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Microbio > Human Microbiome, Disease, and Immunology (#4) > Flashcards

Human Microbiome, Disease, and Immunology (#4) Flashcards

1
Q

the human body is a _______ environment

A

diverse

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2
Q

microbes regularly found at an anatomical site; associated with HEALTHY body tissue

A

normal microbiota / microflora

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3
Q

the relationship of microbiota starts at ______

A

birth

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4
Q

the relationship of microbiota that starts at birth varies with what 2 things?

A
  • environment (vaginal or C-section)
  • food source (breast milk or formula)
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5
Q

what bacteria coats baby at birth?

A

lactobacilli

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6
Q

its good for babies to take some ______ matter in when birthed to get started on their GUT microflora

A

fecal

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7
Q

where are microflora found?

A

surfaces of body + at mucous membranes

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8
Q

where are the majority of microbes found on the body?

A

mucous membranes (sticky + have nutrients)

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9
Q

T/F: mircoflora is normally not found in internal tissues

A

true (at least not LARGE #s)

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10
Q

C-section babies have a _______% higher chance of getting MRSA in the hospital

A

30%

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11
Q

C-section babies also have higher rates of ________ and _______

A

asthma + allergies

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12
Q

microbiota of the human body is a ____________ relationship, where a lot of it is _______

A

symbiotic; mutualism

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13
Q

every individual has their own microbial _________

A

fingerprint (“microbial cloud”)

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14
Q

your microbial fingerprint resembles who?

A

ppl you live with + are close with (they have similar microfola)

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15
Q

T/F: after your establish your microflora at childhood, it’s hard to change

A

true

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16
Q

different __________ of the body support different microbes

A

microenvironments

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17
Q

Plasmids are great cloning vectors because:
a) they are larger than the bacteria chromosome
b) they replicate along with the bacterial chromosome
c) they can have multiple copy #s
d) they never carry antibiotic resistance markers

A

c) they can have multiple copy #s

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18
Q

3 environments of the skin:

A
  • dry skin
  • moist skin
  • sebaceous skin
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19
Q

environment of the skin: arms + legs

A

dry skin

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20
Q

environment of the skin: armpit + grown

A

moist skin

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21
Q

environment of the skin: oily skin; where you get ACNE; back, chest, and nose

A

sebaceous skin

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22
Q

dry skin has more of what type of bacteria?

A

gram-POSITIVE

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23
Q

microenvironments of the SKIN resolves around ________

A

moisture/water

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24
Q

the skin has both _______ and ______ microflora

A

resident and transient

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25
Q

microflora that just lives there; staph + strep; gram-POS bacteria that can withstand low water environments and some salt

A

resident

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26
Q

microflora that gets on skin but doesn’t survive; gram-NEG

A

transient

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27
Q

resident microflora is gram-__________

A

positive

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28
Q

transient microflora is gram-_________

A

negative

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29
Q

skin microflora is influenced by __________ and ______ factors

A

environmental and host

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30
Q

environmental and host factors that affect skin microflora:

A
  • soap
  • hygiene
  • diet
  • hormones
  • age
  • weather (higher temp = increased moisture)
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31
Q

the skin is an _________ environment

A

inhospitable

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32
Q

factors why the skin is termed an “inhospital environment”

A
  • mechanically strong barrier
  • slightly acidic pH
  • high [ ] of NaCl (in sweat)
  • many areas low in moisture
  • inhibitory substances (lysozyme)
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33
Q

pH of skin =

A

5.5

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34
Q

example of inhibitory substance of skin:

A

lysozyme (in sweat)

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35
Q

acne vulgaris + body odor are caused by what bacteria on the skin?

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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36
Q

clogged pores

A

acne vulgaris

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37
Q

zits

A

comedo

38
Q

______ bacteria make pus

A

pyogenic

39
Q

what’s pus made of?

A

dead WBCs

40
Q

body odor can be caused by gram-________ bacteria breaking down _______ _______

A

POSITIVE; fatty acids

41
Q

ratio of bacteria to human cells

A

1.3 : 1

42
Q

avg. human is covered in _____ meters squared of skin

A

2 meters squared

43
Q

1 cm squared of skin can have __________ bacteria

A

1 million

44
Q

old + young ppl are dirtier so they have more gram-_______ bacteria on their skin

A

NEGATIVE (bad thing that theyre dirty)

45
Q

saliva contains antimicrobial enzymes such as ___________, which affect peptidoglycan

A

lysozyme

46
Q

microbes colonize on the _______ and _______ in the mouth

A

teeth + gums

47
Q

most abundant species of bacteria in the mouth; can make biofilm

A

Streptococcus spp.

