Mitosis and Meiosos Flashcards
What is mitosis
Mitosis is a process of cell duplication, in which one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division during which a single cell divides twice and produces four daughter cells.
Why are cells so small?
Cells are so small because they need to be able to get the nutrients in and the waste out quickly.
What is Asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent.
Which type of reproduction makes clones?
Asexual reporduction
Cell Theory
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What are the women and mens gamete cells?
Men - Sperm
Women - Egg
What is sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction occurs when the sperm from the male parent fertilizes an egg from the female parent, producing an offspring that is genetically different from both parents.
What is diploid?
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
What is haploid?
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
A CELL THAT HAS ONLY ONE COPY OF EACH CHROM.
How many chromosome do humans have?
Humans have 46 chromosomes
Where do humans get their chromosomes from?
Humans get 23 from each parent (mother and father)
What are genes?
Genes keep coded information in the form of DNA to make a protein
What are alleles?
Alleles are variations of genes, leading to diverse traits such as eye color.
Where does mitosis occur?
Inside the somatic cells
What is mitosis interphase?
Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle. This is when the cell grows and copies its DNA before moving into mitosis. During mitosis, chromosomes will align, separate, and move into new daughter cells.
What is mitosis prophase?
Chromosomes condense and start to become visible. Spindle fibers begin to form. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
What is mitosis metaphase?
Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate.
What is mitosis anaphase?
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and pull them apart to the opposite poles
What is mitosis telophase?
Nuclear envelope starts to re-form around the chromosomes. 2 new cells start to form
What is mitosis cytokinesis?
In plant cells - Cell plate ~ forms cell wall
In animal cells - Membrane starts to pinch in
What is G1?
Where the growth of organelles happen ~ doubling organelles.
normal metabolic roles.
What is G2?
Growth and preparation for mitosis ~ increase protein - doubling cytoplasm
What is G0?
Nerve never divide go through mitosis.
Teacher
Basic cellular function
-Google
What is S phase?
DNA replication takes place during this phase.
What are the gonads?
The ovaries and testes
Where does the making of gametes take place?
In the gonads
How many chromosomes do human sex cells have?
23 chromosomes.
Is the egg and sperm haploid or diploid?
Haploid.
How many cell divisions does 1 parent cell go through?
2 cell divisions to make 4 daughter cells.
What happens in meiosis 1?
In meiosis 1, the cell consists of 4 chromosomes which are then reporduced into 2 cells with 2 chromosomes in each
What happens in interphase 1? - Meiosis
Metabolic activities and replicates chromosomes. - like mitosis
What happens in prophase 1?- Meiosis
- Synapsis ~ pairing of homologous pairs
Karyotype
- Photograph of chromosomes
- look for chrom. abnormalities
What are homologous pairs?
Chromosome pairs, that look same in size and have same genes and centriole location
Why is meiosis prophase 1 significant?
When the homologous pairs come together, they crossover, swapping genes for more VARIATION .
What happens in metaphase 1?- Meiosis
When the homologous pairs line up on the metaplate.
What happens in anaphase 1?- Meiosis
Separates the Homologous chromosomes and are pulled to the poles.
Law of segregation.
Why is it important for chromosome not to split up like mitosis ~ meiosis?
Reduce chromosome number in 1/2
What happens in telophase 1?- Meiosis
New cells are formed with 2 chromosomes in each.
What happens in Meiosis 2?
The parent cell is divided into 4 daughter cells with 1 chromasome in each
What happens in interphase 2?- Meiosis
Trick question ~ it doesn’t happen :)
What happens in prophase 2?- Meiosis
No paring of chromosomes, as no homologous pairs.
What happens in metaphase 2?- Meiosis
Chromosomes line up in the middle at the meta plate
What happens in anaphase 2?- Meiosis
Sister chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cells
What happens in telophase 2?- Meiosis
4 new cells are formed with 1 daughter chromatid in each.
What is gametogenesis?
Making of gametes (sex cells) sperm and egg
What is spermatogenesis
The making of sperm that happens in egg
What is oogenesis?
Making of the ovum or egg
What is the ovum
Ovum is just another word for egg
Meiosis 2 will only happen under WHAT condition
It only happens if the egg is fertilized.
How many sperms are made daily?
200-300 million
What happens if fertilization does not take place?
The egg will shed with menstral cycle
What is a zygote?
A zyogte is a sperm + an egg..
What is ovulation?
egg is released from ovary
What triggers cell division?
Growth factors by binding to the plasm membrane and trggering signals
What do checkpoints in interphase do?
Check for cell abnormalities and defects
Where are the 3 checkpoints?
End of G2, end of M, and 3/4 down G1
What is cancer
Cancer is a growth disorder of cells.
How does cancer occur?
Cancer occurs because of tumors
What are tumors?
A cluster of cells that grow constantly
What is a monosomy?
One chromosome missing
What is a trisomy?
1 extra chrom. that leads to down syndrome
What is a polyploidy
Instead of 2n, you might have 3n or 4n
3n = steril
4n=plants
Addition
The adding of extra genes
Deletion
The removal of genes
