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Microbio > LAB MIDTERM > Flashcards

LAB MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Aseptic technique

A

using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens + maintain pure cultures

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2
Q

Culture Media

A

a mixture of substances that promotes and supports the growth and differentiation of microorganisms

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3
Q
  • general purpose (supportive)
  • enriched
  • minimal media
  • selective
  • differential
A

FUNCTIONAL Types of Culture Media (5):

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4
Q

General-Purpose Media (supportive)

A

Functional Type of Culture Media: support the growth of microorganisms

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5
Q

Enriched Media

A

Functional Type of Culture Media: general purpose media supplemented with highly nutritious substances such as blood

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6
Q

Minimal Media

A

Functional Type of Culture Media: contains the minimal necessities for growth of the wild-type; only contains inorganic salts, a simple carbon source, and water

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7
Q

Selective Media

A

Functional Type of Culture Media: favor the growth of some microorganisms and inhibit the growth of others

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8
Q

Differential Media

A

Functional Type of Culture Media: distinguish between different groups of microorganisms based on their biological characteristics (ex: MacConkey agar)

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9
Q

only use a loopful of the liquid media on the slide

A

To make a bacterial smear from a liquid media, you should …

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10
Q

first put a loopful of water on the slide and then mix in the solid media

A

To make a bacterial smear from a solid media, you should…

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11
Q
  • kills the bacteria in the smear
  • firmly adheres the smear to the slide - allows the sample to more readily take up stains.
A

Heat-fixing importance:

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12
Q

removes any excess water; if extra water is not removed and the smear is heat fixed, the water can boil and cause the bacterial cell to rupture and cause altered cellular morphology and arrangement – can lead to improper staining and visualization

A

Air-drying Importance:

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13
Q

Simple Stain

A

when a bacteria is stained with only one stain; only 2 steps (1. Staining step + 2. Washing step); fast to perform; allow microbiologist to view the shape and morphology (arrangement)

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14
Q

Differential Stain

A

staining that uses more than one chemical stain to display the differences in physical and chemical properties of different groups/types of bacteria

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15
Q
  • shape
  • margin
  • elevation
  • size
  • texture
  • color
  • opacity
A

characteristics of Bacterial Morpholoy (7):

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16
Q
  • circular
  • irregular
  • punctiform
  • rhizoid
A

Shapes of Bacterial Morphology (4):

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17
Q

circular

A

shape: any round colony regardless of type of margin

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18
Q

irregular

A

shape: not circular; may be spreading

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19
Q

punctiform

A

shape: forming pinpoint colonies

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20
Q

Rhizoid

A

shape: root-like; elongated and branching

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21
Q

i. Entire (smooth)
ii. Undulate (wavy)
iii. Lobate
iv. Filamentous
v. Curled: concentric
vi. Scalloped

A

Margins of Bacterial Morphology (6):

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22
Q

i. Flat
ii. Raised
iii. Convex
iv. Raised
v. Umbonate
vi. Crateriform

A

Elevations of Bacterial Morphology (6):

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23
Q

i. Dry
ii. Moist
iii. Viscid (stick to loop)
iv. Mucoid (mucus-like)

A

Textures of Bacterial Morphology (4):

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24
Q

i. Opaque: NOT clear
ii. Translucent: clear
iii. Iridescent: shine

A

Opacities of Bacterial Morphology (3):

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25
Q

Gram-positive

A

purple cocci; have a THICK peptidoglycan layer that traps the crystal violet-iodine complexes and causes them to retain the purple pigment of the stain

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26
Q

Gram-negative

A

pink bacilli; have a thin peptidoglycan layer with two cellular membranes; crystal violet iodine complexes escape the thin layer of peptidoglycan when decolorizing agent is applied and washes away; retains (pink) safranin stain

