Motility (#1) Flashcards
_____ do not have CILIA, only _______
bacteria; eukarya
threadlike appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall (and envelope); hollow protein
flagella
functions of flagella (3):
- motility and swarming behavior
- attachment to surfaces (helps them burrow into tissues)
- may be virulence factors
cause immune responses and/or evade immune responses = “deadly”
virulence factors
moving in groups behavior
swarming
half of ______ have flagella
bacilli
rarely do _____ have flagella
cocci
LOTS of _____ have flagella
spirillum
patterns of flagella distribution (5):
- monotrichous
- polar flagellum
- amphitrichous
- lophotrichous
- peritrichous
pattern of flagella distribution: one flagellum
monotrichous
pattern of flagella distribution: flagellum at end of the cell; very FAST
polar flagellum
pattern of flagella distribution: one flagellum at each end of the cell
amphitrichous (could be polar here too**)
pattern of flagella distribution: cluster of flagella at one or both ends; a troughtopair
lophotrichous
pattern of flagella distribution: flagella spread over entire surface of cell (ex: E. coli)
peritrichous
example of bacteria that is peritrichous =
E. coli
as long as the flagella/flagellum are at ONE end of the cell, they are termed _____
polar (so they can tech. have 2 names)
flagella are so thin you can’t see them without using a ______ to make them thicker
mordant
3 parts of a flagella:
1) filament
2) hook
3) basal body
part of flagella: all made of flagellum protein; NOT flexible (unlike eukarya flagella); more rigid
filament
part of flagella: attaches it to the motor
hook
part of flagella: motor
basal body
function of flagella (and its parts)
energy for rotation
energy for rotation provided by the flagella is termed the ______ _______ ________
Proton Motive Force
flagellum is a ___-part motor
two
two parts of the flagellum motor:
1) rotor
2) stator
part of flagellum motor: composed of C ring and MS ring; turn and interacts with stator; moves
rotor
part of flagellum motor: composed of Mot A and Mot B proteins; stays stationary
stator
Mot proteins stay stationary but ________ go through it, spinning the MS rings
hydroprotons
hydroprotons sends movement through the _____ —-> _______ ——> ________
rod —-> hook —> filament
the basal body of the flagellum is one of the _______ motors (after ATP-ase)
smallest
____ and ____ rings are attached to the rod
L and P
the ____ ring spins
MS
the ____ and ____ rings do NOT spin; stationary; keep the motor stable
L and P rings
the L rings is named from what?
LPS area
the P ring is named from what?
periplasm or peptidoglycan (since its located within there)
the C ring is named from what?
cytoplasm
H+ =
hydroproton
the MS ring is named for what?
membrane
for one 360 degree turn, the motor uses _____ protons
1,000
motor switch; turn flagella on/off OR can switch its direction
Fli proteins
flagella biosynthesis steps (7):
1) MS/C ring
2) Motor (Mot) proteins
3) P ring
4) L ring
5) early hook
6) late hook (includes CAP)
7) filament (hook-filament junction + filament synthesis)
flagella biosynthesis builds from the _____ ____; goes through the hollow tube and then added to the ______
bottom-up; TIP
flagellum can break off, but they can _________; flagellum is added from the TIP – not the base
regenerate
special protein added during flagella biosynthesis; organizes flagellum molecules and puts them in the correct orientation to make the filament
cap
flagella in _____-_____ have been studied the most
gram-negative
flagella in ______-_______ only have TWO rings and a membrane
gram-positive
which rings do gram-postive only have in their flagella?
MS and C rings
Bacterial Flagella Movement: flagellum rotates like a _______
propeller
Bacterial Flagellar Movement: rotates up to _______ rev/sec
1100 rev/sec
Bacterial Flagellar Movement: in references, a cheeta moves _____ body lengths per sec; humans moved _____ body lengths per seconds; bacteria move ______ cell lengths per sec
cheeta: 25 body lengths/sec
human: 5 body lengths/sec
bacteria: 60 cell lenths/sec ***
fastest bacteria
briomycococcus
Bacterial Flagellar Movement: counterclockwise (CCW) rotation causes a _______ motion/_____
forward motion/run
Bacterial Flagellar Movement: in general, clockwise rotation (CW) disupts run causing cell to stop and ______ (oriented in different direction)
tumble
CCW movment =
run
CW movmenet =
tumble
in Peritrichous bacteria, CCW rotation causes the cell to _____ and CW causes the cell to _____
run; reverse
in Unidirectional flagella, _____ rotation causes the cell to run (different****) and ______ allows for RANDOM reorientation to occur
CW
stopping (completely)
Spirochete Motility: multiple flagella form _____ ______ which winds around the cell; bundled around
axial fibril
Spirochete Motility: flagella remain in the ______ ______ inside the outer sheath
periplasmic space (meaning theyre GRAM NEG*)
Spirochete Motility: since flagella remain in the perisplasmic space, they are termed “______”
“endoflagella”
Spirochete Motility: flagella exbitvs _____ and _____ movements
flexing and spinning
Spirochete Motility: flagella move like a _____ rather than a smooth motion (looks like twitching)
corkscrew
Spirochete Motility: can have _______
inclusions
bacteria moving on a SOLID surface
surface motility
surface motility may involve ______
slime
two types of surface motlity:
1) twitching (social)
2) gliding (adventurous)
type of surface motility: short, intermittent, jerky motions; occurs in GROUPS; move together; flash mob!
twitching (social)
twitching (social) surface motility has ____ _____ _____ at the ends of the cells; stand the bacteria up and “pull it;” lets slime come out (oozing polysaccharides)
type IV pili
type of surface motility: smooth movements; ONE bacteria by itself; helical track, gliding motors, and extracellular adhesion proteins involved
gliding (adventurous)
gliding (adventurous) suface motility invovles what 3 structurs?
- helical track
- gliding motors
- extracellular adhesion
gliding (adventurous) surface motility: structure that spins the track and gives it energy
gliding motors
gliding (adventurous) surface motility: structures that move it along the tract; “little feet”
extracellular adhesion protiens
movement toward a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent
chemotaxis
chemotaxis: concentrations of chemo-attractants and chemo-repellants detected by ______________ on surfaces of cells
chemo-receptors
chemotaxis is complex but _______
rapid
chemotaxis responses occur in less than ____ _______
20 milliseconds
range in which chemotaxis occurs:
2 to over 60 cell lengths per second
types of chemotaxis:
- positive
- negative
type of chemotaxis: going TOWARD an attractant or a repellant
positive chemotaxis
positive chemotaxis toward an attractant: runs are _______ and tumbles are _______ frequent
LONGER; LESS freq.
positive chemotaxis toward a repellant: runs are _________ and tumbles are _____ frequent
shorter; more
an example of a repellant in chemotaxis =
toxins
positive/negative chemotaxis involves a _______, ______ walk
biased, random
type of chemotaxis: moving AWAY from a repellant or attractant; involves similar but opposite responses
negative
negative chemotaxis involves similar but _______ responses compared to positive
OPPOSITE
