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Microbio > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria that live in UPPER respiratory tract (2):

A
  • staphylococci
  • streptococci
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2
Q

the ___________ may contain low numbers of potentially PATHOGENIC microbes

A

nasopharynx

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3
Q

does the LOWER respiratory tract have any normal microbiota?

A

nope

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4
Q

only particles smaller than ________ in diameter reach the lungs in the lower resp. tract

A

10 micrometers

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5
Q

how are microbes removed in the respiratory tract (4)?

A
  • continuous stream of mucus generated by goblet cells
  • ciliated epithelial cells (push microbes up)
  • phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages (engulfs
    invaders)
  • lysozyme in mucus
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6
Q

phagocytic actions of _________ _______ engulfs invaders of the respiratory tract

A

alveolar macrophages

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7
Q

of the Urogenital tract, the kidneys, ureter, and bladder may harbor _________ microbes

A

residential

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8
Q

the _______ portions of the urethra may have few microbes found since its the opening to the environment

A

distal

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9
Q

complex microbiota in a state of FLUX due to menstrual cycle

A

female genital tract

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10
Q

which bacteria predominates in the vagina and maintains an ACIDIC condition (protects vagina)?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

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11
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina makes ________ ______

A

lactic acid

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12
Q

pH of vagina is < ____

A

< 5

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13
Q

normal pH range of vagina =

A

3.8 - 4.5

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14
Q

UTIs are caused by what type of bacteria?

A

E. coli

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15
Q

UTIs occur when ______ ______ gets into the bladder

A

fecal matter

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16
Q

whos more at risk for UTIs?

A
  • WOMEN** (bc of anatomy)
  • children
  • old ppl
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17
Q

in what ways is a mutual beneficial relationpship shared b/w microbiota and the host (3)?

A

1) colonization restistance
2) produce vitamins, amino acids, + organic acids
3) development of the immune system

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18
Q

members of normal microbiota that produce disease under certain circumstances

A

opportunistic pathogens

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19
Q

certain circumstances that microbiota becomes opportunistic pathogens (2):

A
  • overgrowth
  • get to where theyre not supposed to (ex: E. coli in bladder to get UTIs)
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20
Q

imbalance of microbes due to overgrowth (ex: yeast infection)

A

disbiosis

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21
Q

children who have been treated with antibiotics early in life are _____ times more likely to develop allergies + asthma

A

2

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22
Q

microorganism establishes growing in a host whether or not the host is harmed (ex: microflora)

A

infection

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23
Q

damage or injury to the host from growth of bacteria that impairs host function

A

disease

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24
Q

bacteria has to cause _______ to be considered a PATHOGEN

A

damage

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25
Q

infections can lead to ______

A

disease

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26
Q

where does colonization of microbes in the body typically occur?

A

at mucus membranes

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27
Q

infection process (4):

A

1) EXPOSURES to pathogens
2) ADHERENCE to skin or mucosa
3) INVASION thru epithelium
4) MULTIPLICATION: growth and production of virulence factors + toxins

28
Q

the disease process, multiplication leads to ______ and ________, and ultimately to _______

A

toxicity and invasiveness (to ultimately DAMAGE)

29
Q

toxin effects are local or systemic

A

toxicity

30
Q

further growth at original and distant sites

A

invasiveness

31
Q

outcome of infection depends on what 5 factors?

A
  • agent
  • virulence
  • exposure
  • dose
  • susceptibility
32
Q

4 stages of infectious disease

A
  • incubation period
  • prodromal stage
  • illness
  • convalescent period
33
Q

stage of infectious disease: no symptoms

A

incubation period

34
Q

stage of infectious disease: symptoms are increasing but are NOT characteristic (ex: tired); start of contagious periods; where MOST spread of disease occurs

A

Prodromal Stage

35
Q

stage of infectious disease: characteristic symptoms occur with a level off

A

illness

36
Q

when your characteristic symptoms level off, are you contagious?

A

not necessarily

37
Q

stage of infectious disease: decrease of symptoms; no longer contagious

A

Convalescent period

38
Q

methods of disease transmission (5):

A
  • direct
  • indirect
  • vector
  • reservoir
  • zoonosis
39
Q

method of disease transmission: infected host to susceptible host; can be carriers

A

direct

40
Q

method of disease transmission: fecal-oral, airborne, or fomites; dont have to be there

A

indirect

41
Q

modes of indirect transmission of disease (3):

A
  • fecal-oral
  • airborne
  • fomites
42
Q

inanimate objects that spread disease (ex: water, food, keyboard)

A

fomites

43
Q

method of disease transmission: living things (ANIMATE) that transmits disease (ex: fleas, ticks)

A

VECTOR

44
Q

method of disease transmission: animate or inanimate object where pathogen can reproduce; serves as a SOURCE of transmission

A

reservoirs

45
Q

method of disease transmission: disease that occurs primarily in ANIMALS but is occasionally transmitted to humans

A

zoonosis

46
Q

ex of zoonosis disease =

A

Zika

47
Q

to get an Epidemic Curve, what do you plot?

A

disease incidence vs. # of days

48
Q

2 types of Epidemic Curves:

A
  • common-source
  • propagated (host-to-host)
49
Q

type of Epidemic Curve: rapid rise to peak, moderately rapid decline; everybody gets infected at the same time + from the same source

A

Common Source

50
Q

type of Epidemic Curve: slow, progressive rise and gradual decline; indicates direct transmission from host to host

A

Propagated

51
Q

Types of Immune Responses:

A

1) Innate
2) Adapative

52
Q

immune response: nonspecific, natural

A

innate

53
Q

immune response: specific, acquired

A

adaptive

54
Q

2 types of adaptive immunity:

A
  • cell-mediated
  • antibody-mediated
55
Q

type of adaptive immunity: T cells

A

cell-mediated

56
Q

type of adaptive immunity: B cells

A

antibody-mediated

57
Q

__________ are the primary effector cells of INNATE immunity

A

phagocytes

58
Q

__________ are the primary effector cells of ADAPTIVE immunity

A

lymphocytes (B + T)

59
Q

cells that ingest, kill, and digest microbial pathogens

A

phagocytes

60
Q

in most cases, adaptive immunity is initated by _______ ________

A

antigen presentation

61
Q

APCs =

A

antigen presenting cells

62
Q

phagocytes activate _______

A

lymphocytes

63
Q

Adaptive Immunity cells:

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • antibodies
64
Q

antibodies are produced by activated _______ ______ cells

A

plasma B

65
Q

adaptive immunity recognizes _______ from pathogens; very specific

A

antigen

Microbio (21 decks)

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