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27
Q

Crystal Violet

A

Gram Stain: PRIMARY stain =

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28
Q

Iodine

A

Gram Stain: MORDANT =

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29
Q

alcohol

A

Gram Stain: Decolorizer =

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30
Q

Safranin

A

Gram Stain: COUNTERSTAIN =

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31
Q

Pure Culture

A

a laboratory culture containing a single species of organism

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32
Q

CFU

A

“colony-forming unit;” used to estimate the number of viable cells

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33
Q

colony forming unit

A

CFU =

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34
Q

i. Filiform: straight
ii. Arborescent: tree-like
iii. Beaded
iv. Echinulate
v. Diffuse: spreading
vi. Rhizoid

A

Growths on Agar Slants (6):

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35
Q

i. Clear: no growth
ii. Turbid: cloudy
iii. Flocculent: spread equally throughout broth
iv. Pellicle: growth at top of broth
v. Sediment: growth at bottom of broth

A

Growths in Nurtient Broth (5):

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36
Q

determines whether or not bacteria produce gelatinase and hydrolyze gelatin

A

Purpose of Gelatin stab =

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37
Q

liquid media

A

Positive reaction of gelatinase production:

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38
Q

1) Inoculate nutrient gelatin with bacteria
2)Incubate culture for 48 hours at 35 °C.
3) Refrigerate for 20 minutes.
– If media is liqiuid = bacteria produces gelatinase –
If media is solid = bacteria does NOT produce gelatinase

A

How to conduct gelatin stab (2 steps):

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39
Q

Endospore

A

a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Bacillota.

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40
Q

allows the bacterium to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell’s genetic material in times of extreme stress

A

Function of endospores =

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41
Q

Bacillus + Clostridum

A

Genera of bacteria that produce endospores (2):

42
Q

endorspores

A

Schaeffer-Fulton staining test stains for _______

43
Q

Malachite

A

Schaeffer-Fulton endospore: primary stain =

44
Q

heat

A

Schaeffer-Fulton endospore: mordant

45
Q

safranin

A

Schaeffer-Fulton endospore: counterstain

46
Q

because it can denature/break down the protein coat, as well as the cell wall of the spore to allow stain to infiltrate the interior of the spore.

A

why is heat used as the mordant for the Schaeffer-Fulton endospore staining procedure?

47
Q

green
pink

A

Endospores stain ______ and vegetative cells stain ______.

48
Q

Mycobacterium

A

which genera of bacteria are acid-fast?

49
Q

Have waxy mycolic acids in their walls

A

what causes cells to be acid-fast?

50
Q

Carbolfuchsin

A

Acid-fast Stain: primary stain =

51
Q

acid-alcholol

A

Acid-fast stain: decolorizer

52
Q

methylene blue

A

Acid-fast Stain: counterstain =

53
Q

pink
blue

A

Acid fast bacteria appear ______ and non-acid fast facteria appear ______.

54
Q

Capsule

A

a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope

55
Q

protect a bacterial cell from ingestion and destruction by white blood cells (phagocytosis)

A

function of a capsule =

56
Q

negative staining (staining around the cells)

A

Capsules do not absorb most basic dyes so _________ _________ is used.

57
Q

halos

A

Capsules appear like clear _____ around the cell after negative staining.

58
Q

Maneval’s A and B

A

what reagents do we use to observe CAPSULES?

59
Q

Maneval’s A

A

capsule visualization: acetic acid; lowers the pH in the sample and causes the Congo red to change from a red color to blue

60
Q

Maneval’s B

A

capsule visualization: acid fuschin; interacts with the bacterial cell, staining the cell bright red

61
Q
  1. Hanging Drop Method
  2. Soft-Agar Stabbing Method
A

methods used to see motility (2):

62
Q

Motile bacterium were moving in ALL directions (Brownian movement which is NOT motility occurs when non-motile cells were vibrating in one direction)

A

how did you observe motility in the Hanging Drop Method?

63
Q

Motile bacterium swam along the stab line AND away from it (causing the growth to appear cloudy and diffuse away from the stab line).

A

how did you observe motility in the Soft-Agar Stabbing Method?

64
Q

MOTILE

A

is E. coli motile or non-motile?

