _______

A

anaerobic respiration

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9
Q

fermentation takes place in the absence of an ________ _____ ______

A

exogenous electron acceptor (O2 not needed)

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10
Q

______ is not needed in fermentation

A

oxygen

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11
Q

fermentation uses a ________ or ______ as an electron acceptor

A

pyruvate or derivative

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12
Q

pyruvate or derivative in fermentation is __________

A

REDUCED

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13
Q

fermentation continues recycling of ______ ______

A

electron carriers

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14
Q

recycling of electron carriers in fermentation: _________ from glycolysis is OXIDIZED to _______

A

NADH; NAD+

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15
Q

which pathway does fermentation form ATP through?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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16
Q

fermentation produces various fermentation ______

A

products

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17
Q

what 2 things does fermentation NOT involve the use of?

A
  • ETC
  • proton motive force (PMF)
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18
Q

electron acceptor that comes from the outside of the system

A

exogenous electron acceptor

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19
Q

electron acceptor that was formed within the system

A

endogenous electron acceptor

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20
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a) oxidative phosphorylation is used by all bacteria to make ATP
b) strictly fermentative bacteria use substrate-level phosphorylation to make ATP.
c) oxidative phosphorylation uses proton motive force to make ATP.
d) substrate-level phosphorylation involves the use of the ETC

A

c) oxidative phosphorylation uses proton motive force to make ATP.

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21
Q

fermentation produces are _______ products to the fermenting organism

A

waste

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22
Q

purpose of waste products in fermentation =

A

recycle NADH back to NAD+ so it can continue the cycle

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23
Q

after forming pyruvate in glycolysis, which 2 pathways can a cell take?

A
  • form LACTATE
  • form another substance (acid aldehyde) and then form ETHANOL
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24
Q

fermentation classes (2):

A

1) ethanol
2) lactic acid

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25
Q

fermentation class: breads, wine, beer

A

ethanol

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26
Q

Lactic Acid groups (2):

A
  • homolactic
  • heterolactic
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27
Q

lactic acid group: sole product is LACTIC ACID

A

homolactic

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28
Q

lactic acid group: make lactate + other stuff

A

heterolactic

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29
Q

lactic acid group: cheeses, sour cream, yogurt

A

homolactic

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30
Q

lactic acid group: sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk, and involved in FOOD SPOILAGE

A

heterolactic

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31
Q

what kind of other products can heterolactic pathways make (4)?

A
  • acetic acid
  • propionic acid
  • mixed acid
  • 2-3-Butanediol
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32
Q

fermentation classes are based on the main ______

A

products

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33
Q

Fermentation Pathways (3):

A
  • Mixed acid
  • Butanediol
  • swiss
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34
Q

fermentation pathway: several pathways simultaneously

A

mixed acid

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35
Q

what reagent detects mixed acid fermentation pathway AND at what pH/

A

methyl red (MR) @ a pH of 5 and under

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36
Q

fermentation pathway: intermediate called ACETOIN

A

Butanediol

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37
Q

what test detects Butanediol/acetoin production?

A

Voges-Proskauer (VP)

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38
Q

butanediol is also known as ______

A

acetoin

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39
Q

genus of swiss cheese is the same genus that causes _____

A

acne

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40
Q

T/F: you can have a fermentation test that is positive for both MV and VP

A

false!

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41
Q

what REAGENTS in VP detect precursors of Butanediol/acetoin?

A

Barritt’s A and Barritt’s B

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42
Q

in the Butanediol pathway, is acetoin produces or precursors of acetoin?

A

PRECURSORS

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43
Q

chemoorganotrophic fuelding process involves _____

A

respiration (both aerobic + anaerobic)

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44
Q

respiration uses _____ ____ and ______, UNLIKE fermentation

A

oxidative phosphorylation and ETC

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45
Q

2 types of respiration:

A

1) aerobic respiration
2) anaerobic respiration

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46
Q

type of respiration: final electron acceptor is oxygen

A

aerobic

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47
Q

type of respiration: final electron acceptor is DIFFERENT exogenous e- acceptor such as NO3, SO4, CO2, Fe3+, or SeO4

A

anaerobic

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48
Q

ATP is made primarily by what pathway?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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49
Q

what 2 things does oxidative phosphorylation involve?

A
  • ETC to generate a proton motive force
  • ATPase to make ATP
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50
Q

what generates a PMF in oxid. phosphorylation?

