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Low Yield Semmelweis > Virology, Mycology and Parasitology - Not on Sketchy > Flashcards

Virology, Mycology and Parasitology - Not on Sketchy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the benefits of penicillium genus for human?

A

Penicillin Synthesis and Cheese Making

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2
Q

What is the name of the Fungus that produces Penicillin?

A

P. chrysogenum (formerly Known as P. notatum)

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3
Q

Name Penicillium fungi that produce cheese?

A

Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti

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4
Q

Basic structure of Penicillium

A

“pencil-like” ascomycetous fungi

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5
Q

Candida _________ is a fungal species of yeast that has become a significant cause of sepsis and of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people.

A

Candida Parapsilosis is a fungal species of yeast that has become a significant cause of sepsis and of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people.

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6
Q

Candida _________ is a common pathogen in neutropenic hosts, in whom it may spread through the bloodstream to peripheral organs.

A

Candida tropicalis is a common pathogen in neutropenic hosts, in whom it may spread through the bloodstream to peripheral organs.

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7
Q

Candida _________ is a fungal opportunistic pathogen originally isolated from AIDS patients. occasionally isolated from immunocompetent individuals.

A

Candida dubliniensis is a fungal opportunistic pathogen originally isolated from AIDS patients. occasionally isolated from immunocompetent individuals.

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8
Q

Candida ____ is one of the few species of the genus Candida which cause candidiasis in humans. Often, candidiasis is acquired in hospitals by patients with weakened immune systems.

A

Candida Auris is one of the few species of the genus Candida which cause candidiasis in humans. Often, candidiasis is acquired in hospitals by patients with weakened immune systems.

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9
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Characteristics

A 
Amoeba
Include (human pathogens)- A. castellani, A. keratitis
• Trophozoite (the infective form)
• Cyst
Found in soil and water (free-living)
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10
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Transmission

A

Contaminated water sources- free-living amoeba in freshwater:

  • Associated with swimming in lakes during summer
  • Associated with patients involving in water sports
  • Associated with nasal irrigation (neti pot)
  • Can contaminate contact lens solutions
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11
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Pathogenesis

A

Trophozoites can travel up the nose and through the cribriform plate into the CNS.
Trophozoites or cysts may be also inhaled into respiratory tract.

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12
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

A

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
After incubation period of 10 days
Especially in immunocompromised patients
- Single or couple brain abscesses and edema of brain tissue
- Slower course of disease (DDx from Naegleria)
- Can disseminate to other organ causing granulomatous disease

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13
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Amoebic Keratitis

A

• Amoebic Keratitis
Due to eye trauma before contacting contaminated soil, dust or water
Can also be associated with contact lenses
- Result in corneal ulceration and severe ocular pain

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14
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Diagnosis

A

• Wet mount of CSF specimen by lumbar puncture (LP)- show trophozoite and cysts
- Both trophozoite and cysts are seen in tissue (DDx from Naelgeria)
• Culture with Gram negative bacteria- amoeba will leave trails (due to movement)

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15
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Treatment

A

Since the disease course is slower- can be treated with several drugs:
• Pentamidine
• Ketoconazole
• Flucytosine

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16
Q

Naegleria __________ and Naegleria _____ have been shown to produce disease in experimental animals.

A

Naegleria australiensis and Naegleria italica have been shown to produce disease in experimental animals.

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17
Q

Balantidium coli - Characteristics

A

Ciliate– the only member of this protozoa group which is human pathogen
• Trophozoite: covered with hair-like cilia (motile), 2 nuclei– one micro- and one macronucleus
• Cyst: smaller, surrounded by wall, have 1 nucleus (macronucleus)
Reservoir: pigs (and monkeys)

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18
Q

Balantidium coli - Transmission

A

Fecal-oral

- Pig feces – contaminating vegetables, fruits or water sources

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19
Q

Balantidium coli - Pathogenesis

A

Ingestion of cyst → excyst in intestine → trophozoite invade into mucosal lining of large intestine, cecum and terminal ileum.

