Photosynthesis Flashcards
Making of glucose and CO2
What is the equation of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 ——-photons—–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Where do the photons enter through the leaf?
They enter through the waxy cuticle of a leaf called the cuticle
What does the cuticle do?
Prevents H2O loss of surface of leaf. (Evaporation/transport H2O from surface)
What does the epidermis do?
Protects internal tissue of the leaf
Why is the palisade layer important?
It has lots of chlorophyll in chloroplast. Having more photosynthetic reactions
Where does the gas exchange between CO2 and O2 happen?
It has in the Spongy layer or spongy mesophyll as it is loosely compacted.
What are the functions of the guard cells?
It opens and closes for CO2 to enter and O2 to exit
It regulates the stomata opening
What does the stomata do?
It allows CO2 to enter and O2 to exit, between the guard cells
What happens as more water gets in the guard cell?
The guard cell becomes turgid and gives space for the stomata to open
What happens as water leaves the guard cell?
The guard cells become flaccid and becomes smaller, making the stomata not entirely, but almost close.
Where does photosynthesis occur mostly?
Stems and leaves of autotrophs.
THE BASE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE PALISADE LAYER
Autotrophs ~Animals that make their own food
What does the chloroplast do?
Accepts photons(light energy) to take the energy to the thylakoids.
MAKES GLUCOSE
What is the stroma?
The fluid around the grana.
Where does chlorophyll absorb light energy?
In the thylakoid membrane
What is the goal for the light dependent reactions?
To transform light energy into ATP + NADPH ☀️
How does the photons get to Chlorophyll A
It will bounce of accesorypigments and eventually get to the middle where chlorophyll A is.
What is the final H+ acceptor in light reactions
NADP+ accepts H+ to turn into NADPH+
What is NADP+?
NADP+ is an enzyme that accepts electrons/H+ ions at the end of the light reactions
Where does NADPH and ATP go after the light RXN?
They go to the Calvin’s Cycle
What does H2O(water) do to give electrons to chlorophyll A to repeat the light reactions?
Water splits into O2 and H+ also called Photolysis, it will take electrons from the H+ (Hydorgen Ions)
Where does the light reactions start?
In photosystem 2
After the electrons get excited where do they go?
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
H+ ions travel from ____ to ____
H+ ions travel from ** Stroma** to Thylakoid Space
What 2 colors absorb the most photosynthesis rate?
Red and Blue
NOTE: REMEMBER VIBGYOR
What 2 colors absorb the least photosynthesis rate? Reflected.
Yellow and green
What does ATP synthase do?
Makes ATP from H+ from the proton motive force, conc. grad.
When water splits what does it make? Exact Number.
1/2 of O2 and 2 H+
Where does the light reactions occur?
In the chloroplast between the stroma and Thylakoid space.
When electrons go down the “stairs” what reactions take place?
Redox Reactions- oxidation-phosphorylation ~(transfer of electrons through chemical species)
What does the calvin cycle do to make glucose?
It goes through Carbon fixation and reduction through dark rxn to make glucose.
MAKES 2 PGAL
CO2 gets reduced by Dark Reactions
Calvin cycle goes 2 times to make what?
PGAL. 2 PGAL’s make 1 glucose, so calvin cycle occurs 2 times.
As G3P leaves RuBP what happens in between?
3 ATP’s drop of a Phosphate group and become 3 ADP
Releases 1 PGAL or G3P
PGAL X 2 = ?
Glucose.
What is stage 3 of the calvin cycle?
the regeneration ribulose
What does ribulose and CO2 do to start the cycle
They merge together to make RuBisCO ~ the most abundant enzyme on earth.
What does Xylem do?
Lets water go up to the leaves by cohesion and adhesion
What does the phloem do?
Passes nutrients down to the roots
