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AP Biology > Virus,Bacteria, and Immune System > Flashcards

Virus,Bacteria, and Immune System Flashcards

Sickness and Immune System

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogens

A

A bacteria or virus that can cause disease

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2
Q

Macrophage

A

A type of WBC (White Blood Cell) that kills dead cells and any microorganism. It also can stimulate the immune system

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3
Q

types of Bacteria

A

Bacilli, Cocci, spirilli

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4
Q

Eubacteria

A

True bacteria, is a kingdom

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5
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Kingdom that lives in extreme conditions, salt water, heated places, or high methane areas.

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6
Q

Decomposers

A

Breaks down dead organic compounds and releases nitrogen for plants to make AA and porteins

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7
Q

Producers

A

Produces gases like oxygen

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8
Q

Nitrogen Fixers

A

Bacteria that live in soil or roots of plants and converts nitrogen into usable form

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9
Q

Humans uses for bacteria?

A

Yogurt,Cheese,wine,bread,beer

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10
Q

How do bacteria clean the environment

A

Digests organic waste and nitrates to purify water supplies

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11
Q

How can bacteria enter our bodies

A

Through open skin and cuts

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12
Q

Gram Negative

A

Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to multiple drugs and are increasingly resistant to most available antibiotics.

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13
Q

Gram Positive

A

Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria classified by the color they turn in the staining method

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14
Q

Antibiotics

A

A medicine that grows and destroys pathogens

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15
Q

Antibody

A

proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body.

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16
Q

Example of antigen

A

the exterior (id) protien that characterizes a pathogen

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17
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance.

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18
Q

Capsid

A

Protein surrounding the virus

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19
Q

Lytic infection

A

Produces an active infection

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20
Q

Vaccine

A

Small piece or weakened version of virus,that trigger the immune system to make memory cells for exposure

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21
Q

Difference between gram positive and negative?

A

Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane, Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane

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22
Q

Hygiene

A

Cleanliness like washing hands, showers, etc.

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23
Q

Can viral infections be treated with antibiotics

A

NO, virus can cause secondary infections like pneumonia and sinus infection

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24
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes and are the simplest and most abundant organisms on earth

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25
Q

Immune System

A

The body’s defense system against diseases

26
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Part of the immune system, they are WBC’s that fight infect through inactivating foreign substances or cells.

27
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cells/ T Lymphocytes

A

Cells that attack infected body cells

28
Q

B-Cells/ BLymphocytes

A

Make free floating antibodies and originate in the bone marrow - Also labels invades for destruction by macrophages

29
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Antibodies, proteins that recognize and bind to the antigen and mature in the Thymus

30
Q

Phagocytes

A

Eat and destroy pathogens

31
Q

Examples of phagocytes

A

Macrophages, Neutrophils,Monocytes

32
Q

Pyrogens

A

Makes body temperature increase ~Fever

32
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Skin,sweat,tears,mucus ~ all contain enzymes that kill bacteria

33
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Infected area that swells with lymph and blood bringing WBCs and macrophages to fight pathogens

34
Q

What do infected body cells produce?

A

They produce a substance called interferon

35
Q

Interferon

A

Blocks receptors of healthy body cells and prevents pathogens form entering

36
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

A

Targets cancer cell + infected body cells

37
Q

Lymph Node

A

Acts as a filtering system with WBCs in the node waiting to eliminate virus

38
Q

Specific Defenses

A

Recognizes and kills virus and makes memory cells

39
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

When phagocyte attacks infected cell/pathogen

40
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cell

A

Sprays chemicals and causes the infected body cell to lyse and burst
CD-8 Protien

41
Q

Helper T-cell

A

Recognizes the antigen and recruits other cells to fight invaders. Secretes interleukin 2 causing proliferation.
RELEASES PROTEINS THAT ACTIVATE B AND T CELLS TO DIVIDE

42
Q

Why does the body make more antibodies on 2nd exposure?

A

2nd exposure is when there are memory cells from the first exposure to kill the virus

43
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Make antibodies

44
Q

Memory Cells

A

Remember antigen on 2nd exposure

45
Q

Interleukin 1

A

Interleukin-1 is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections.

46
Q

Interleukin 2

A

One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body.

47
Q

Stages of Macrophage initiating specific(Humoral) defense system

A
  1. Takes pathogen in
    2.Changes shape
    3.Engulfs entirely
    4.Breaks pathogen into smaller pieces using chemicals
  2. Becomes an APC - Antigen Presenting Cell
    6.Links with T-Cell through CD4
  3. Macrophage Releases IL-1
  4. T-Cell Releases IL-2
  5. IL-2 attracts B-cells and Tc-Cells
48
Q

Neutrophils

A

a type of white blood cell (leukocytes) that act as your immune system’s first line of defense, by releasing chemicals and doing kamikaze type stuff

49
Q

How can passive immunity be obtained?

A

Breast milk, Placental Transfer, Antibody infusion, etc.

50
Q

Autoimmune diseases def

A

The body starts to attack its own cells

51
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

A photosynthetic bacteria that uses sunlight for food

52
Q

Where are B-cells made?

A

In the skeletal system, specifically in the Bone Marrow

53
Q

What is the best cell against cancer?

A

Natural Killer Cells

54
Q

Allergy

A

A hypersensitive response to a non-harmful object

55
Q

Histamine and adrenaline

A

Chemicals released by most cells that causes an inflammatory response, consticts veins, and increases blood flow.

56
Q

Inflammation

A

Redness and swelling due to tissue damage

57
Q

Mast Cell

A

Immune Cells found in tissue not blood

58
Q

Plasma Cell

A

B-Cell that produces more antibodies after the antibody has binded to the antigen

59
Q

Memory T-Cells

A

antigen-specific T cells that remain long-term after an infection has been eliminated.

60
Q

Cytokines

A

Protein that takes immune cells to injury site

61
Q

Lysogenic Infection

A

Latent Infection ~ Slow compared to Lytic, doesn’t inject instead changes genetic info and physical shape.

AP Biology (20 decks)

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