A

ETC

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51
Q

what makes ATP in oxid. phosphorylation?

A

ATPase

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52
Q

ATPase is also known as ______

A

ATP-synthase

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53
Q

ETC can be _____ specific

A

species (net of 38 ATP varies)

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54
Q

the ETC is the electric ______

A

tower

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55
Q

the _______ the ETC, the more energy it releases

A

longer

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56
Q

if the cell has poor nutrition, the cell might make the ETC _____

A

shorter

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57
Q

in Eukaryotes, the ETC is located where?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

58
Q

in Bacteria and Archaeons, the ETC is located where?

A

cytoplasmic membrane (dont have mitchondria)

59
Q

series of electron carriers that operate together

A

ETC

60
Q

in the ETC, electrons are transferred from _____ and _____ to a terminal electron acceptor

A

NADH and FADH2

61
Q

in ETC, electrons flow from carriers with more ______ E0’ to carriers with more ______ E0’

A

negative to positive

62
Q

ETC: as electrons are transferred, energy is released to make ATP by _______ ______

A

oxidative phosphorylation

63
Q

does NADH or FADH2 give more energy?

A

NADH (comes in higher on the tower)

64
Q

the CHANGE (delta) in E0’ is how many volts?

A

1.14 V

65
Q

what does the P and the O stand for in P/O ratios?

A

proton and O2 (oxygen)

66
Q

P/O ratios really have to do with ____

A

protons

67
Q

P/O ratio: ____ ATP for every NADH

A

3

68
Q

P/O ratio: _____ ATP for every FADH2

A

2

69
Q

in the ETC, _____ comes in complex 1 because of its standard reductin potential

A

NADH + H+

70
Q

in the ETC, _____ comes in complex 2

A

FADH2

71
Q

where does the CAC cycles occur in the ETC?

A

complex 2

72
Q

how many protons are released in Complex 1?

A

4

73
Q

how many protons are released in Complex 3?

A

4

74
Q

how many protons are released in Complex 4?

A

2

75
Q

free energy released per 2 electrons (delta G0’) =

A

-220 kJ

76
Q

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient

A

Chemiosmosis

77
Q

in Complexes 1, 3, and 4, protons move from the _____ to the ____ ______

A

matrix to the intermembrane space

78
Q

in ATP-ase, protons move from where to where?

A

intermembrane space ot matrix

79
Q

how many protons go through the ATPase from from the intermembrane space to the matrix?

A

3

80
Q

the movement of protons established ______

A

PMF

81
Q

ATP synthase uses proton flow ______ the gradient (into the cell) to make ATP

A

DOWN

82
Q

smallest biological motor

A

ATP-ase

83
Q

ATP-ase is _______, can also break ATP to make PMF

A

reversible **

84
Q

what can ATP-ase be used for when it is put in reverse and BREAKS ATP to produce a Proton Motive Force?

A

spinning flagella

85
Q

part of ATP-ase: structure in nature

A

alpha + delta

86
Q

part of ATP-ase: where magic happens

A

beta

87
Q

ATP is released in ATP-ase when Beta goes back to what position?

A

original (empty)

88
Q

where is ATP is released from ATP-ase ?

A

inside the cell (cytoplasm)

89
Q

part of ATP-ase: headpiece; consists of alpha, beta, sigma, and gamma, INSIDE the cell (cytoplasm)

A

F1

90
Q

part of ATP-ase: proton channel made here**; consists of epsilon and “a”; PART of MEMBRANE; where protons go IN from the outside of the cell

A

F0

91
Q

parts of ATP-ase: holds up head piece and keeps it stable so it can’t spin; energy is used to make confromation changes to beta

A

gamma + epsilon

92
Q

conformation changes in ATP site means….

A

active site changes

93
Q

why do bacteria make fermentation products during the process of fermentation?

A

to oxidize NADH

94
Q

steps in which electrons travel to make ATP (all reversible - 4)

A

1) electron donors
2) electron transport
3) proton motive force
4) prod. of ATP

95
Q

process that can completely catabolize an organic energy source to CO2

A

aerobic respiration

96
Q

3 pathways/processes in which aerobic respiration completely catabolizes an organic energy source:

A

1) glycolytic pathway
2) CAC (Kreb’s cycle)
3) ETC with oxygen as final e’ acceptor

97
Q

glycolytic pathway ends at ____

A

pyruvate

98
Q

CAC (kreb’s cycle) is also called the _____

A

TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle)

99
Q

which process in aerobic respiration gives you the most ATP production?