48
Q

what oxygen requirements does Streptococcus spp. have?

A

facultative + obligate anaerobes

49
Q

dental plaque is a _______

A

biofilm

50
Q

issues caused by microbes
like Streptococcus spp. in the mouth (4):

A
  • dental plaque
  • gental caries
  • gingivitis
  • periodontal disease
51
Q

_______ _______ prevents oral disease

A

mechanical removal (brushing teeth and flossing)

52
Q

the biofilm, plaque, goes _______ in the middle and produces _______

A

anoxic; acid

53
Q

_________ makes filaments that hardens plaque

A

fussobacterium

54
Q

another example of antimicrobial enzyme in SALIVA; kills bacteria with singlet oxygen (free radical)

A

lactoperoxidase

55
Q

MOST microbes are killed by the _______ conditions of the stomach

A

acidic

56
Q

pH of the stomach =

A

2

57
Q

how can microbes survive stomach acid (2 ways)?

A
  • pass thru very quickly
  • protected by food particles
58
Q

______ especially protects microbes in the stomach

A

fat

59
Q

bacteria that causes stomach ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

60
Q

has 6 lophotricus bacterium; embeds in epithlium of stomach; makes urease that breaks up urea into CO2 + ammonia

A

Helicobacter pylori

61
Q

ammonia produced by Helicobacter pylori _______ stomach acid, protecting bacteria

A

neutralizes

62
Q

_________ produced by Helicobacter pylori can be toxic to epithelium cells in the stomach and cause ulcers + lead to stomach cancer

A

ammonia

63
Q

how can you detect Helicobacter pylori in your stomach?

A

ingest liquid and breath – if CO2 then you have it

64
Q

most ppl have < _____ viable bacteria per mL of gastric fluid

A

10

65
Q

_____% of ppl infected with Helicobacter pylori are ASYMPTOMATIC

A

80%

66
Q

the decrease in H. pylori has led to an increase in what?

A

esophageal cancer (bc of increase in acid)

67
Q

as you move down GI tract and intestines, the pH ________ and the number of bacteria _______

A

increases; increases

68
Q

pH of intestines =

A

7

69
Q

largest microbial population of body

A

large intestine (colon)

70
Q

theres up to ______ microbes / gram of wet weight

A

10^12

71
Q

most of the microbes present in the colon are ______ ______

A

obligate anaerobes

72
Q

the colon is _______, which is a perfect environment for fermentation

A

anoxic

73
Q

species in colon (large intestine - 2)

A
  • Bacteroides
  • Clostridiu
74
Q

colonic bacteria produce (2):

A
  • essential vitamins (B12 and K)
  • gas
75
Q

bacteria make up ______ of the weight of fecal matter

A

1/3

76
Q

of bacteria shed each day in feces =

A

10^13

77
Q

bacteria in the large intestine are replaced rapidly bc of their ______ _____ ______

A

high growth rate (1-2 doublings per day)

78
Q

growth rate of microbes in colon:

A

1-2 doublings per day

79
Q

how other parts of the body, like the brain, are affected by the gut

A

gut-brain axis

80
Q

gut-brain axis can affect _________

A

behavior (microbes crave sugar, you eat sugar)

81
Q

______ ______ are used to treat C. difficil

A

fecal transplants

82
Q

what causes C. diff?

A

strong rounds of antibiotics

83
Q

opportunisitc bacterium; makes spores, spread in hospitals; releases toxins; can cause pseudo-membranous collitis (blisters in membranes)

A

C. difficil

84
Q

fecal transplant is _____% effective in treating C. diff collitis

A

90%

85
Q

intestinal microfolra is used to ________ the immune system (ex: Peyers patches)

A

train

86
Q

site for immune cells to sample microflora and determine what is good or bad bacteria

A

Peyer’s Patches

87
Q

how many Liters of air do we breath in a lifetime that’s filled with dust + microbes?

A

500 million L

88
Q

_______ and _______ can live in dust for a long time bc they are resistant to drying

A

Strep + Staph

89
Q

since Strep and Staph are gram-________, they are resistant to drying

A

POSITIVE

90
Q

1 sneeze can have _______ to _______ bacteria

A

10,000 - 100,000

91
Q

each droplet of a sneeze can have how many virions?

A

1-2

92
Q

the entire respiratory tract is lined with _______ _______

A

mucosal membranes

Microbio (21 decks)

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