VIROLOGY - ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES, POLYOMAVIRUS Flashcards
characteristic of an orthomyxoviruses
Segmented (eight separate molecules), single-stranded, ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome; helical capsid with
envelope;
-Of all the respiratory viruses known to
infect humans, __ is the cause of the greatest number of serious acute illnesses
influenza
how many types of influenza are there?
3 types - A, B, and C
3 types of influenza (A, B, and C), Type ___do not pose a threat to human health
C
types of influenza is can be distinguished by __
Matrix protein, and Nucleoprotein
influenza _____ naturally infects many bird species, swine, seals, felines, and horses
- influenza ___ and ___ are only known to infect humans
A; B and C
A - birds
B and C - humans
found on the surface of the virus, is responsible for binding to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells. Neutralizes antibodies and determines the virus’s subtype (H1, H2, H3)
Hemagglutinin
rod-shaped spikes, which protein is it
Hemagglutinin
enable viral attachment to sialic
acid–containing cellular receptors. Once attached to the receptors, the virus can initiate infection.
Hemagglutinins
helps the new virions from infected cells cleave sialic acid residues preventing the aggregation of viral particles to new cells
Neuraminidase
mushroom-shaped spikes, which protein is it
Neuraminidase
They facilitate the release of mature virions from infected cells and assist in viral movement through mucus to adjacent cells
Neuraminidase
)-assembly and budding of new virions, transport the viral genome into the host cell nucleus
Matrix Protein (M1
Influenza A
- Consists of ___ segment
8
Influenza A
- Classified into subtypes based on their ____ and ___proteins, leading to designations such as H1N1, H3N2
HA and NA
type of influenza wherein it undergoes seasonal ___ every year, making formulation of an effective vaccine challenging
antigenic drift
occurs when a circulating influenza A strain
acquires a completely new, or novel, subtype.
Antigenic shift
influenza’s cause of antigenic shift resulting to H1N1 virus, also known as
1918-1919
spanish flu - 50-100 million global deaths
influenza’s cause of antigenic shift resulting to H2N2 virus, also known as
1957-1958-
asian flu 1-2 million deaths
influenza’s cause of antigenic shift resulting to H3N2 virus, also known as
1968-1969
hongkong flu
1 million global deaths
influenza’s cause of antigenic shift resulting to H1N1 virus that happens on 2009-2010, also known as
swine flu (H1N1pdm09)
200,000 - 575,400
CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYOMAVIRIDAE
Double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) genome;icosahedral capsid, no envelope; includes BK and JC polyomaviruses
JC VIRUS of polyomarivus, upon reactivation can result in disease in ___
CNS
BK VIRUS of polyomarivus, upon reactivation can cause__
causes a hemorrhagic cystitis
polyomavirus that Can cause merkel cell carcinoma, associated with high percentage of tumors and has also been detected in respiratory specimens.
MC VIRUS
Other viruses in polyomaviridae family have been discovered, including __ viruses.
KI, MC, and WU
among other family member of polyomaviridae, which are can be DETECTED TRU MOLECULAR METHODS AND STOOL AND RESPIRATORY SPECIMENS
KI and WU virus
JC virus diagnosis:
PCR of CSF samples, immunohistochemistry, or electron microscopy of brain tissue are used for the detection of the JC virus
BK virus diagnosis
detected using PCR or cytologic examination of urine
JC and BK viruses, Since these are uncommon infections, testing is most likely to be referred to a __
reference laboratory
characteristic of a PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
Double-stranded DNA genome; icosahedral
capsid, no envelope; includes
papilloma viruses
abundant in nature and cause infections in humans, dogs, cattle, monkeys, and many other species.
PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
can cause human warts
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
exhibit a tissue tropism for either cutaneous or mucosal tissue
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
the viruses have not been cultivated in cell culture, which prevents the production of type-specific antigens and corresponding typing antisera
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
HPVs are divided into more than 200 genotypes based on the viral DNA sequences; approx. 80 of those have been well characterized
- among them there are more than __sexually transmitted genotypes and their role in the pathogenesis of cancer.
