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Low Yield Semmelweis > Pathology dep.2 Practice Questions - Semester 1 > Flashcards

Pathology dep.2 Practice Questions - Semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Typical change in Malignant Renal hypertension :

a) Relative hypertrophy of adipose tissue around the renal pelvis
b) Parenchymal atrophy
c) Fibroelastic hyperplasia in small muscular arteries
d) Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

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2
Q

Kidney biopsy can diagnose this diseases EXCEPT :

a. )Wegener granulomatosis
b. )Amyloidosis
c. )Arteriolosclerosis
d. )Giant cell arteritis
e. )Polyarteritis nodosa

A

Giant cell arteritis occurs in branches the Carotid artery so a Kidney biopsy would NOT be useful.

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3
Q

Budd-Chiari Syndrome revolves around Thrombosis of intrahepatic branches of the Portal vein (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

Hepatic Veins of IVC

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4
Q

The breaking of the basement membrane is pre-requirement for malignancy.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE - requirement for Metastasis***

i.e. In Situ Carcinoma doesn’t break BM

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5
Q

Possible complication of kawasaki disease (2) :

a. )Coronary aneurysm , rupture and thrombosis
b. )Malignant hypertension
c. )Conjunctival and oral erythema
d. )Blindness

A

Coronary aneurysm , rupture and thrombosis
+
Conjunctival and oral erythema

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6
Q

Possible causes of Aortic dissection:

a) Coarctation
b) Air Embolism
c) Cystic Medial Degeneration
d) Aneurysm

A

c) Cystic Medial Degeneration

d) Aneurysm

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7
Q

Typical for Pigment Navi (Birthmarks) EXCEPT:

a) may be congenital
b) malignant transformation is typical
c) most navi are acquired
d) most navi fade with age
e) usually are small

A

c)most navi are acquired

Not true for Pigment Navi

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8
Q

A Phlegmone is :

a) a purulent infection with a tendency to form abscesses
b) multiple abscess formations in an organism
c) progressive purulent infection within loose connective tissue
d) purulent infection in a preformed cavity

A

progressive purulent infection within loose connective tissue

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9
Q

Which is the most characteristic hypertensive lesion in the kidney ?

a) anemic infarction
b) tubular necrosis
c) arteriolosclerosis
d) glomerulosclerosis

A

arteriolosclerosis

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10
Q

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) frequent in:

a) Smokers
b) Congenital heart failure
c) alcoholism
d) contraceptives

A

a) Smokers

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11
Q

What is NOT a complication of a myocardial infarct?

a. )Rupture of free ventricular wall
b. )Rupture of affected wall
c. )Fibrosis pericardium
d. )Papillary rupture

A

Fibrosis pericardium is NOT an MI complication

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12
Q
  1. ) what is NOT correct for the acute fibrinous inflammation ?
    a) hyperemia
    b) proliferation of connective tissue cells
    c) extravasation of RBC
    d) increased permeability of capillaries
A

Acute Fibrinous Inflammation does NOT involve extravasation of RBC
(proliferation of connective tissue cells :”fibrin-rich exudates may not be completely removed,
and are replaced by an ingrowth of fibroblasts” Robbins 9E Page 43)

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13
Q

Typical characteristics on the carcinoid syndrome may be:

a) obstructive constipation
b) watery diarrhea
c) zahnstocher leberinfarkt
d) intermittent hypertension

A

Typical characteristics on the carcinoid syndrome may be:

b) watery diarrhea
d) intermittent hypertension

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14
Q

Possible complications of microscopic polyangiitis (2) :

a. )Necrotizing glomerulonephritis
b. )Myocardial infarction
c. )Necrotizing pulmonary arteritis
d. )Macroscopic infections

A

Necrotizing Glomerulonephritis and Necrotizing Pulmonary Arteritis

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15
Q

a (pyogen) membrane of an abscess: (2 correct)

a) is found around subacute abscess
b) is found around an acute abscess
c) contains fibers , fibroblasts and macrophages
d) shows an epithelial lining

