Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MYCV > midterm examSPECIMEN CULTIVATION FOR VIROLOGY > Flashcards

midterm examSPECIMEN CULTIVATION FOR VIROLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

The primary purposes of viral cultivation are

A
  1. To isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens
  2. To prepare viruses for vaccines
  3. And to do detailed research on viral structure, multiplication
    cycles, genetics, and effects on host cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The earliest method for the cultivation of viruses causing
human diseases was inoculation into __

A

human volunteers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

they used human volunteers for
their pioneering work on yellow fever

A

Reed and colleagues (1900)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Due to serious risk involved, human volunteers are used
only when __

A

when no other method is available and when the virus
is relatively harmless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL INFECTION

A

I. Identification of the virus in cell culture
II. Microscopic identification in the specimen
III. Serological procedures to detect a rise in antibody titer
IV. Detection of viral antigen in blood or body fluids
V. Detection of viral nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

METHODS OF VIRAL ISOLATION

A
  1. Animal inoculation
  2. embryonated egg inoculation
  3. tissue culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

this type of isolation is the primary isolation of certain viruses

A

animal inoculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

this type of isolation is for us to study the pathogenesis, immune response, and epidemiology of a viral disease

A

animal inoculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

this isolation method as well is used for the study of oncogenesis

A

animal inoculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • they play
    an essential role in studies
    of viral pathogenesis
A

Laboratory animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

they used Monkeys for the
isolation of poliovirus

A

Landsteiner and Popper
(1909)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Landsteiner and Popper
(1909)-Monkeys for the
isolation of poliovirus

why is it risky?

A

potential to physical aggression and cause harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

he introduce white mice

A

Theiler (1903)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why monkey is not used anymore as a disease model?

A

they can’t exhibit human diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what type of mice is used in lab

A

Infant (Suckling mice)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

suckling mice are susceptible to which viruses

A

Coxsackie and arbovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Routes of inoculation for animal inoculation

A

Intracerebral,
subcutaneous,
intraperitoneal,
intranasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do we confirm if there’s growth of virus inside the animal model

A

sign of Death, disease or visible
lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Disadvantages of animal inoculation

A
  1. costly
  2. maintenance
  3. interference of immune system
  4. individual variations (gender)
  5. difficulty in choosing of animals for particular virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

embryonated egg inoculation is started by whom

A

goodpasture (1931)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

embryonated egg inoculation is started by goodpasture and is further developed by __

A

burnet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the embryonate egg we must use for inoculation is how many days old?

A

8-11 days old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the embryonated egg must be incubated for how many days

A

2-9 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • Eggs provide a suitable
    means for:
A

the primary isolation and identification of viruses

maintenance of stock cultures

and the production of vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Routes of Inoculation of embryonated egg inoculation

A
  1. Chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)
  2. Amniotic Cavity
  3. Allantoic Cavity
  4. Yolk sac
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

in embryonated egg, viruses lies in Chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)

A

Herpes simplex virus
poxvirus
rous sarcoma virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

in embryonated egg, viruses lies in amniotic cavity

A

influenza virus
mumps virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

in embryonated egg, viruses lies in allantoic cavity

A

herpes simplex virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

in embryonated egg, viruses lies in yolk sac

A

influenza virus
mumps virus
newcastle disease virus
avian adenovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

we look for ___ in Chorioallantoic Membrane
(CAM) to know if there’s growth of virus

A

pocks - visible lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

most popular inoculation for embryonated egg

A

allantoic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Has been widely used in
veterinary virology when it comes to embryonated egg

A

. Chorioallantoic Membrane
(CAM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how do we interpret the result if it’s inoculated in allantoic cavity

A

fluid is examined for turbidity or hemagglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

this type of inoculation for embryonated egg Has little application in
veterinary virology

A

amniotic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Virus is introduced directly into
the amniotic fluid that bathes the
developing embryo

A

amniotic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Volume of fluid in the
infected amniotic sac is small

A

(1-2 ml)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Simplest method for growth
and multiplication of virus in terms of embryonated egg

A

yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

EMBRYONATED EGG ROUTES OF INOCULATION

Immune interference
mechanism can be detected
in most avian viruses

A

yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

this inoculation method for embryonated egg Can also be used for the
cultivation of Chlamydia
and Rickettsia

A

yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Process of holding a strong light above
or below the egg to observe the
embryo

A

egg candling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Detection of Viral Growth in embryonated egg inoculation

A

death of the embryo
defect in embryonic development
localized areas of damage in the membranes (pocks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A crucial technique in viral
isolation that involved
cultivating viruses in living
cells or tissues.