A

ETC w/ oxygen as final e- acceptor

100
Q

aerobic respiration produces ATP mostly by what process?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

101
Q

aerobic respiration produces ATP and recycles ______ _____

A

electron carriers

102
Q

e- dump in aerobic respiration =

A

ETC (thru NADH to NAD+ or FADH2 to FADH)

103
Q

there are ____ stages of aerobic catabolism

A

3

104
Q

stage of aerobic catabolism: proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are broken down into their monomers

A

stage 1

105
Q

stage of aerobic catabolism: monomers are broken down into either NH3 (from protein), pyruvate (from monosaccharides), or acetly-Coa (from lipids)

A

stage 2

106
Q

stage of aerobic catabolism: CAC (kreb’s cycle) occurs

A

stage 3

107
Q

in which stage of aerobic catabolism is the FIRST ATP released?

A

stage 2

108
Q

how is the first ATP released in stage 2 made?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation (during glycolysis)

109
Q

you don’t get any NET ATP until the ______

A

ETC

110
Q

T/F: glucose is not always completely taken down to CO2 and

A

true

111
Q

after the CAC (kreb’s cycle), ATP is made by what process?

A

oxid. phosphorylation

112
Q

INDUCIBLE enzymes in aerobic catabolism; can be turned ON/OFF; depends on what they detect in their environment

A

Exoenzymes

113
Q

examples of an exoezyme made when starch in in the environment

A

amylase

114
Q

CONSTITUTIVE enzymes in aerobic catabolism; always ON; need them regardless of what type of food is in the environment

A

Endoenzymes

115
Q

in stage 1 of aerobic catabolism, the cell digests polymers ______ of the cell to make it small enough for the use of enzymes

A

outside

116
Q

which stage do EXOenzymes break down molecules?

A

stage 1

117
Q

which stage do ENDOenzymes break down molecules?

A

stage 2

118
Q

exoenzymes are ______

A

inducible (turn on/off)

119
Q

endoenxymes are ______

A

constitutive (always ON)

120
Q

stage 2 and 3 includes ______ pathways – enzymes are reversible and can be used for anabolism (build up)

A

amphibolic

121
Q

T/F: protiens, polysaccharides (starch), and lipids are come into the same pathway in aerobic catabolism

A

true

122
Q

polysaccharides =

A

starch

123
Q

if a food source is not there (such as lipids), the specific exoenzyme is ____

A

off

124
Q

in glycolysis, how many ATP are made via SLP

A

2

125
Q

in glycolysis, how many NADH** are made via oxididative phosphorylation?

A

6

126
Q

in glycolysis, how many NADH are reduced to get 6 ATP?

A

2

(P/O of x3 for NADH to get 6 ATP)

127
Q

in the bridge step, _____ is converted to _____ after glycolysis

A

pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A

128
Q

in the bridge step, _____ NADH are reduced to get ______ ATP

A

2 NADH; 6 ATP

129
Q

in glycolysis, _____ NADH are reduced to get ____ ATP

A

2 NADH; 6 ATP

130
Q

in CAC, _____ NADH are reduced to get _____ ATP via oxid. phos.

A

6 NADH; 18 ATP

131
Q

in CAC, ______ FADH2 are reduced to get _____ ATP via oxid. phos.

A

2 FADH2; 4 ATP

132
Q

in CAC, _____ ATP are made via SLP

A

2

133
Q

in CAC, how many total ATP are made via OXID. PHOSPHORLYATION?

A

22

134
Q

how many total ATP are made via SLP in aerobic respiration?

A

4

135
Q

how many total ATP are made via oxid. phos. in aerobic respiration?

A

34

136
Q

how many total ATP are made in aerobic respiration?

A

38

137
Q

the CAC goes through the cycle _____ to get its 24 total ATP?

A

twice

138
Q

anaerobic respiration uses electron carriers other than _____

A

oxygen

139
Q

electron carriers in ANAEROBIC respiration are lower on the tower so they release _____ energy

A

less

140
Q

in anaerobic respiration, the E0’ of final electron acceptor is less ______ than E0’ of oxygen

A

positive

Microbio (21 decks)

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