A

(pyogen) membrane of an abscess is found around subacute abscess and contains fibers , fibroblasts and macrophages

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16
Q

Subendocardial infarction can cause rupture (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

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17
Q

Which arterial disease can impair the vision ? ( 2 correct)

a. ) Takayasu arteritis
b. ) Giant cell arteritis
c. ) Mönebecks sclerosis
d. ) Burger’s diseases

A

Takayasu arteritis and Giant cell arteritis (if localized in Ophthalmic art. or related arteries)

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18
Q

Which statements are valid for the lipofuscin (2 right answers)?

a) Cytotoxic effect
b) Exogenous pigment
c) Ageing pigment
d) Yellowish-brown color

A

Ageing pigment and Yellowish-brown color

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19
Q

Which is associated with Atrophic Glossitis?

a) CMV
b) Pernicious anemia
c) EBV
d) Burkitt lymphoma

A

b) Pernicious anemia

According to pathoma

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20
Q

Which tumor secretes ACTH?

a) Small cell carcinoma
b) Large cell carcinoma
c) ovarian carcinoma
d) renal carcinoma

A

Which tumor secretes ACTH?

Small cell carcinoma (and ADH)

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21
Q

Cytological Smears can be used for immunohistochemistry (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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22
Q

Heart muscle cells and neurons are common origin of cancer. (FALSE/TRUE)

A

FALSE

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23
Q

Which cell type is NOT characteristic for Granulation tissue?

a. Endothelium
b. Macrophage
c. Mast cell.
d. Fibroblast

A

Mast cell

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24
Q

Benign Tumors in the lungs are more frequent than the malignant ones (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

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25
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria toxin does not damage the myocardium (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

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26
Q

Important factor in atherosclerosis EXCEPT :

a. )Hypertension
b. )Lipid deposition in vessel wall
c. )Endothelial destruction
d. )Hyperglycemia
e. )Amyloid deposition in vessel wall

A

Amyloid deposition in vessel wall

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27
Q

In dilative cardiomyopathy : spherical dilation and mural thrombosis of the left ventricle are typical (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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28
Q

2 characteristics for Wegener granulomatosis:

a. )multifocal,l necrotizing pulmonary artery granulomas
b. )myocardial infarction
c. )Focal necrotizing thrombogenic vasculitis of isolated glomeruli
d. )good prognosis if untreated

A

Multifucal, Necrotizing pulmonary artery granulomas and Focal Necrotizing Thrombogenic Vasculitis of Isolated Glomeruli (RPGN)

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29
Q

Which bacteria can cause a granulomatous infection?

a) Streptococci
b) Pneumococci
c) Meningococci
d) Mycobacteria

A

Mycobacteria

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30
Q

What is the Most Probable Reactivation site for TB in the Lung?

a) Apex
b) Base
c) Hilum
d) Bronchial Cartilage

A

Apex

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31
Q

Mutational loss of the RB1 gene leads to:

a) Carcinoma
b) retinoblastoma
c) neuroblastoma
d) rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Mutational loss of the RB1 gene leads to:

b) Retinoblastoma

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32
Q

An Unstable Atheromatous plaque contains more lipid than a stable one (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE
“Stable plaques tend to have a dense fibrous cap, minimal lipid accumulation, and little inflammation, whereas “vulnerable”unstable plaques have thin caps, large lipid cores, and relatively dense inflammatory infiltrates” - Robbins 9E page 344

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33
Q

Rupture is a possible complication of (2):

a) Glomangioma
b) Cavernous Hemangioma
c) Kaposi Sarcoma
d) Angiosarcoma

A

c) Kaposi Sarcoma
d) Angiosarcoma
* Final stage of KS involves Pronounced Hemorrhages according to Robbins 9E page 360

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34
Q

Which disease is mainly characteristic for calcification of media of the vessel?

a) Atheromatosis
b) Takayasu’s Disease
c) Atherosclerosis
d) Monckeberg’s Sclerosis