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20
Q

Balantidium coli - Balantidiasis

A

Balantidiasis - Amebiasis-like disease:
Most of the cases result in an asymptomatic carrier
Symptomatic disease includes:
- Abdominal pain, tenderness, tenesmus, nausea, anorexia
- Watery diarrhea with blood and pus:
 This is due to ulceration of intestinal mucosa- like amebiasis
 Extra-intestinal involvement is rare (DDx from Entamoeba amebiasis)

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21
Q

Balantidium coli - Diagnosis

A

Microscopic examination of stool specimen- trophozoites and cysts are seen
- Can be detected by wet mount (B. coli is relatively large parasite)

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22
Q

Balantidium coli - Treatment

A
  • Tetracycline- drug of choice

* Metronidazole and Iodoquinol can be also use

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23
Q

Balantidium coli - Prevention

A

Filtration and chlorination of water

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24
Q

Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) - Transmission

A

Ingestion of eggs-

hatch in small intestine → migrate to cecum → penetrate the wall → mature into adults

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25
Q

Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) - Pathogenesis and Disease

A

Whipworm cecum
Appendicitis
Rectal prolapse

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26
Q

Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) - Diagnosis

A

Egg in stool - described as “football or lemon-shaped” (bi-polar plugs)

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27
Q

Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) - Treatment

A

Albendazole

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28
Q

What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?

A

Fasciola hepatica

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29
Q

What is the treatment of fascioliasis?

A

Bithionol or triclabendazole

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30
Q

Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common ____ fluke or sheep ____ fluke.

A

Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke.

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31
Q

F. hepatica _______ protects it from the enzymes of the host’s digestive system, whilst still allowing water to pass through.

A

F. hepatica tegument protects it from the enzymes of the host’s digestive system, whilst still allowing water to pass through.

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32
Q

F. hepatica respiration is :

A

Anaerobic

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33
Q

F. hepatica is ___________ , thus all flukes can produce eggs, increasing the number of offspring produced by the population.

A

F. hepatica is hermaphrodite, thus all flukes can produce eggs, increasing the number of offspring produced by the population.

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34
Q

_________ ______ is a filarial nematode that affects dogs and other carnivores such as cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes, and sea lions, as well as muskrats.

A

Dirofilaria repens is a filarial nematode that affects dogs and other carnivores such as cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes, and sea lions, as well as muskrats.

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35
Q

Dirofilaria repens is transmitted by:

A

Mosquitoes

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36
Q

Dirofilaria repens:

Although humans may become infected as aberrant hosts, the worms ____ to reach adulthood while infecting a human body

A

Dirofilaria repens:

Although humans may become infected as aberrant hosts, the worms fail to reach adulthood while infecting a human body

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37
Q

Fasciola hepatica:

Definitive hosts of the are -

A

cattle, sheep, and buffaloes.

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38
Q

Fasciola hepatica:

Intermediate hosts of F. hepatica are

A

air-breathing freshwater snails from the family Lymnaeidae.

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39
Q

Fasciola hepatica:

released from the freshwater snail as cercariae, and form cysts on various surfaces including:

A

aquatic vegetation.

40
Q

Fasciola hepatica: Growth and Development in Human

A

In humans, the time taken for F. hepatica to mature from metacercariae into an adult fluke and produce 25,000 eggs per fluke per day - passed out via stools and into freshwater.

41
Q

Fasciola hepatica: locations of infection in Human

A

They then migrate through the intestines and liver, and into the bile ducts. Inside the bile ducts, they develop into an adult fluke.

42
Q

The lifecycle of D. repens consists of five larval stages in a ________ host and an ________ intermediate host and vector.

A

The lifecycle of D. repens consists of five larval stages in a vertebral host and an arthropod (mosquito) intermediate host and vector.

43
Q

D. repens - The first stage, mated adult female worms produce thousands of microfilariae (larvae) into the circulation daily, which are ingested by ________ in a blood meal.

A

D. repens - The first stage, mated adult female worms produce thousands of microfilariae (larvae) into the circulation daily, which are ingested by mosquitoes in a blood meal.