A

tissue culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Provides a controlled
environment for studying
replication, pathogenesis
and development of
antiviral drugs and vaccines

A

tissue culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

TYPES OF TISSUE CULTURES

A

organ culture
explant culture
cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

a type of tissue culture wherein Small bits of organs can
be maintained in vitro

A

organ culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

a type of tissue culture wherein it’s useful for the isolation of some viruses which appear to be highly specialized parasites of certain organs

A

organ culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

a tissue culture wherein Fragments of minced
tissue can be grown as
‘explant’ embedded in
plasma clots

A

explant culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

a Routinely used type of tissue culture

A

cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

a type of tissue culture that is Dissociated using proteolytic
enzymes (trypsin) and
mechanical shaking

A

cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the type of tissue culture in which the Growth medium contains essential amino acids,
vitamins, salts, glucose and a buffering system of bicarbonate in equilibrium
with atmosphere
containing 5% carbon
dioxide

A

cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

tissue culture specifically the cell culture, is Supplemented with up to
______ serum

A

5% calf or fetal calf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

indicator used in cell culture

A

phenol red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF CELL CULTURES

A
  1. Primary Cell Cultures
  2. Diploid Cell Lines
  3. Continuous Cell Lines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the CLASSIFICATION OF CELL CULTURES is based on

A

origin
chromosomal characteristics
number of generations through which they can be maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

this type of cell culture in which the Normal cells obtained from
fresh organs of animals or
human being and cultured

A

primary cell cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

this type of cell culture is Capable of only limited growth
in culture and cannot be
maintained in serial culture (1-2
passage

A

primary cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

example of primary cell culture

A
  • Monkey kidney cell culture.
  • Human embryonic kidney.
  • Chick embryo cell culture
58
Q

this type of cell culture is Commonly employed for
primary isolation of viruses and
in preparation of vaccine

A

primary cell culture

59
Q

a type of cell culture that is a Diploid cells and have complete
set of chromosomes

A

diploid cell lines

60
Q

the type of cell culture - diploid cell lines has a * Limited lifespan ___

A

(20-50
serial passages)

61
Q

Useful for isolation of some
FASTIDIOUS pathogens and
for the production of viral
vaccines

A

diploid cell lines

62
Q

this type of cell culture which Cells of a single type, usually
derived from cancer cells, that are
capable of continuous serial
cultivation indefinitely

A

continuous cell lines

63
Q

example of continuous cell lines

A

Hela, hep-2 and KB cell lines

64
Q

continuous cell lines are Maintained by __

A

serial subcultivation
or stored in the cold (–70°C)

65
Q

is continuous cell line Now permitted to be used for
vaccine manufacture,?

A

yes, eg. rabies vaxx

66
Q

HeLa came from

A

Henrietta Lacks

67
Q

Hep 2 came from

A

human larynx epidermal carcinoma.

68
Q

Rapid modification of conventional
cell culture

A

shell vial cell culture

69
Q

shell vial cell culture

involved culturing cells in a small,
round-bottomed vial referred to
as a “__”

A

shell vial

70
Q

shell vial cell culture is Incubated for__hours

A

24 to 48

71
Q

DETECTION OF VIRUS GROWTH IN CELL CULTURE

A
  1. Cytopathic effect
  2. Metabolic inhibition
  3. Hemadsorption
  4. Interference
  5. Transformation
  6. Immunofluorescence
  7. Detection of virus-specific nucleic acid
  8. Detection of enzymes
72
Q

one of the way to detect virus growth in a cell culture

refer to the components in an infected cell or abnormal
accumulations of cellular materials resulting from virus-induced
metabolic disruption

A

viral inclusions

73
Q

aggregates of cells fused to form one large cell
with multiple nuclei

A

syncytial cells

74
Q

Morphological changes in cultured cells - ‘___’ (CPE) caused by
‘cytopathogenic viruses.’