65
Q

NON-motile

A

is M. luteus motile or non-motile?

66
Q

selective + differential

A

functional type of media of MAC (MacConkey Agar)

67
Q

selective

A

functional type(s) of media of PEA (Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar):

68
Q

enriched + differential

A

functional type(s) of media of blood agar

69
Q

negative

A

Gram-________ can grow on MAC

70
Q

positive

A

Gram-________ can grow on PEA

71
Q

both

A

can Gram-negative or positive grow on blood agar?

72
Q

lactose fermenters vs. non-lactose fermenters

A

what does MAC differentiate between?

73
Q

RED
no color change

A

MAC:
appearance of lactose fermenters:
appearance of non-lactose fermenters:

74
Q

hemolytic (can digest/hydrolyze blood) vs. non-hemolytic

A

what does blood agar differentiate between?

75
Q

clear zone

A

appearance of BETA-hemolyic bacteria in blood agar =

76
Q

green

A

appearance of ALPHA-hemolyic bacteria in blood agar =

77
Q

NO clearing

A

appearance of GAMMA-hemolyic bacteria in blood agar =

78
Q

Conducted the bacterial growth curve by measuring + plotting the bacterias’ absorbance every 20 minutes using a spectrophotometer

A

how did we conduct and graph the bacterial growth curve?

79
Q
  1. Lag Phase
  2. Exponential Phase (Log)
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death Phase
A

Phases of Bacterial Growth (4):

80
Q

lag phase

A

phase of bacterial growth: occurs when cells are placed in a fresh medium; population size remains temporarily unchanged

81
Q

exponential (log) phase

A

phase of bacterial growth: cells are regularly dividing by binary fission; rate of growth is expressed as “generation time” and “doubling time”

82
Q

stationary phase

A

phase of bacterial growth: population of cells stops increases and remains constant

83
Q

death phase

A

phase of bacterial growth: viable cell population declines

84
Q

a. Obligate Aerobe

A

bacteria that NEED oxygen (aerobic environment) to survive; found at the TOP of the FTM tube

85
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

bacteria that live in an anaerobic environment and cannot survive in the presence of a lot of oxygen; found at the BOTTOM of the FTM tube

86
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

bacteria that are ABLE to survive in an anaerobic environment, but PREFER to live in an aerobic environment with oxygen; found mostly at the top of the FTM tube with “tapering” growth

87
Q

Microaerophile

A

bacteria that survive within a NARROW range of oxygen concentration; looks like a STRIP of growth slightly below the top of the FTM tube

88
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobe

A

bacteria that live in an anaerobic environment (without oxygen) but can TOLERATE the presence of oxygen; found at ALL areas of the FTM tube

89
Q

Acidophiles

A

microorganisms that grow at a pH near 3

90
Q

Neutrophiles

A

microorganisms that grow at a pH near 7

91
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

microorganisms that grow optimally at a pH between 7.5 and 11.5

92
Q

Water Activity

A

amount of unbound water in a sample; based on a scale of 0 to 1

93
Q

1

A

water activity of pure water =

94
Q

higher

A

The _______ the water activity, the faster that microorganisms like bacteria, yeast and mold will be able to grow.

95
Q

hypotonic environment

A

water comes INTO the cell

96
Q

hypertonic environment

A

water LEAVES the cell

97
Q

Halobacterium salinarium

A

of the bacteria that were tested, which grows at the HIGHEST salt concentration?

98
Q

to isolate a single colony from a bacterial culture

A

purpose of streak plate

99
Q

preparing areas of dilution – streak an area once, then go over one line of the streak over and over again until it is diluted enough for one colony to grow by itself

A

how do you perform a streak plate?

100
Q

Primary Containment

A

concerns the protection of personnel and the laboratory environment from exposure to infectious microbes

101
Q

Secondary Containment

A

deals with protecting outside environment from exposure to infectious organisms; depends on design of laboratory and availability of equipment; workers should maintain labs safety features

Microbio (21 decks)

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