44
Q

D. repens - Larvae develop into infective larvae within the ________ over the next 10–16 days, depending on environmental conditions, before being reintroduced back into a new host.

A

D. repens - Larvae develop into infective larvae within the mosquito over the next 10–16 days, depending on environmental conditions, before being reintroduced back into a new host.

45
Q

D. repens - For the final two stages of development, third-stage larvae are inoculated back into a _______ host during an act of feeding.

A

D. repens -For the final two stages of development, third-stage larvae are inoculated back into a vertebral host during an act of feeding.

46
Q

The adults of D. repens reside in the subcutaneous tissues of ____ and ____ , where they mature in 6–7 months.

A

The adults of D. repens reside in the subcutaneous tissues of dogs and cats, where they mature in 6–7 months.

47
Q

D. repens-
Humans are accidental hosts because adult worms cannot reach _______ in the heart or in the skin. Most infective larvae introduced into humans are thought to die.

A

D. repens-
Humans are accidental hosts because adult worms cannot reach maturity in the heart or in the skin. Most infective larvae introduced into humans are thought to die.

48
Q

Fasciola hepatica - Diagnosis

49
Q

D. repens- Diagnosis

A

Morphologic grounds

50
Q

D. repens- Treatment

A

single dose of Ivermectin followed by three doses of Diethylcarbamazine

51
Q

Hymenolepis nana Aka Dwarf tapeworm:

Treatment

A

Niclosamide

Also Praziquantel

52
Q

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Structural Features and Family

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
Positive ssRNA, Naked, Icosahedral
Member of Hepeviridae family

53
Q

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Transmission

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
Feco- oral
Rarely by blood or transplacental

54
Q

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Acute hepatitis - Presentaion

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) - Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
No chronic progression
Similar to HAV
20% mortality in Pregnant women, causes fulminant liver failure
Fever, Fatigue, Nausea and Jaundice

55
Q

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Diagnosis

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Serological: detection of anti-HEV IgM or IgG

56
Q

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Treatment

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

No available treatment

57
Q

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Prevention

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Recombinant vaccine available only in china

58
Q

Hepatitis G Virus aka GB virus C

Genus and family

A

Hepatitis G Virus aka GB virus C
Pegivirus genus
Flavivirdae family

59
Q

Hepatitis G Virus aka GB virus C

Human disease

A

Hepatitis G Virus aka GB virus C
Mostly found in chronic hepatitis patients, probably by co-infection with HCV or HBV. Questionable if causes human disease.

60
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Family

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Retroviridae family

61
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
Types 1 and 2 special property?
How many types are there?

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
Only HTLV1 and HTLV2 are known to Immortalize target cells
There are 4 types overall

62
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Transmission

A 
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
Transmission:
Sexual contact
Blood
In uterus/perinatal (TORCHES)
Breast feeding
63
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Pathogenesis

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
It spreads in CD4+ T cells after transmission.
Neurons also express HTLV 1 receptor.
Long latency period before Leukemia Onset.

64
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Clinical Syndromes Associated

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Could cause: Asymptomatic Infection, Tropical spastic paraparesis, Adult T cell-Leukemia.

65
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) -Tropical spastic paraparesis

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Tropical spastic paraparesis: Spinal Cord Meningitis - Progressive weakness in the lower extremities.

66
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Time of Onset

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia: emerges after 30-50 years.

67
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Initial Form:

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Initial Form:
Leukocytosis and Abnormal lymphocytes

68
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Mature Form:

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Mature Form: Pleomorphic neoplastic cells with mature T-cell markers (usually monoclonal)

69
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Chronic Form:

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Chronic Form: Skin Lesions (Sezary syndrome), low levels of circulating WBCs.