A

cytopathic effects

75
Q

Presumptive identification of a virus isolated from a clinical specimen.

A

cytopathic effect

76
Q

Main Types of CPE

A

rounding of cells
cell necrosis and lysis
syncytium formation
discrete focal degeneration
rounding and aggregation

77
Q

this virus causes a cytopathic effect such as rounding of cells

A

picornaviruses

78
Q

this virus causes a cytopathic effect such as cell necrosis and lysis

A

enteroviruses

79
Q

this virus causes a cytopathic effect such as syncytium formation

A

measles, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus

80
Q

this virus causes a cytopathic effect such as discrete focal degeneration

A

herpes virus

81
Q

this virus causes a cytopathic effect such as rounding and aggregation

A

adenovirus

82
Q

quantitation of cell culture

negative

A

uninfected monolayer

83
Q

quantitation of cell culture

equivocal

A

atypical alteration of monolayer involving few cells

84
Q

quantitation of cell culture

1+

A

1%-25% of monolayer exhibits cytopathic effects

85
Q

quantitation of cell culture

2+

A

25%-50% of monolayer exhibits CPE

86
Q

quantitation of cell culture

3+

A

50%-75% of monolayer exhibits CPE

87
Q

quantitation of cell culture

4+

A

76% to 100 % of monolayer exhibits CPE

88
Q

an indicator of growth of virus in cell culture

Viruses interfere with the metabolic activities of infected cells
leading to reduction in cellular metabolic process

A

metabolic inhibition

89
Q

in metabolic inhibition, there will be changes in what parameter

A

pH

90
Q

in metabolic inhibition, normal cell culture’s medium will turn to what pH

A

medium turns basic because the normal cell culture must be acidic. If there’s a growth of virus, the medium will be basic

91
Q

virus in cell culture means ____ acid production in medium

A

no acid production causing the medium turn basic

92
Q

this indicator of growth of virus refers to a process wherein viruses binds to RBC

A

hemadsorption

93
Q

Viral envelope proteins may bind glycoproteins expressed on the surface of
erythrocytes
Addition of

A

hemadsorption

94
Q

hemadsorption

Addition of __ to the cultures

A

guinea pig erythrocytes

95
Q

what virus shows HEMADSORPTION as its indicator of cell culture growth

A

influenza and parainfluenza viruses

96
Q

Growth of the first will inhibit the infection of the second virus by
interference

A

interference

97
Q

Phenomenon for which a cell infected by a virus becomes resistant
toward a second outcoming infection by a superinfectant virus.

A

interference

98
Q

Non-cytopathogenic virus tested with known cytopathogenic virus

A

interference

99
Q

refers to a process and an indicator of cell culture growth predominantly practiced by Tumor forming (oncogenic) viruses

A

transformation

100
Q

Growth appears in a piled-up fashion
producing microtumors

A

transformation

101
Q

Tumor forming (oncogenic) viruses examples

A

herpes viruses
adenoviruses
hepadnavirus
papovavirues
retroviruses

102
Q

Technique used to visualize and localize specific antigens (viral
proteins) within cells.

A

immunofluorescence

103
Q

Gives positive results earlier than other methods

A

immunofluorescence

104
Q

stain used in immunofluorescence

A

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)

105
Q

2 types of immunofluorescence

A

direct and indirect

106
Q

this type of immunofluorescence use A single labeled antibody is used to
directly detect the target viral antigen

A

direct immunofluorescence

107
Q

this type of immunofluorescence in which A primary antibody is followed by a
labeled secondary antibody, amplifying
the signal and increasing sensitivity

A

indirect immunofluorescence

108
Q

a more rapid but less sensitive type of immunofluorescence

A

direct IMF

109
Q

this type of immunofluorescence is best suited to large quantities of virus are suspected or when high quality, concentrated monoclonal antibodies are used

A

direct IMF

110
Q

used when lower quantities of virus are
suspected, such as detection of
respiratory viruses in specimens from
adult patient