A

Monckeberg’s (Medial) Sclerosis

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35
Q

Ataxia Telangiectasia:

a) mutation in the dsDNA repair system leading to dilated brain vessels
b) mutation of p53 leading to dilated brain vessels
c) associated with bone marrow failure
d) associated with cerebellar dysfunction

A

Ataxia Telangiectasia: (a) mutation in the dsDNA repair system leading to dilated brain vessels and (d) associated with cerebellar dysfunction

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36
Q

Where does Buerger disease occur?

a) Pancreas
b) Heart
c) Liver
d) Lower Limbs

A

d)Lower Limbs

Vasculitis

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37
Q

Which of the following diseases are characterized by granulomatous tissue reaction?

a. Brucellosis
b. Anthrax
c. Sarcoidosis
d. Trachoma

A

Sarcoidosis

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38
Q

Difference between giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis (2 correct):

a. )Granuloma formation in giant cell arteritis
b. )Giant cell arteritis affects people over 50
c. )Progressive luminal narrowing in takayasu arteritis
d. )Pulmonary involvement in takayasu arteritis

A

Giant cell arteritis affects people over 50 and Pulmonary involvement in takayasu arteritis are 2 possible points that differs between the two.

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39
Q

Mumps shows a milder in adults than in childhood.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

“Symptoms are often more severe in adults than in children.” - Wiki

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40
Q

Which statements are NOT correct (2) ?granulation tissue is found …

a) in acute inflammation
b) in wound healing
c) in the vicinity of infarcts
d) on the bottom of a chronic peptic ulcer

A

granulation tissue is NOT found on the bottom of a chronic peptic ulcer and are NOT in acute inflammation .
(a +d)

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41
Q

Diagnostic Pathological Feature of Rheumatic Fever?

a. )Endocarditis verrucosa acuta
b. )Aschoff’s bodies
c. )Fibrinous pericarditis
d. )Nodules on skin

A

b. Aschoff’s bodies

All the rest are true for JONES but b is the diagnosis in Histology

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42
Q

Does mitral valve insufficiency cause left ventricular hypertrophy?
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

in chronic mitral regurgitation!

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43
Q

FALSE for an aneurysm :

a. )Within the lumen there is frequent thrombosis
b. )The lumen shows eccentric thinning
c. )Occurs in arteries
d. )The elastic fibers in the vessel wall are diminished

A

The lumen DOESNT shows eccentric thinning

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44
Q 
Possible manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (2 good answers):
A. Sarcoidosis
B. Maran tables endocarditis
C. basilar meningitis
D. Pott's disease
A

C. basilar meningitis

D. Pott’s disease

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45
Q

Cat scratch disease Symptoms:

a) Subacute Endocarditis
b) Hemangioma
c) Kaposi Sarcoma
d) Lymph node granuloma

A

a) Subacute Endocarditis

d) Lymph node granuloma

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46
Q

What entity can be proved by using prussian-blue staining?

a) Acute Lung Congestion
b) Acute Liver Congestion
c) Chronic Lung Congestion
d) Chronic Liver Congestion

A

Chronic Lung Congestion

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47
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon occurs in :

a. )Liver
b. )Brain
c. )Carpal tunnel
d. )Vessels of upper extremities

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon = Vessels of upper extremities

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48
Q

Which microscopic lesion is characteristic for chronic myocardial ischemia ?

a. )Inter`stitial fibrosis
b. )Granulocytic infiltration
c. )Granuloma
d. )Apoptosis

A

Interstitial fibrosis

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49
Q

An Empyema is:

a) multiple abscess formation in an organism
b) purulent infection with extensive necrosis
c) a purulent infection with encapsulation
d) a purulent infection in a preformed cavity

A

An Empyema is: a purulent infection in a preformed cavity

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50
Q

Condyloma acuminata caused by?

a) HPV 16 and 18
b) HPV 6 and 11
c) All HPV
d) Only EBV causes

A

b) HPV 6 and 11

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51
Q

Thrombocytopenia is seen in most Leukemias (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

