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Microbio > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

bacteria that live in UPPER respiratory tract (2):

A
  • staphylococci
  • streptococci
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2
Q

the ___________ may contain low numbers of potentially PATHOGENIC microbes

A

nasopharynx

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3
Q

does the LOWER respiratory tract have any normal microbiota?

A

nope

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4
Q

only particles smaller than ________ in diameter reach the lungs in the lower resp. tract

A

10 micrometers

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5
Q

how are microbes removed in the respiratory tract (4)?

A
  • continuous stream of mucus generated by goblet cells
  • ciliated epithelial cells (push microbes up)
  • phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages (engulfs
    invaders)
  • lysozyme in mucus
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6
Q

phagocytic actions of _________ _______ engulfs invaders of the respiratory tract

A

alveolar macrophages

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7
Q

of the Urogenital tract, the kidneys, ureter, and bladder may harbor _________ microbes

A

residential

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8
Q

the _______ portions of the urethra may have few microbes found since its the opening to the environment

A

distal

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9
Q

complex microbiota in a state of FLUX due to menstrual cycle

A

female genital tract

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10
Q

which bacteria predominates in the vagina and maintains an ACIDIC condition (protects vagina)?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

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11
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina makes ________ ______

A

lactic acid

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12
Q

pH of vagina is < ____

A

< 5

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13
Q

normal pH range of vagina =

A

3.8 - 4.5

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14
Q

UTIs are caused by what type of bacteria?

A

E. coli

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15
Q

UTIs occur when ______ ______ gets into the bladder

A

fecal matter

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16
Q

whos more at risk for UTIs?

A
  • WOMEN** (bc of anatomy)
  • children
  • old ppl
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17
Q

in what ways is a mutual beneficial relationpship shared b/w microbiota and the host (3)?

A

1) colonization restistance
2) produce vitamins, amino acids, + organic acids
3) development of the immune system

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18
Q

members of normal microbiota that produce disease under certain circumstances

A

opportunistic pathogens

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19
Q

certain circumstances that microbiota becomes opportunistic pathogens (2):

A
  • overgrowth
  • get to where theyre not supposed to (ex: E. coli in bladder to get UTIs)
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20
Q

imbalance of microbes due to overgrowth (ex: yeast infection)

A

disbiosis

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21
Q

children who have been treated with antibiotics early in life are _____ times more likely to develop allergies + asthma

A

2

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22
Q

microorganism establishes growing in a host whether or not the host is harmed (ex: microflora)

A

infection

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23
Q

damage or injury to the host from growth of bacteria that impairs host function

A

disease

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24
Q

bacteria has to cause _______ to be considered a PATHOGEN

A

damage

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25
infections can lead to ______
disease
26
where does colonization of microbes in the body typically occur?
at mucus membranes
27
infection process (4):
1) EXPOSURES to pathogens 2) ADHERENCE to skin or mucosa 3) INVASION thru epithelium 4) MULTIPLICATION: growth and production of virulence factors + toxins
28
the disease process, multiplication leads to ______ and ________, and ultimately to _______
toxicity and invasiveness (to ultimately DAMAGE)
29
toxin effects are local or systemic
toxicity
30
further growth at original and distant sites
invasiveness
31
outcome of infection depends on what 5 factors?
- agent - virulence - exposure - dose - susceptibility
32
4 stages of infectious disease
- incubation period - prodromal stage - illness - convalescent period
33
stage of infectious disease: no symptoms
incubation period
34
stage of infectious disease: symptoms are increasing but are NOT characteristic (ex: tired); start of contagious periods; where MOST spread of disease occurs
Prodromal Stage
35
stage of infectious disease: characteristic symptoms occur with a level off
illness
36
when your characteristic symptoms level off, are you contagious?
not necessarily
37
stage of infectious disease: decrease of symptoms; no longer contagious
Convalescent period
38
methods of disease transmission (5):
- direct - indirect - vector - reservoir - zoonosis
39
method of disease transmission: infected host to susceptible host; can be carriers
direct
40
method of disease transmission: fecal-oral, airborne, or fomites; dont have to be there
indirect
41
modes of indirect transmission of disease (3):
- fecal-oral - airborne - fomites
42
inanimate objects that spread disease (ex: water, food, keyboard)
fomites
43
method of disease transmission: living things (ANIMATE) that transmits disease (ex: fleas, ticks)
VECTOR
44
method of disease transmission: animate or inanimate object where pathogen can reproduce; serves as a SOURCE of transmission
reservoirs
45
method of disease transmission: disease that occurs primarily in ANIMALS but is occasionally transmitted to humans
zoonosis
46
ex of zoonosis disease =
Zika
47
to get an Epidemic Curve, what do you plot?
disease incidence vs. # of days
48
2 types of Epidemic Curves:
- common-source - propagated (host-to-host)
49
type of Epidemic Curve: rapid rise to peak, moderately rapid decline; everybody gets infected at the same time + from the same source
Common Source
50
type of Epidemic Curve: slow, progressive rise and gradual decline; indicates direct transmission from host to host
Propagated
51
Types of Immune Responses:
1) Innate 2) Adapative
52
immune response: nonspecific, natural
innate
53
immune response: specific, acquired
adaptive
54
2 types of adaptive immunity:
- cell-mediated - antibody-mediated
55
type of adaptive immunity: T cells
cell-mediated
56
type of adaptive immunity: B cells
antibody-mediated
57
__________ are the primary effector cells of INNATE immunity
phagocytes
58
__________ are the primary effector cells of ADAPTIVE immunity
lymphocytes (B + T)
59
cells that ingest, kill, and digest microbial pathogens
phagocytes
60
in most cases, adaptive immunity is initated by _______ ________
antigen presentation
61
APCs =
antigen presenting cells
62
phagocytes activate _______
lymphocytes
63
Adaptive Immunity cells:
- T cells - B cells - antibodies
64
antibodies are produced by activated _______ ______ cells
plasma B
65
adaptive immunity recognizes _______ from pathogens; very specific
antigen

Microbio (21 decks)

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