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AP Biology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

Breakdown of food

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the main source of energy for the body?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Name the 2 types of starch (Plant + Animal)

A

Amylase (Plant)
Glycogen (Animal)

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3
Q

Name a form of fiber.

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

Why do humans eat fiber?

A

It helps with the passing of waste (poo)

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5
Q

Name the 5 types of nutrients humans need.

A
  • Carbs
  • Protein
  • Lipids
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
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6
Q

What type of energy do fats provide?

A

Long-term energy

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7
Q

What type of energy do carbohydrates provide?

A

Short-term energy

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8
Q

How long do carbs remain in the human body?

A

24 hours

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9
Q

Where are stored carbs in the body?

A

Liver + muscle cells (in the vacuole of the cell)

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10
Q

How are starches broken down in the body?

A

Via hydrolysis

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11
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

They allow for the synthesis of functional and structural macromolecules

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12
Q

How many types of amino acids does your body need?

A

20

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13
Q

How many amino acids does the body make?

A

11

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14
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

8 amino acids required for homeostasis that must be eaten.

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15
Q

What is wrong with a plant-based diet?

A

The amino acid profile is incomplete, meaning that it is difficult to get all 8 amino acids.

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16
Q

What are the two types of fat and what differentiates them?

A
  • Saturated Fat
  • Unsaturated fat
    • has a C=C
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17
Q

What do minerals do?

A

They are essential compounds needed in small amounts for metabolic processes

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18
Q

What do vitamins do?

A

Vitamins are organic materials used to aid digestive enzymes.

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19
Q

What are the 3 components of a amino acid?

A
  • Amine group
  • Carboxyl group
  • R group (determines the amino acid)
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20
Q

What is the purpose of Lipids

A

To aid cellular membrane flexibility, provide energy, and insulation

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21
Q

What is ingestion?

A

To eat something or take in food

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22
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking down food.

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23
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and Chemical digestion

24
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The process in which food is broken down by chewing, compressing, and physical manipulation.

25
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Process when food is broken down via chemicals; Pepsin,stomach acid,-ase

26
Q

Absorption

A

Diffusion of end products by body cells

27
Q

What do organs and glands secrete?

A

Enzymes

28
Q

Exocrine

A

Gland that make digestive enzymes like sweat,tears,saliva,etc.

29
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract other name + function

A
  • Alimentary Canal
  • Organs that food travel through
30
Q

Accessory glands

A

Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder

31
Q

Peristalsis

A

Process in which food is pushed along by rhythmic contractions of muscle in the wall of the digestive canal

32
Q

Teeth function

A

chew and breakdown the food mechanically, increasing surface area

33
Q

Salivary glands

A

secrete amylase to start chemical digestion of starch

34
Q

Esophagus

A

pushes food from the pharynx to stomach by peristalsis

35
Q

Stomach function+name of the digested food

A

secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsin which converts food into chyme (food+acid)

36
Q

Pepsin

A

A stomach enzyme that digests proteins in ingested food

37
Q

Gastric Ulcers

A

sores in the lining of the stomach caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

38
Q

Small intestine

A

major organ for absorption and digestion
Contains villi to help digestion and absorbtion

39
Q

Duodenum

A

first portion of the small intestine, it mixes acidic chyme from the stomach with bile, pancreatic enzymes and enzymes released by small intestine

40
Q

What 2 functions does the pancreas have?

A

exocrine and endocrine

41
Q

endocrine

A

Release insulin and glucagon into circulatory syste to control blood glucose(sugar) level

42
Q

Insulin function

A

decrease blood sugar

43
Q

glucagon function

A

increase blood sugar when not eating, stored sugar

44
Q

Both the pancreas functions :

A
  1. Releases bicarbonate to neutralize the acid chyme that enters the small intestine

2.Release enzymes to help further digestion of all nutrients

45
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile

46
Q

Gallbladder function

A

stores the bile produced by the liver

47
Q

Bile function

A

Emulsify fats, increasing surface area, increasing enzymes ability to act on fat droplets and improve absorption

48
Q

Villi

A

finger like projections covered with microvilli, absorbs all nutrient + end products

49
Q

Large intestine (colon) function

A

Absorb water that has entered the gastriental tract

50
Q

Where is feces stored

A

In the rectum until it exits, egested via the anus

51
Q

What does the colon house?

A

Bacteria, e coli, and they live in a mutual, symbiotic relationship within us, Vitamin K + Vitamin B

52
Q

Constipation

A

Too much water is absorbed by the large intestine

53
Q

Diarrhea

A

Not enough water absorbed by the large intestine

54
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

inflammation of large intestine/ small also

55
Q

Heartburn/acid reflux

A

The esophagus relaxes at the wrong time allowing acid to go up it

AP Biology (20 decks)

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