Robbins 9E Page 453: Table 11–13 Causes of Thrombocytopenia - Leukemia is mentioned as major cause as well as in wiki

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52
Q

When is a characteristic wall rupture after acute Myocardial infarction?
A. Now
B. After several weeks
C. After a few days

A

C. After a few days

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53
Q

T cell Lymphoma can be located in:

a) Salivary Glands
b) Rectum
c) Prostate
d) Lower Limb Vessels

A

a)Salivary Glands

Peripheral T cell Lymphoma

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54
Q

The constitutive activity of the integrin receptor has oncogenic effect in tumors:

a) it activates FAK kinases
b) it leads to mutated alpha chain
c) it blocks PTEN
d) It leads to a mutated Beta chain

A

The constitutive activity of the integrin receptor has oncogenic effect in tumors:
a) it activates FAK kinases (PTK2)

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55
Q

How much time does it need for VISIBLE macroscopic changes in the myocardium after a MI?

a. ) 12-18h
b. ) 1day
c. ) 6 days
d. ) 6 weeks

A

12-18h - Dark Discoloration appears

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56
Q

Typical for bronchopneumonia (2 good answers):
A. Direct attacks on a lung
B. Fragile parenchyma
C. lung biopsy is necessary for the diagnosis
D. Purulent liquid

A

B. Fragile parenchyma
D. Purulent liquid
(Bad translation from German… here just in case)

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57
Q

Possible location of Aneurysm EXCEPT :

a. Thoracic Aorta
b. Sagittal Sinus
c. Anterior Cerebral Artery
d. Left Ventricle

A

Sagittal Sinus

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58
Q

What type of Necrosis occurs in Pancreatitis?

a. Fat Necrosis
b. Coagulative Necrosis
c. Liquefactive Necrosis
d. Fibrinoid Necrosis

A

a.Fat Necrosis (of peripancreatic fat)

Official Answer from the department if 2 options choose Liquefactive as well

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59
Q 
Which cells are the components of granulation tissue (2 good Answers)?
A. osteoblast
B. endothelial
C. epithelium
D. fibroblast
A

B. endothelial

D. fibroblast

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60
Q 
Common site of metastases from lung carcinoma (2 good Answers):
A. adrenal
B. brain
C. kidney
D. spleen
A

A. adrenal
B. brain
“Primary lung cancers also most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.” - wiki

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61
Q

In case of irreversible cell injury, the intracellular pH is…

a. Increased.
b. Decreased.
c. Not changed.

A

Decreased

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62
Q

Pathological Changes seen in the Kidney in Benign Hypertension, EXCEPT:

a) Hyalinization of vessel walls
b) Fibrinoid necrosis
c) Fibroblastic Hyperplasia in small M. Arteries
d) Atrophy of Parenchyma

A

Fibrinoid necrosis (MALIGNANT HTN!)

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63
Q

what can cause the blood to go in the pericardial space?

a) rupture septal ventricular wall
b) rupture thoracic aorta
c) rupture of myocardium
d) rupture of coronary

A

d) rupture of coronary

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64
Q 
Complication of antibiotic treatment:
A. achalasia
B. Diffuse scleroderma
C. Corrosive esophagitis
D. esophageal stricture
E. esophageal candidiasis
A

esophageal candidiasis

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65
Q

With an enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node where is the most likely location of the primary tumor?

a) small intestine
b) large intestine
c) prostate
d) stomach

A

enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node = Virchow’s

d) Stomach

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66
Q

Complication of arteriolosclerosis EXCEPT:

a. )Thrombosis
b. )Mediannecrosis
c. )Ischemic organ damage
d. )Aneurysm
e. )Embolization

A

Embolization is not a complication of ArteriOLOsclerosis

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67
Q

A frozen section is taken during surgery for ?

a) PCR
b) IF
c) Quick examination of characteristics/state of the tissue
d) slide agglutination

A

c)Quick examination of characteristics/state of the tissue

Microscopy of Tumor

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68
Q

What is NOT a common location of squamous cell carcinoma?

a) Lung
b) Ovary
c) Skin
d) Thyroid

A

b)Ovary is NOT a common location for Squamous cell carcinoma.

