Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Cellular Respiration is the process of deriving energy from glucose
How Much NADH+ is made from the Krebs Cycle
6 NADH+ is made from 2 turns of the cycle while 3 NADH+ from one turn.
What are Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions?
Redox reactions — reactions in which there’s a simultaneous transfer of electrons from one chemical species to another — are really composed of two different reactions: oxidation (a loss of electrons) and reduction (a gain of electrons)
Glycolysis definintion + summary
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid (pyruvate).
2 ATP used
4 ATP made
NET GAIN OF 2 ATP
2 NADH made
2 pyruvate
Define The Krebs Cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
6 NADH
2 ATP
4 CO2
2 FADH2
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)how much atp
An electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane.Creates a battery to turn ATP Syntase
CREATES 34 ATP
What is the final Electron (e-) acceptor in the ETC
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which allows for oxidative phosphorylation. Without oxygen, the electrons will be backed up, eventually causing the electron transport chain to halt.
What all does Krebs Cycle Produce (Summary of Krebs)
The Krebs Cycle produces 14 products:
ATP=2
NADH+H=6
FADH2=2
CO2=4
Note: After the krebs cycle no more CO2 is left in the glucose molecule.
Formula for Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6+6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (energy is stored in the bonds of ATP)
How much ATP does one glucose molecule make?
Each glucose molecule make about 36-38 ATP, but it depends one the organism.
How much NET ATP is made in each cycle (the 3 steps)
Glycolysis - 2 ATP
Krebs - 2 ATP
ETC - 34 ATP
What is Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food. This type of respiration is common in most of the plants and animals, birds, humans, and other mammals.
What is Anaerobic Respiration? Example?
Anaerobic respiration is the process of cellular respiration without the presence of O2 to produce energy. An example of this process is fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, or alcohol fermentation.
It is less efficient than aerobic as it makes less energy
How are the electrons carried to the ETC?
The electrons are carried into the chain via. NADH and FADH2
What is the goal of the ETC?
The goal of the ETC is to produce a concentration gradient or membrane potential. A proton motive force.
- create water
- create ATP
- create gradient
What is the start of the Krebs cycle?
The krebs cycle starts with 2 molecule of Acetyl CoA which came from the 2 molecules of pyruvate which were made via Glycolysis
How is Acetyl CoA made?
Acetyl CoA is made by the release of CO2 as it is a metabolic waste, and the NAD+ acceptor which accept a hydrogen from the pyruvate to make it NADH, and hence Acetyl CoA is formed and goes into the krebs cycle.
You also have to add Coenzyme A or CoA
What is another word for the Krebs cycle?
The krebs cycle was named after the professor Dr. krebs, but as we see, the second step of the cycle is the 6 cabron molecule citrate, so it is also called the Citric Acid Cycle. Also called triboxylic acid cycle
What is the regenerator for the Krebs cycle? It makes it repeat continuously.
The “regenerator” for the Krebs cycle is oxaloacetate. It is a 4 carbon sugar that joins with Acetyl CoA to make Citrate and repeat the process.
In the Krebs cycle, how much CO2 is released from it?
4 CO2 is released from X2 krebs cycle, one from the 6 carbon citrate to the 5 carbon molecule, and from the 5 carbon molecule to the 4 carbon molecule oxaloacetate , or the “regenerator” of the Krebs, take note that the krebs cycle goes 2 times so 2x2 — > 4
What is Acetyl CoA ?
Acetyl CoA is a Enzyme helper (coenzyme) like Vitamin B) it is rich in energy because of its instability
What is Substrate-level phosphorylation?
the direct formation of ATP or GTP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy compound to an ADP or GDP molecule.
Prep Phase Summary - What does it make (byproducts)
2 Acetyl CoA
2 NADH+H+
2 CO2
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
In the matrix of the Mitochondria
Where does Glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm of the cell
Where does the ETC take place?
In the cristae of the mitochondria
What is Alcohol fermentation?
the anaerobic transformation of fructose and glucose (sugars) into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The process is conducted by yeasts and a few bacteria
What is Lactic acid Fermentation?
a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP. Lactic Acid is also made as a byproduct.
What does the final O2 acceptor do at the end of ETC
It combines with 2 hydrogens to make H20 or water
What is the final Hydrogen acceptor of the ETC? What does the acceptor do?
Oxygen (O2), it combines with electrons and protons to form water.
How does the ATP synthase work?
As the protons move across the ATP synthase protein channel, the ADP picks up a phosphate from the H+(proton) and turns it into ATP, in summary it makes ATP. This is called chemiosmosis
After ATP synthase, where does the ATP go?
The ATP is transported by facilitated diffusion out of the mitochondria and into the cells cytoplasm.
What do the protons that were sent to the inner membrane space do?
the protons that were sent to the inner membrane space, come back into the mitochondria through the inner mitochondrial membrane via ATP synthase and makes ATP
Cells that don’t have O2 and only go through glycolysis are donated to organic molecules through a process called what–>?
Fermentation, a process that recycles NAD+, the electron acceptor for glycolysis to proceed.
What accepts electrons from glycolysis ?
NAD+
After the Krebs Cycle, exactly how much CO2 is left in the glucose molecule?
0 carbon dioxide is left after the krebs cycle releasing all 4 CO2 molecules.
What is phosphorylation?
Phosphorylation is the addition/attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule, Example ADP —–>+P—-> ATP
What is oxidation?
Oxidation is the loss of a electron from a molecule. Pyruvate is oxidized prior in entering into the Krebs Cycle. It is oxidized into Acetyl CoA
What is reduction?
Reduction is the gaining of an electron to a molecule.
Where do the oxidation-reduction reactions happen?(redox)
It happens in the ETC as the e- move down the ETC.
Summary of Cellular Respiration —> click reveal answer (space)
Glycolysis:
Happens in cytoplasm
glucose to pyruvate
net of 2 ATP
2 ATP made
2 NADH+H+
PREP PHASE:
happens in Matrix
Creates NO ATP
2 CO2
2 Acetal-CoA
2 NADH
ELECTRON TRANSPORT:
Creates battery by using Oxidation-Reduction Cycles
Happens in Cristae and inner mitochondrial space
Creates 34 ATP
NADH makes 3 ATP
FAD2 Makes 2 ATP
Makes ATP via ATP Synthase
GOAL TO CREATE A BATTERY
Krebs Cycle:
happens in the matrix of the mitochondria
Creates 6 NADH
2 ATP
2 FADH2
4 CO2
Goal is to oxidize glucose
Needs Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate = Citrate
ATP made through substrate-level phosphorylation
makes energy in form of NADH and FADH2
Carriers electrons and protons to the ETC via NADH and FADH2
Before entering krebs, pyruvate is _______.
Oxidized
oxidative vs substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation happens in the ETC only and substrate level happens in glycolysis + citric acid reactions
