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AP Biology > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the Nervous System do?

A

Regulates/Controls all body processes + Maintains Homeostasis

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2
Q

The 2 main categories of the Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) and Central Nervous System(CNS)

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3
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain + Spinal Cord

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4
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

All the nerves other than the Brain + Spinal Cord

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5
Q

What is the main characteristic of the Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A fight or flight response; in times of stress
increases heart rate, breathing, adrenaline, decreases digestion and thought processes

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6
Q

What is the main characteristic of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

“rest and digest”, in times of peace/calm
decreases adrenaline, heart rate, breathing, increases memory, thought processes, and digestion

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7
Q

What does the Cerebrum control

A

Voluntary activity, interprets sensory impulses, motor control, thinking, etc

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8
Q

What does the Cerebellum control

A

Balance + Motor Coordination
Homeostasis

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9
Q

What does the the Medulla control

A

Involuntary activity(heartbeat, breathing, blood flow, digestion, etc.)

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10
Q

What does the Hypothalamus control + what does it release

A

“Master gland”
Releases “releasing factors”(chemicals), controls the Pituitary Gland

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11
Q

What does the Pituitary gland do

A

releases hormones such as growth hormone, follicle stimulated hormone, etc.

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12
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

A hollow tube composed of nerve fibers that carry impulses to and from the brain

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13
Q

What is the functional unit of nerves called

A

Neurons(Nerve Cells)

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14
Q

What do Neurons do

A

detect stimuli and send impulse down neuron/nerves

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15
Q

What are the parts of a Neuron

A

Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon
Terminal Branches
Myelin Sheath
Synapse(technically not a part but still important to function)

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16
Q

What does the cell body of a Neuron do

A

Control activities of the neuron

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17
Q

What are Dendrites

A

Fibers that detect stimuli from environment + other neurons

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18
Q

What is the Axon

A

Carries messages from Cell body to Terminal Branches

19
Q

What are the Terminal Branches

A

Branches that send the signal/message to the next neuron or muscle

20
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath

A

A coating around the axon made of myelin cells
Prevents signal from shorting out & speeds up transmission

21
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that travel from neuron to neuron to send a message

22
Q

Explain in detail how a signal travels thru a neuron

A

First, a chemical signal is picked up by a dendrite (branched to increase surface area), then the signal travels to the soma (nucleus body) and goes thru the axon. This signal is now electrical and the axon releases K+ ions and takes in Na+ for an electrical charge to form. Then, the axon terminal is reached where the signal is then chemical and thru exocytosis, chemicals are released, and travel thru the synapse and communicate with the next neuron.

22
Q

what is the synapse

A

the gap junction between a axon terminal and the dendrites

23
Q

What is a synapse

A

A gap/space between nerve cells(or between nerve and muscle)
1st neuron releases chemical called a neurotransmitter, converts into a electrical signal

24
Q

How does a signal travel thru the myelin sheath

A

The signal jumps from sheath to sheath, causing the signal to travel at 330 miles per hour than 11 miles per hour without a myelin sheath

25
Q

Where do drugs affect the nervous system

A

The synapses

26
Q

How do signals travel into and between neurons

A

Diffusion, bind to receptors on the next neuron

27
Q

Explain in detail how a stimulus is reacted upon by different neurons

A

First, sensory neurons, found everywhere in the body, communicate what the stimulus is with neurotransmitters to interneurons, (Part of the CNS), that report to the brain, via the spinal cord, and a signal comes back and a signal goes to the PNS to the motor neurons to create a response by relaxing or contracting skeletal muscle.

28
Q

What are glial cells

A

They are cells that wrap around the axon of the neuron and also produce a myelin membrane around them

29
Q

What are reflexes

A

a reaction to a stimulus without being thought about. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for this

30
Q

Is it active transport or diffusion that powers the movement of neurotransmitters

A

it is diffusion

31
Q

What is a reflex

A

A reaction to a stimulus that doesn’t require conscious thought

32
Q

Does a reflex message go to the brain

A

No, it travels between the PNS and Spinal Cord(Spinal Reflex Arc)

33
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons

A

Sensory Neuron, Interneuron, Motor Neuron

34
Q

What does the Sensory Neuron do

A

Detects stimulus, sends to CNS or spinal cord

35
Q

What does the Interneuron do

A

Acts as a relay between the Sensory neuron and the Motor Neuron

36
Q

What does the Motor Neuron do

A

Sends message to Skeletal Muscle Effector(Muscle or Gland) which moves the muscles

37
Q

What are the 6 steps of the reflex arc (path the signal travels)

A
  1. Stimulus is introduced
  2. Receptor detects stimulus
  3. Sensory Neuron carries impulse to spinal cord
  4. Interneuron
  5. Motor Neuron carries message to Effector
  6. Effector; controls muscle/moves the muscle
38
Q

Explain the reflex arc and its components

A
  • stimulus - a change in the surrounding environment
  • Receptor - Detect change via the 5 senses
  • Sensory neurons (PNS that communicates with CNS) - carries impulse to the spinal cord
  • Interneurons (neurons of the CNS) - Located in the spinal cord between the sensory and motor neurons
  • Motor Neuron (PNS) - carries message away from the spinal cord
  • effector - muscle or gland connected to the motor neuron
39
Q

How are the Nervous and Endocrine system connected

A

The endocrine system works with the Nervous system to regulate the human body to maintain homeostasis by releasing hormones from various glands.

40
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain

A

Forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain

41
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for

A

Vision and hearing

42
Q

What is the forebrain responsible for

A

learning, cognitive thinking, etc (voluntary action)

43
Q

what is the hindbrain responsible for?

A

Involuntary action

AP Biology (20 decks)

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