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69
Q

In case of Atrophia Brunea, what gives the color affected organ?

a) Hemosiderin
b) Melanin
c) Lipofuscin
d) Bilirubin

A

Lipofuscin

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70
Q 
Hazardous properties of the benign tumor (2 good answers):
A. Hormone producing
B. Local invasion
C. localization
D. metastasis
A

A. Hormone producing

C. localization

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71
Q

Typical basal cell carcinoma:

a) gives frequent metastasis
b) occurs in multicentral fashion
c) frequently occurs on the external genitals
d) grows as a pale superficial nodules

A

Typical basal cell carcinoma:
b) occurs in multicentral fashion
d)grows as a pale superficial nodules
(rarely metastasize and located usually on head and neck)

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72
Q

Mammary gland carcinoma is the most frequent and also the most lethal cancer in women.
(FALSE/TRUE)

A

FALSE

Mammary gland carcinoma is the most frequent and also the most lethal cancer in women.

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73
Q

Which Infectious agents induce granulomatous Inflammation (2)?

a) Treponema Pallidum
b) Pneumocystis Carinii
c) Salmonella Typhi
d) Mycobacterium Leprae

A

Mycobacterium Leprae (Lepra) and Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis)

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74
Q

Which body part shows cystic change in association with adult polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) ?

a) Brain
b) prostate
c) Liver
d) Spleen

A

c)Liver
“The abnormal gene exists in all cells in the body; as a result, cysts may occur in the liver, seminal vesicles, and pancreas. “ - Wiki

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75
Q

Possible tissue alterations in Shock, EXCEPT:

a) Capillary Microthrombi
b) Mucosal erosions
c) Pulmonary Squamous cell Metaplasia
d) Centrilobular necrosis in Liver

A

Pulmonary Squamous cell Metaplasia is NOT an alteration because of Shock

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76
Q

In general the peptic ulcers localized in the vicinity of the pylorus. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

“Peptic ulcers are four times more common in the proximal duodenum than in the stomach.” - Robbins 9E Page 568

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77
Q

squamous metaplasia is common phenomenon in bronchi thus squamous carcinoma occurs in lungs.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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78
Q

Infectious endocarditis ( 2 correct) :

a. )Always affects previously damaged heart valves
b. )The acute form affects previously damaged heart valves
c. )The subacute form affects previously damaged heart valves
d. )The subacute form is associated with FUO ( fever of unknown origin )

A

Infectious endocarditis: The subacute form affects previously damaged heart valves AND associated with FUO ( fever of unknown origin )

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79
Q

What histological change explains aortic aneurysm in Syphilis ?

a. )Calcification
b. )Cystic medial necrosis
c. )Direct lysis of tunic media by endotoxin
d. )Endarteritis of Vasa Vasorum
e. )Fatty streak

A

Endarteritis of Vasa Vasorum

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80
Q

Fatty degeneration of the myocardium :

a. )Lipomatosis of the heart
b. )The late stadium of a myocardial infarction
c. )Amyloidosis of the myocardium
d. )Scaring due to rheumatic myocarditis
e. )A fine linear hypoxic small drop-like steatosis

A

A fine linear hypoxic small drop-like steatosis

Many lines together form the so called “Tiger Heart” pattern

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81
Q 
Which are predictive markers in tumor cells? 
a)EGFR
b)KI-67
C)P53
D)ER
A

a)EGFR
d)ER
(Predictive = to targeted therapies, Diagnostic methods slides)

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82
Q

The heart lesion associated with SLE :

a. ) Marantic endocarditis
b. ) Liebman Sacks Endocarditis
c. ) Rheumatic Endocarditis
d. ) Myocarditis

A

Liebman Sacks Endocarditis

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83
Q

Possible cause of Hemopericardium

a. )Pericardial rupture
b. )Hemorrhagic infarction in neighbouring area
c. )Influenza
d. )Cardiac vein thrombosis
e. )Rupture of MI

A

Rupture of MI could cause a Hemopericardium

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84
Q

The nomenclature: “Benign” and “Malignant” refers more to the morphological than the biological characteristics of a tumor.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE
The nomenclature: “Benign” and “Malignant” refers more to the morphological than the biological characteristics of a tumor.

