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AP Biology > BioChemistry > Flashcards

BioChemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element

A

A substance made of the same atom

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2
Q

Name the subatomic particles

A

Neutron, electron, Proton

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3
Q

What is an atom

A

Smallest unit of a compound or element

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4
Q

4 facts of electrons

A
  • Outside nucleus-Unless otherwise stated, # of Proton = # of electron- Potential energy of electron increases as the distance form the nucleus increases-Electrons orbit in energy levels
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5
Q

Define Valence electrons

A

of electrons to fill outer shell

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6
Q

Define electronegativity

A

measure of atoms ability to pull electrons toward its nucleus

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7
Q

Ionic bond Def

A

Bond that steals electrons from the other

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8
Q

What are the two types of Covalent bonds

A

Non polar covalent, Polar covalent

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9
Q

Define non polar covalent bond

A

Bond between 2 electronegative atoms ( O - O )

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10
Q

Define polar covalent bond

A

Slightly different electronegative properties of two different atoms allowing the formation of a + end and a - end (H2O) This is called a Dipole*

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11
Q

Protein Function

A

Repair cells, help immune system, and repair muscle

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12
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged atom (H)

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13
Q

anion

A

negativity charged atom (O)

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14
Q

Ion

A

charged atom

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15
Q

Hydrogen bond def

A

an attraction between two oppositely charge atoms

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16
Q

Cohesion

A

H2O bond to other water molocules

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17
Q

What properties of water allow life to exist on earth

A

-H2O is less dense as ice than it is as water-** Universal solvent-**Cohesion chains (goes up a plant)

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18
Q

Solvent

A

A liquid dissolving something

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19
Q

Adhesion

A

H2O bond to other surfaces than water

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20
Q

What are organic molocules

A

Any carbon and hydrogen compound with the exception of CO2

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21
Q

What does pH stand for and what does it mesure

A

the parts per Hydrogen measures the acidity of something (H is acidic)

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22
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

To have a BYPRODUCT of water

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23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water used to break a bond

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24
Q

Carbohydrate facts

A
  • monomer ratio is CH2O (1:2:1)-Monomers are called monosaccharides-Categorized by # of Carbons-end in -ose-Maltose made from glucose + glucose- Lactose = Glucose + Galactose-Sucrose = Fructose + Glucose
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25
Q

Ribose function

A

make up nucleotide based proteins

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26
Q

Deoxyribose function

A

make up hereditary information

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27
Q

Examples of Hexose

A

Glucose, Galactose, fructose, etc.

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28
Q

Hexose

A

-immediate source of energy (ATP)-ability to diffuse through cell membrane

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29
Q

Isomers facts

A

Different shapes give different properties

30
Q

Disaccharides

A

a combination of two monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis, digested through hydrolysis

31
Q

What is a general formula

A

a reversible chemical formula

32
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose

33
Q

Polysaccharide

A

-a long chain of monomers like starch-Insoluble in water-do not pass through cell membrane-made purely form glucose-Storage molecules or structural sugars-Iodine is the indicator

34
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose, AMYLOSE(energy storage in plants)

35
Q

Function of Cellulose

A

Fiber/roughage

36
Q

Lipid

A

a non polar fat

37
Q

Lipid function

A

store long term energy 9 cal/gram, cushions organs

38
Q

side effects of lipids

A

too much = heart disease, atherosclerosis (hardened arteries)

39
Q

Glycerol Function

A

3 carbon alcohol used as a backbone in lipid synthesis

40
Q

Fatty acid components

A

composed of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

41
Q

Saturated FA vs. Unsaturated FA

A

Saturated: - no C=C - Solid @ room tempUnsaturated: - one or more C=C - liquid @ room temp

42
Q

Phospholipid

A

made of a phosphate group (polar), glycerol, FA (polar)

43
Q

Phospholipid properties

A

Used in cell membranes, polar head, non polar tails

44
Q

What is emulsifier

A

A substance that stabilizes two liquids to make them mix together

45
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

2 lipid layers around organelles

46
Q

Wax examples

A

Cutin- outside of leaves to prevent evaporation

47
Q

Steroids

A
  • Cortisone- decrease inflammation in joints- ends in -one- four ring structure
48
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • main steroid in cell membranes, pushes phospholipids apart- allows nutrients to pass through the cell- causes heart disease
49
Q

Protein atoms

A

C, H, O, N

50
Q

protein monomers

A

amino acids

51
Q

3 different groups of a protein

A

amine, carboxyl, R

52
Q

Essential vs nonessential amino acids

A

essential must be eatennonessential can be produced in the liver

53
Q

Where do plants get nitrogen

54
Q

How do plants get amino acids

A

Amination synthesizes CHO skeletons into Glutamate and Glutamine

55
Q

How are AA produced in humans

A

The process is called Transamination and it moves amine groups to their proper locations

56
Q

How are extra AA processed

A

The process of Deamination allows for the removal of the amine groups and converting it into Urea, happens in the liver

57
Q

Immune AA

A

antibodies

58
Q

amino acid bond

A

dipeptide bond

59
Q

Digestive AA

A

used to break foods down to then be absorbed by the intestines

60
Q

many AA bond

A

polypeptide bond/protein

61
Q

Primary protein structure

A

sequence of AA

62
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

determines the sequence of H bonds

63
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Chain of pleated sheets and alpha helix

64
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

multiple AA chain, hydrophobic core, hydrophilic on the outside

65
Q

how are proteins used in cells

A

they can be turned into Glycogen or be used in cellular respiration

66
Q

To change Primary protein structure

A

you need a mutation

67
Q

changed order of Primary protein structure

A

changed function

68
Q

Pleated sheets are _______ compared to ________ alpha helixes

A

Fibrous, Globular

69
Q

Alpha helixes are held by _____________ ___________

A

hydrogen bonds

70
Q

how many cal/gram in protein

A

4 cal/gram

AP Biology (21 decks)

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