Part 2 Flashcards
bacteria that live in UPPER respiratory tract (2):
- staphylococci
- streptococci
the ___________ may contain low numbers of potentially PATHOGENIC microbes
nasopharynx
does the LOWER respiratory tract have any normal microbiota?
nope
only particles smaller than ________ in diameter reach the lungs in the lower resp. tract
10 micrometers
how are microbes removed in the respiratory tract (4)?
- continuous stream of mucus generated by goblet cells
- ciliated epithelial cells (push microbes up)
- phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages (engulfs
invaders) - lysozyme in mucus
phagocytic actions of _________ _______ engulfs invaders of the respiratory tract
alveolar macrophages
of the Urogenital tract, the kidneys, ureter, and bladder may harbor _________ microbes
residential
the _______ portions of the urethra may have few microbes found since its the opening to the environment
distal
complex microbiota in a state of FLUX due to menstrual cycle
female genital tract
which bacteria predominates in the vagina and maintains an ACIDIC condition (protects vagina)?
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina makes ________ ______
lactic acid
pH of vagina is < ____
< 5
normal pH range of vagina =
3.8 - 4.5
UTIs are caused by what type of bacteria?
E. coli
UTIs occur when ______ ______ gets into the bladder
fecal matter
whos more at risk for UTIs?
- WOMEN** (bc of anatomy)
- children
- old ppl
in what ways is a mutual beneficial relationpship shared b/w microbiota and the host (3)?
1) colonization restistance
2) produce vitamins, amino acids, + organic acids
3) development of the immune system
members of normal microbiota that produce disease under certain circumstances
opportunistic pathogens
certain circumstances that microbiota becomes opportunistic pathogens (2):
- overgrowth
- get to where theyre not supposed to (ex: E. coli in bladder to get UTIs)
imbalance of microbes due to overgrowth (ex: yeast infection)
disbiosis
children who have been treated with antibiotics early in life are _____ times more likely to develop allergies + asthma
2
microorganism establishes growing in a host whether or not the host is harmed (ex: microflora)
infection
damage or injury to the host from growth of bacteria that impairs host function
disease
bacteria has to cause _______ to be considered a PATHOGEN
damage
infections can lead to ______
disease
where does colonization of microbes in the body typically occur?
at mucus membranes
infection process (4):
1) EXPOSURES to pathogens
2) ADHERENCE to skin or mucosa
3) INVASION thru epithelium
4) MULTIPLICATION: growth and production of virulence factors + toxins
the disease process, multiplication leads to ______ and ________, and ultimately to _______
toxicity and invasiveness (to ultimately DAMAGE)
toxin effects are local or systemic
toxicity
further growth at original and distant sites
invasiveness
outcome of infection depends on what 5 factors?
- agent
- virulence
- exposure
- dose
- susceptibility
4 stages of infectious disease
- incubation period
- prodromal stage
- illness
- convalescent period
stage of infectious disease: no symptoms
incubation period
stage of infectious disease: symptoms are increasing but are NOT characteristic (ex: tired); start of contagious periods; where MOST spread of disease occurs
Prodromal Stage
stage of infectious disease: characteristic symptoms occur with a level off
illness
when your characteristic symptoms level off, are you contagious?
not necessarily
stage of infectious disease: decrease of symptoms; no longer contagious
Convalescent period
methods of disease transmission (5):
- direct
- indirect
- vector
- reservoir
- zoonosis
method of disease transmission: infected host to susceptible host; can be carriers
direct
method of disease transmission: fecal-oral, airborne, or fomites; dont have to be there
indirect
modes of indirect transmission of disease (3):
- fecal-oral
- airborne
- fomites
inanimate objects that spread disease (ex: water, food, keyboard)
fomites
method of disease transmission: living things (ANIMATE) that transmits disease (ex: fleas, ticks)
VECTOR
method of disease transmission: animate or inanimate object where pathogen can reproduce; serves as a SOURCE of transmission
reservoirs
method of disease transmission: disease that occurs primarily in ANIMALS but is occasionally transmitted to humans
zoonosis
ex of zoonosis disease =
Zika
to get an Epidemic Curve, what do you plot?
disease incidence vs. # of days
2 types of Epidemic Curves:
- common-source
- propagated (host-to-host)
type of Epidemic Curve: rapid rise to peak, moderately rapid decline; everybody gets infected at the same time + from the same source
Common Source
type of Epidemic Curve: slow, progressive rise and gradual decline; indicates direct transmission from host to host
Propagated
Types of Immune Responses:
1) Innate
2) Adapative
immune response: nonspecific, natural
innate
immune response: specific, acquired
adaptive
2 types of adaptive immunity:
- cell-mediated
- antibody-mediated
type of adaptive immunity: T cells
cell-mediated
type of adaptive immunity: B cells
antibody-mediated
__________ are the primary effector cells of INNATE immunity
phagocytes
__________ are the primary effector cells of ADAPTIVE immunity
lymphocytes (B + T)
cells that ingest, kill, and digest microbial pathogens
phagocytes
in most cases, adaptive immunity is initated by _______ ________
antigen presentation
APCs =
antigen presenting cells
phagocytes activate _______
lymphocytes
Adaptive Immunity cells:
- T cells
- B cells
- antibodies
antibodies are produced by activated _______ ______ cells
plasma B
adaptive immunity recognizes _______ from pathogens; very specific
antigen