A

indirect IMF

111
Q

Molecular-based assays example

A

polymerase chain reaction

112
Q

Provide rapid, sensitive, and specific methods of detection

A

DETECTION OF VIRUS-SPECIFIC NUCLEIC ACID

113
Q

Identified by detection of viral enzymes, such as reverse transcriptase in a virus ____ in the culture fluid

A

retroviruses

114
Q

Using antibodies to detect viral antigens or antibodies in the culture medium

A

detection of enzymes

115
Q

disadv of nucleic acid tsting

A

expensive
more specialized facilities needed
easily contaminated
low viral load but still have remnants will cause false positive

116
Q

Powerful technique used to visualize at a very high resolution of virus

A

electron microscope

117
Q

used to Study the structure, morphology and size of viral particles in d

A

electron microscope

118
Q

passes a beam of electrons through a thin specimen. The electron that pass
through interact with the specimen, creating an image

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

119
Q

Useful in studying the internal structure of viruses. It can reveal presence of viral
capsids, nucleic acid and other internal components

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

120
Q

2 VIRAL ASSAY

A

total virus particles
infectious virion assay

121
Q

2 methods under Total virus particles

A

electron microscopy
hemagglutination

122
Q

2 methods under infectious virion assay

A

quantal assays
quantitative infectivity assay

123
Q

Step 1 in electron microscopy

A

Negative Staining-virus suspension is mixed with a negative stain

124
Q

Step 2 in electron microscopy

A

: Latex Particle Addition-a known concentration of latex particles of a specific size is
added to the virus suspension. The latex particles serve as a visual reference

125
Q

Step 3 in electron microscopy

A

3: Electron Microscopy-The sample is examined under an electron microscope. The virus
particles and latex particles can be distinguished based on their size and
appearance

126
Q

Step 4 in electron microscopy

A

Counting-virus particles and latex particles are counted in a specific area of the
electron micrograph. The ratio between the two can be used to estimate the
concentration of the virus particles in the original suspension

127
Q

A convenient method of quantitation for certain viruses particularly that possess
hemagglutinin proteins

A

Hemagglutination

128
Q

Hemagglutination is not a very sensitive indicator of the presence of small amount of
virus particles.

true or false

A

true

129
Q

steps in Hemagglutination

A

Step 1: Virus Dilution-Virus suspension is serially diluted
Step 2: Red blood cell addition-fixed volume of red blood cell is added to each dilution
incubate at 37°C`
Step 3: Observation of hemagglutination-if virus concentration is high enough, red blood
cells will clump together
Step 4: Endpoint Determination-Highest dilution that still produces hemagglutination is
determined

130
Q

Used to measure the “all-or-none” response of a population of virus

A

quantal assay

131
Q

Only indicates presence or absence of infectious viruses

A

quantal assay

132
Q

Quantal assays of infectivity can be carried out in __ for those
viruses

A

animals, eggs or tissue culture

133
Q

The virus sample is serially diluted to determine the lowest concentration that can still
produce infection

A

quantal assay

134
Q

Destruction of the host cell, embryo or animal or the appearance of CPE in cell cultures

A

quantal assay

135
Q

The titer of the original virus suspension is expressed as the 50% infectious
dose (ID50) or the 50% lethal dose (LD50) per milliliter

A

ID50 or LD50:

136
Q

measure the actual number of infectious
particles in the inoculum

A

Quantitative assays

137
Q

quantitative infectivity assay

Two methods are available—

A

plaque assay in monolayer cell culture
and pock assay on chick embryo CAM

138
Q

Viral suspension is added to a monolayer of cultured cells in a bottle or petri dish allowing time for
absorption

A

plaque assay

139
Q

Each infectious viral particle gives rise to a localized
focus of infected cells that can be seen with the naked
eye. - Known as ‘plaques’ and each plaque indicates
an infectious virus

A

plaque assay

140
Q

Viral suspension is added to a monolayer of cultured
cells in a bottle or petri dish allowing time for
absorption,
Removed and replaced with a solid agar gel to
prevent virus spreading throughout the culture

A

plaque assay

141
Q

___, form pocks when
inoculated onto the chorioallantoic
membrane of an embryonated egg.

A

Herpes and vaccinia

142
Q

in this assay, viruses can be assayed by
counting the number of pocks formed on
cam by appropriate inocula of virus

A

pock assay

MYCV (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions