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Microbio > Motility (#1) > Flashcards

Motility (#1) Flashcards

1
Q

_____ do not have CILIA, only _______

A

bacteria; eukarya

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2
Q

threadlike appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall (and envelope); hollow protein

A

flagella

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3
Q

functions of flagella (3):

A
  • motility and swarming behavior
  • attachment to surfaces (helps them burrow into tissues)
  • may be virulence factors
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4
Q

cause immune responses and/or evade immune responses = “deadly”

A

virulence factors

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5
Q

moving in groups behavior

A

swarming

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6
Q

half of ______ have flagella

A

bacilli

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7
Q

rarely do _____ have flagella

A

cocci

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8
Q

LOTS of _____ have flagella

A

spirillum

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9
Q

patterns of flagella distribution (5):

A
  • monotrichous
  • polar flagellum
  • amphitrichous
  • lophotrichous
  • peritrichous
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10
Q

pattern of flagella distribution: one flagellum

A

monotrichous

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11
Q

pattern of flagella distribution: flagellum at end of the cell; very FAST

A

polar flagellum

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12
Q

pattern of flagella distribution: one flagellum at each end of the cell

A

amphitrichous (could be polar here too**)

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13
Q

pattern of flagella distribution: cluster of flagella at one or both ends; a troughtopair

A

lophotrichous

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14
Q

pattern of flagella distribution: flagella spread over entire surface of cell (ex: E. coli)

A

peritrichous

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15
Q

example of bacteria that is peritrichous =

A

E. coli

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16
Q

as long as the flagella/flagellum are at ONE end of the cell, they are termed _____

A

polar (so they can tech. have 2 names)

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17
Q

flagella are so thin you can’t see them without using a ______ to make them thicker

A

mordant

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18
Q

3 parts of a flagella:

A

1) filament
2) hook
3) basal body

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19
Q

part of flagella: all made of flagellum protein; NOT flexible (unlike eukarya flagella); more rigid

A

filament

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20
Q

part of flagella: attaches it to the motor

A

hook

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21
Q

part of flagella: motor

A

basal body

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22
Q

function of flagella (and its parts)

A

energy for rotation

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23
Q

energy for rotation provided by the flagella is termed the ______ _______ ________

A

Proton Motive Force

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24
Q

flagellum is a ___-part motor

A

two

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25
Q

two parts of the flagellum motor:

A

1) rotor
2) stator

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26
Q

part of flagellum motor: composed of C ring and MS ring; turn and interacts with stator; moves

A

rotor

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27
Q

part of flagellum motor: composed of Mot A and Mot B proteins; stays stationary

A

stator

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28
Q

Mot proteins stay stationary but ________ go through it, spinning the MS rings

A

hydroprotons

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29
Q

hydroprotons sends movement through the _____ —-> _______ ——> ________

A

rod —-> hook —> filament

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30
Q

the basal body of the flagellum is one of the _______ motors (after ATP-ase)

A

smallest

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31
Q

____ and ____ rings are attached to the rod

A

L and P

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32
Q

the ____ ring spins

A

MS

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33
Q

the ____ and ____ rings do NOT spin; stationary; keep the motor stable

A

L and P rings

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34
Q

the L rings is named from what?

A

LPS area

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35
Q

the P ring is named from what?

A

periplasm or peptidoglycan (since its located within there)

36
Q

the C ring is named from what?

A

cytoplasm

37
Q

H+ =

A

hydroproton

38
Q

the MS ring is named for what?

A

membrane

39
Q

for one 360 degree turn, the motor uses _____ protons

A

1,000

40
Q

motor switch; turn flagella on/off OR can switch its direction

A

Fli proteins

41
Q

flagella biosynthesis steps (7):

A

1) MS/C ring
2) Motor (Mot) proteins
3) P ring
4) L ring
5) early hook
6) late hook (includes CAP)
7) filament (hook-filament junction + filament synthesis)

42
Q

flagella biosynthesis builds from the _____ ____; goes through the hollow tube and then added to the ______

A

bottom-up; TIP

43
Q

flagellum can break off, but they can _________; flagellum is added from the TIP – not the base

A

regenerate

44
Q

special protein added during flagella biosynthesis; organizes flagellum molecules and puts them in the correct orientation to make the filament

A

cap

45
Q

flagella in _____-_____ have been studied the most

A

gram-negative

46
Q

flagella in ______-_______ only have TWO rings and a membrane

A

gram-positive

47
Q

which rings do gram-postive only have in their flagella?