30
type of warts of HPV1
plantar warts
type of warts of HPV2 and HPV4
common warts of the hands
type of warts of HPV6, HPV11, and others
genital warts
type of warts of HPV16
cancer of the oropharynx and penile cancer in males
type of warts of HPV18
adenocarcinoma
most prevalent sexually transmitted viral disease in the US
HPV
HPV
more than __ million americans are living with an incurable STD
65
HPV is detectable using __
histopathologic or cytologic examination of cutaneous biopsy or cells.
PICORNAVIRUSES characteristics
Single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA)
genome; icosahedral capsid with no envelope
PICORNAVIRUSES is from the italian word ____means small
piccolo
simplest of the RNA viruses, with a highly structured capsid that has limited surface elaboration.
PICORNAVIRUSES
The family picornaviridae composed of what members
enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, and HAV.
responsible for variety of diseases. Including aseptic meningitis, paralytic poliomyelitis, and encephalitis, in addition to respiratory illness, myocarditis and pericarditis.
ENTEROVIRUSES
are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis, inflammation of the brain parenchyma, and have been isolated from more than 40% of patients with this disease
ENTEROVIRUSES
MOT of ENTEROVIRUSES
Respiratory and Fecal-oral route
ENTEROVIRUSES members
- poliovirus,
- coxsackie virus,
- echovirus groups
early studies of poliovirus are landmarks in the discipline of virology and the understanding of the pathogenesis, tx, and control of __
enteroviruses
before the discovery of polio vaccine, __was responsible for paralytic poliomyelitis
enterovirus
during the polio outbreaks of the first half of the 20th century, children developed an acute, flaccid (relaxed, rag doll) paralysis that affected their ability to breathe – thus, iron lung and tank respirator was been invented
poliovirus - enterovirus
an air tight chamber that encased the patient and created negative air pressure around the thoracic cavity, causing air to rush into the lungs.
iron lung
control of polio thru vaxx began in 1955 with the Salk inactivated polio vaccine , which is administered __
intramuscular
1961, Sabin oral live attenuated vaccine, which is administered ___
(orally – sugar cube coated with the vaccine)
By 2006, the number of countries where polio was still endemic had been reduced to four:
Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan – NIPA
_ is the cause of the common cold
Rhinovirus - another member of picornaviridae
rhinovirus
replication site is the epithelial cells in the
nose
responsible for more than 50% of viral colds and cause more upper respiratory viral infections than any other virus
RHINOVIRUS
typically mild, but can still cause complications such as otitis media, and sinusitis, and can exacerbate previously existing conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis.
RHINOVIRUS
rhinovirus
symptoms usually begin __ days after exposure
2-3
clinical symptoms includes a profuse, watery nasal discharge accompanied by headache, malaise, sneezing, nasal congestion, sore throat, and cough.
rhinovirus
rhinovirus infection
illness generally last __ weeks
10 days to 2
DIAGNOSIS OF ENTEROVIRUSES
Cell culture (PMK and HDF), PCR, and serology
Specimens of choice for detecting enterovirus are (in order of preference) __
stool specimens or rectal swabs, throat swabs or washings, and CSF
TREATMENT for enterovirus
Supportive, pleconaril in development
PREVENTION for enterovirus
Avoid contact with virus; vaccination for
polio
HAV’s characteristic
Single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA)
genome; icosahedral capsid with no
envelope
Another member of the picornaviruses that cause an infectious nonchronic hepatitis.
HAV
The virus is significantly different from the other picornaviruses based on the liver tissue tropism, high thermal stability, and viral assembly
HAV
This is the only hepatitis group of viruses capable of growth in cell culture
HAV
HAV’s MOT
feco-oral
___ remains the current method for diagnosis of HAV infection
Serologic assay to identify the IgM antibody
