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AP Biology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Glucagon

A

A hormone that increases blood sugar

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2
Q

What is Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide that is made from excess glucose

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3
Q

What is Insulin

A

A hormone that decreases blood sugar

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3
Q

How does Insulin work

A

It allows glucose to enter a cell

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3
Q

Where is excess glucose stored

A

Muscle + Liver

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4
Q

How long is excess glucose stored

A

24 hours max

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5
Q

Name all of the endocrine glands + their function

A
  • Pineal Gland (melatonin for sleep)
  • Pituitary Gland (many hormones + growth hormone)
  • Thyroid gland (Thyroxin/metabolism)
  • Adrenal glands (Adrenaline)
  • Pancreas (Insulin/glucagon)
  • Ovary/Testes (Estrogen/Testosterone)
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6
Q

What is the Pituitary gland’s job

A

to instruct other glands to perform their functions and to release growth hormone + other hormones

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7
Q

What is Giantism/Dwarfism

A

Too much or little growth hormone

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8
Q

How does a hormone communicate with a cell?

A

It connects to the receptors of specific target cells

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9
Q

What does the Endocrine gland’s goal?

A

To maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

How does is a target cell determined

A

Based on the shape of its receptors, it defines its ability to connect with a specific hormone. Think of enzymes or immunoglobulins

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11
Q

What does Thyroxin do

A

Regulates chemical reactions rate within the body. Function is to maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

What causes Goiter and what does Goiter cause

A

An enlargement of the thyroid gland, stopping thyroxin production. Caused by a lack of iodine

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13
Q

What is Type II diabetes

A

The body makes less insulin than it used to and becomes more resistant to insulin, causing blood sugar to become unregulated

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14
Q

What is Type I diabetes

A

Immune system attacks beta cells and stops Insulin production

15
Q

What is another name of Type I and Type II diabetes

A

Juvenile Diabetes/Adult Diabetes

16
Q

When does the body become almost completely resistant to insulin in Type II diabetes

A

Adulthood

17
Q

What are some of the effects of diabetes

A
  • Uncontrolled blood sugar
  • Cardiovascular damage
  • Nerve Damage
  • Kidney Damage
  • Eye Damage
  • Foot Damage
18
Q

What are the two feedback mechanisms

A

Positive and negative

19
Q

Where are the alpha and beta cells located in the pancreas

A

The Islet of Langerhans

20
Q

What do the alpha cells do?

A

produce glucagon

21
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Constant increase of hormone until stimulus is gone

22
Q

What is negative feedback

A

A feedback system that stimulates or inhibits the release of hormone based on the stimulus. Think of an oscillating cycle. One causes the other.

23
Q

Give an example of Positive feedback

A
  • During labor, positive feedback causes contractions to occur
  • fruit ripening
  • Clot formation
  • Menstrual cycle
24
Q

Give an example of Negative feedback

A
  • Body temperature
  • Blood sugar management
25
Q

Is the release of Glucagon and Insulin positive or negative feedback

A

Both are Negative feedback loops

26
Q

What area of the brain controls hormone release?

A

Hypothalamus and the Pituitary gland

27
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do

A

it controls the Pituitary gland and the release of hormone. Also known as the Master Gland

28
Q

What does the Pituitary gland do

A

It controls the release of many hormones.
Most notably, growth hormone.

29
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system controls the release of glycogen and glucose from the liver?

A

Sympathetic

30
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system controls the release of Insulin and Glucagon from the pancreas?

A

Parasympathetic

31
Q

How does Glucagon work?

A

Glucagon breaks down the polysaccharide, Glycogen, into glucose and allows it to enter the cell so energy can be provided

AP Biology (20 decks)

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