Medical Psychology 2020+2019 Questions Flashcards
What is transference and countertransference? Give examples
Transference is the phenomenon in psychoanalysis of unconscious redirecting one’s (the patient) feelings, thoughts and emotions from one person to another person.
Example- one could mistrust somebody who resembles an ex-spouse in manners, voice, or external appearance, or be overly compliant to someone who resembles a childhood friend.
Countertransference is the phenomenon of developing unconscious feelings and attitudes towards a patient in response to their behavior.
Example- might occur when a person in treatment triggers a therapist’s issues with the therapist’s own child, because the patient is being defiant with the therapist and may transfer defiance felt towards a parent onto the therapist.
What is motivational interview?
A method to facilitate intrinsic motivation within a client in order to change behavior.
It defers from other counselling because it is goal-directed and directive, deliberately attempting to influence clients in a certain direction.
The counsellor explores the client’s ambivalence and aims to resolve it.
The counsellor helps the client become more aware of the problem and imagine a better future.
It is important that that counsellor wil keep the followings:
Non-judgmental, non-confrontational, avoiding argument and showing empathy
Name three techniques to reduce negative feelings
- Distraction
- Meditation/mindfulness
- Reframing
- Thought stop
- “Hour of worry”
Give 5 advantages of good stress
Good stress is stress that is beneficial and motivating.
- Increased attention and alertness, vitality
- Thinking faster
- Creativity
- Successful problem solving
- Evolutionary purposes, adaption, coping
Give 3 examples of psychoanalysis
- Free associations method*– consists in gathering the free associations produced by the patient during the cure. These associations points to the inner conflicts and repressed drives included in neurotic symptoms.
- The interpretation of faulty acts* (Freudian slips and mistakes) – They are common mistakes such as forgetting names, projects or book titles, lecture errors such as reading, instead of the word written in a newspaper, another word. Pronunciation errors, when instead of saying the word we want to say, we say another one. Writing errors, when we write something else than what we had intended.
- Interpretation of dreams*- the royal road to the knowledge of the unconscious.
*Fourth bonus- Interpretation of symbols
What are characteristics of panic disorders? How do you treat it?
Panic attack: episodic period of intense anxiety that occurs suddenly and lasts longer than about 30min. Chest pain, sweating, palpitations.
Defined as the presence of one, or both of:
- Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attack or their consequences, e.g. having a heart attack, losing control or going crazy.
- Significant maladaptive change in behaviour related to the attack (avoidance of panic-inducing behaviours or unfamiliar situations).
Treatment:
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
- Cognitive aspect: find alternative, realistic explanations for the symptoms.
- Behavioural aspect: overcome avoidance behaviour and doing “behavioural experiments” – to enhance insight into cognitive aspects.
- Medications - antidepressants
- Self-help - e.g. meditation, relaxation therapy.
Maslows hierarchy of needs. What school of psychology did he represent?
Maslow represented the humanistic school of psychology.
- Physiological needs – breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
- Safety needs – security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property
- Belongingness and love needs – friendship, family, sexual intimacy
- Esteem needs – self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
- Self-actualization – Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.
Name the 5 stages of grief in order (as suggested by Elisabeth Kubler Ross)
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
Explain intrinsic motivation
Motivation to fulfil inner potential and interests (to express one’s authentic self).
Engaging in behavior for its own sake rather that for some external reward.
For example- studying a subject because it’s interesting or taking part in a sport because it makes you feel good.
Name at least 3 characteristics of paranoid PD
S: Spouse fidelity suspected
U: Unforgiving (bears grudges)
S: Suspicious of others
P: Perceives attacks (and reacts quickly)
E: “Enemy or friend” (suspects associates, friends)
C: Confiding in others feared
T: Threats perceived in benign events
List at least 3 defense mechanisms
- Denial (psychotic defense) – you completely reject the thought or feeling
- Displacement – you redirect the feelings to another targert
- Sublimation (among emotionally healthy adults) – you redirect the feeling into a socially productive activity
- Reactive formation – you turn the feelings into the opposite
- Rationalization – you come up with various explanations to justify the situation (while denying your feelings)
Write about the 2x2 model of conscious states in new modern scientific neuroscience research, describe each one.
According to the new modern scientific neuroscience research, the different conscious states are characterized by differences in:
Activity of - thalamus, brainstem, pre-frontal and parietal
Blood flow distributions changes
Regional brain oxygen levels - differences in synchrony in the different conscious states
Therefore, other conscious states, rather than wakeful conscious, also exhibit some brain metabolism, function and activity, and cannot be considered as non-functioning and unconscious (i.e., coma).
Consciousness: the state or quality of awareness, or, of being aware of an external object or something within oneself.
Awareness of one self and our surroundings.
Normal wakeful conscious: The state of consciousness you experience when you are awake and aware your thoughts feelings and perception of internal events and the environment.
Minimally conscious state: disorder of conscious, in which there is a partial preservation of conscious awareness.
Vegetative state: disorder of conscious, in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal rather than true awareness.
Sleep: a state in which the nervous system is inactive, the eyes closed, the postural muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended.
During sleep- it was shown that if a person call’s a name, it will provoke activity seen as different K-complexes (by EEG).
Anesthesia: medically induced coma with loss of protective reflexes, resulting from the administration of one or more general anesthetic agents.
During anesthesia- there is decreased blood flow to the thalamus and to the midbrain.
Brain function in patients in the vegetative state (VS) is very similar to that during sleep and anesthesia, and is characterized by an impaired function of thalamus and fronto-parietal cortical areas.
The utmost importance of the study of conscious states:
- In medicine and psychology
- In understanding mind-brain relationships
- In understanding human nature
- In increasing scientific advances
What is Electra complex ?
a girl identifies with her mother in order to gain her father’s affection
Which are the major schools of psychology?
correct options were: Behaviorism, Humanistic school
in general also:
Early Schools of Thought.
Gestalt Psychology.
Psychoanalysis.
Cognitive Psychology
What is the id?
pleasure principle
what is the ego?
reality principle
what is the superego?
guilt principle
Who came up with the Hierarchy of needs ?
Maslow
Types of Stigma according to Ervin Goffmann?
Physical
Moral
Racial
National
Characteristics of EEG [High amplitude & Low frequency] in Non REM sleep & general anaesthesia
T/F
TRUE
Muscle Tone is increasing while REM sleep? TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
Which of the following has an earlier onset:
Anorhexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa
Anorhexia Nervosa
what are the 2 types of anorexia nervosa?
restricting type and binge eating/purging type
is amenorrhea a criteria for AN?
No
Characteristic for adolescence in Erikson’s theories
identity vs role confusion
parts of Johari window
4 parts:
Open
Blind
Hidden
Unknown
Parts of the Big 5 model (“OCEAN”)
Openess
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreebleness
Neuroticism
What are the cycles in bipolar disorder ?
Depression and Mania
What does STAI measure ?
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a psychological inventory based on a 4-point Likert scale and consists of 40 questions on a self-report basis. The STAI measures two types of anxiety – state anxiety, or anxiety about an event, and trait anxiety, or anxiety level as a personal characteristic.
characteristics of a person with type A perosnality ?
Impatient
Competitive
Ambitious
Many people who die by suicide have given definite warnings to family and friends of their intentions. Always take any comment about suicide seriously. (TRUE/FALSE)
TRUE
People who are suicidal are fully intent on dying.(TRUE/FALSE)
FALSE