A

MS and C rings

48
Q

Bacterial Flagella Movement: flagellum rotates like a _______

A

propeller

49
Q

Bacterial Flagellar Movement: rotates up to _______ rev/sec

A

1100 rev/sec

50
Q

Bacterial Flagellar Movement: in references, a cheeta moves _____ body lengths per sec; humans moved _____ body lengths per seconds; bacteria move ______ cell lengths per sec

A

cheeta: 25 body lengths/sec
human: 5 body lengths/sec
bacteria: 60 cell lenths/sec ***

51
Q

fastest bacteria

A

briomycococcus

52
Q

Bacterial Flagellar Movement: counterclockwise (CCW) rotation causes a _______ motion/_____

A

forward motion/run

53
Q

Bacterial Flagellar Movement: in general, clockwise rotation (CW) disupts run causing cell to stop and ______ (oriented in different direction)

A

tumble

54
Q

CCW movment =

A

run

55
Q

CW movmenet =

A

tumble

56
Q

in Peritrichous bacteria, CCW rotation causes the cell to _____ and CW causes the cell to _____

A

run; reverse

57
Q

in Unidirectional flagella, _____ rotation causes the cell to run (different****) and ______ allows for RANDOM reorientation to occur

A

CW
stopping (completely)

58
Q

Spirochete Motility: multiple flagella form _____ ______ which winds around the cell; bundled around

A

axial fibril

59
Q

Spirochete Motility: flagella remain in the ______ ______ inside the outer sheath

A

periplasmic space (meaning theyre GRAM NEG*)

60
Q

Spirochete Motility: since flagella remain in the perisplasmic space, they are termed “______”

A

“endoflagella”

61
Q

Spirochete Motility: flagella exbitvs _____ and _____ movements

A

flexing and spinning

62
Q

Spirochete Motility: flagella move like a _____ rather than a smooth motion (looks like twitching)

A

corkscrew

63
Q

Spirochete Motility: can have _______

A

inclusions

64
Q

bacteria moving on a SOLID surface

A

surface motility

65
Q

surface motility may involve ______

A

slime

66
Q

two types of surface motlity:

A

1) twitching (social)
2) gliding (adventurous)

67
Q

type of surface motility: short, intermittent, jerky motions; occurs in GROUPS; move together; flash mob!

A

twitching (social)

68
Q

twitching (social) surface motility has ____ _____ _____ at the ends of the cells; stand the bacteria up and “pull it;” lets slime come out (oozing polysaccharides)

A

type IV pili

69
Q

type of surface motility: smooth movements; ONE bacteria by itself; helical track, gliding motors, and extracellular adhesion proteins involved

A

gliding (adventurous)

70
Q

gliding (adventurous) suface motility invovles what 3 structurs?

A
  • helical track
  • gliding motors
  • extracellular adhesion
71
Q

gliding (adventurous) surface motility: structure that spins the track and gives it energy

A

gliding motors

72
Q

gliding (adventurous) surface motility: structures that move it along the tract; “little feet”

A

extracellular adhesion protiens

73
Q

movement toward a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent

A

chemotaxis

74
Q

chemotaxis: concentrations of chemo-attractants and chemo-repellants detected by ______________ on surfaces of cells

A

chemo-receptors

75
Q

chemotaxis is complex but _______

A

rapid

76
Q

chemotaxis responses occur in less than ____ _______

A

20 milliseconds

77
Q

range in which chemotaxis occurs:

A

2 to over 60 cell lengths per second

78
Q

types of chemotaxis:

A
  • positive
  • negative
79
Q

type of chemotaxis: going TOWARD an attractant or a repellant

A

positive chemotaxis

80
Q

positive chemotaxis toward an attractant: runs are _______ and tumbles are _______ frequent

A

LONGER; LESS freq.

81
Q

positive chemotaxis toward a repellant: runs are _________ and tumbles are _____ frequent

A

shorter; more

82
Q

an example of a repellant in chemotaxis =

A

toxins

83
Q

positive/negative chemotaxis involves a _______, ______ walk

A

biased, random

84
Q

type of chemotaxis: moving AWAY from a repellant or attractant; involves similar but opposite responses

A

negative

85
Q

negative chemotaxis involves similar but _______ responses compared to positive

A

OPPOSITE

Microbio (21 decks)

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