70
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Labs:

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Labs:
ELISA for Anti-HTLV Antibodies
PCR
Hematologic Values for Adult T-Cells leukemia

71
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Treatment:

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Treatment:
Glucocorticoids for Tropical spastic paraparesis
Chemotherapy for T-cell leukemia
Zidovudine and IFα could be used

72
Q

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Prevention:

A

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Prevention:
Screening blood for HTLV antibodies
Education about sexual contact or needle sharing

73
Q

Echovirus

Genus and Family

A

Echovirus

Enterovirus Genus and Picornavirus Family

74
Q

Echovirus

General Features

A

Echovirus
Positive Sense ssRNA, Naked and Icosahedral
(As for all Picornaviruses)

75
Q

Echovirus

What does ECHO stands for?

A

Echovirus
Enteric cytopathic human orphan
*An orphan virus is a virus that is not associated with a disease but may possess pathogenicity.

76
Q

Echovirus

Transmission:

A

Echovirus

Transmission: Feco-Oral

77
Q

Echovirus

Pathogenesis:

A

Echovirus
Pathogenesis: Highly Infectious, Through GI Mostly, after later disseminate to possibly every cell (Broad tissue tropism) through viremia.

78
Q

Echovirus

Number 1 cause of :

A

Echovirus

Number 1 cause of ASEPTIC MENINGITIS

79
Q

Echovirus

Complication of the normal children (male) acute febrile ilness?

A

Echovirus

Liver failure and Myocarditis

80
Q

HHV-7 - Human Herpesvirus 7

Family and General structure

A

HHV-7 - Human Herpesvirus 7
Herpesviridae family
Linear dsDNA, Enveloped and Icosahedral

81
Q

HHV-7 - Human Herpesvirus 7

Causative agent of:

A

HHV-7 - Human Herpesvirus 7

Causative agent of: Exanthema Subitum similar to Roseola of HHV6.

82
Q

Astroviruses

Characteristics

A

Astroviruses
Positive ssRNA, Naked, Icosahedral
Star-like on microscope (5-6 points)

83
Q

Astroviruses

Transmission:

A

Astroviruses

Transmission: Feco-Oral

84
Q

Astroviruses

Pathogenesis:

A

Astroviruses

Pathogenesis: Destroys the Intestinal Epithelium

85
Q

Astroviruses

Disease:

A

Astroviruses

Disease: Gastroenteritis (Milder than Rota- and Norovirus)

86
Q

Astroviruses

Diagnosis:

A

Astroviruses

Diagnosis:Stool culture, ELISA, PCR

87
Q

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

Transmission:

A

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

Transmission: Ticks mostly Ixodes Ricinus to Human, Rodents and Cow-Milk

88
Q

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

After the unnoticed tick disease - Phase 1 and 2 of disease

A

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

After the unnoticed tick disease - Phase 1: Flu-Like, Phase 2: Meningoencephalitis

89
Q

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

Long term effect of the disease:

A

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

Most recover but some can have neurological deficits in the long term.

90
Q

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

Diagnosis:

A

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

Diagnosis: PCR, ELISA, Hemagglutinin inhibition, neutralization test.

91
Q

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

Prevention:

A

Tick-born Encephalitis Virus

Prevention: Hygiene, Inactivated vaccine, 3 rounds every 3-5 years

92
Q

Zika Virus

Transmission:

A

Zika Virus

Transmission: Mosquitoes

93
Q

Zika Virus

Diseases:

A

Zika Virus
Fever, Conjunctivitis, Joint Pain and Skin rash.
!Microcephaly of baby if infected in pregnancy!

94
Q

Zika Virus

Diagnosis:

A

Zika Virus

PCR ELISA

95
Q

Lassa Virus

Characteristics and Family

A

Lassa Virus
Circular, Ambisense, ssRNA, Enveloped and Helical
Of the Arenaviridae family

96
Q

Lassa Virus

Disease:

A

Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever:
50% mortality rate due to Hypovolemic Shock
30% Deafness as a complication
can cause Spontaneous Abortion

97
Q

Lassa Virus

Virus with similar ,less severe, disease in different endemic areas

A

Machupo Virus

causes a milder kind of Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever

Low Yield Semmelweis (37 decks)

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