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85
Q

Possible form of acute Myocardial Infarction( 2 correct) :

a. )Isolated right ventricular
b. )Transmural
c. )Pericardial
d. )Subendocardial

A

Transmural(STEMI) and Subendocardial(NSTEMI)

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86
Q 
NOT autoimmune disease:
A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
B. Ataxia telangiectasia
C. gluten enteropathy
D. Sjögren's syndrome
E. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
A

Ataxia telangiectasia

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87
Q

What types of tissue can undergo hypertrophy (2 right answers)?

a) Cardiac Muscle
b) Adipose Tissue
c) Thyroid Gland
4) Colonic Epithelium

A

Cardiac Muscle and Adipose Tissue

Really weird but it seems to be what the department wants us to answer

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88
Q

Brain metastasis most commonly originate from sarcomas:

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE - Carcinoma*

Brain metastasis most commonly originate from sarcomas.

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89
Q

In case of brown atrophy, what gives the affected organ its color?

a) Bilirubin
b) Hematoidin
c) Lipofuscin
d) Hemosiderin

A

c)Lipofuscin

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90
Q

where can an empyema NOT occur ?

a) Pleural cavity
b) Peritoneal cavity
c) Brain Ventricles
d) Myocardium

A

empyema can Not occur Myocardium

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91
Q

Secondary healing process is characterized by all of these EXCEPT :

a) Minimal scar formation
b) Irregular wound edges
c) Prolonged healing
d) Superinfection

A

Secondary healing process is characterized by all of these EXCEPT : Minimal scar formation

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92
Q

squamous metaplasia is common phenomenon in bronchi thus squamous carcinoma occurs in lungs. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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93
Q

Possible complication of myocardial infarction associated with myocardial rupture (2 CORRECT):

a. )aortic stenosis
b. )fibrinous pericarditis
c. )left to right shunt
d. )mitral insufficiency

A

Left to right shunt and Mitral insufficiency

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94
Q

In Hypercholesterolemia a heart attack below age 40 comes only rarely (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

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95
Q

Does mononucleosis infection cause splenomegaly?

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

Mild - less than 500g

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96
Q

Which segment of the gastrointestinal tract is most commonly affected by atherosclerotic complication?

a) Duodenum
b) Esophagus
c) Cecum
d) Sigma

A

c)Cecum

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97
Q

Pulmonary embolism can occur after bone fracture (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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98
Q

Cardiac changes in SLE, EXCEPT: (1)

a) Myocarditis
b) Atrial septal defect
c) Coronary occlusion
d) Valve Abnormalities

A

b) Atrial septal defect

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99
Q

NOT a Cause of Microscopic Polyangiitis :

a. )Penicillin and Sulfonamide induced necrotizing arteritis
b. )Food hypersensitivity
c. )P-ANCA antibodies against offending agent
d. )Secondary to Henoch Schönlein Purpura

A

Food hypersensitivity

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100
Q

Growth Receptors on Tumors (2):

a) EDGF
b) MHC
c) WNT
d) P53

A

a) EDGF

c) WNT (Frizzled-Receptor for WNT)

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101
Q

Characteristic for Carcinoid endocarditis:(2)

a) associated with tumors of the :GI, Pancreas and Lungs
b) involves secretion of NE and PTH
c) involves secretion of Serotonin, Histamine, Bradykinin and Prostaglandins.
d) affects the left heart and Mitral valve

A

a)associated with tumors of the :GI, Pancreas and Lungs (RIKTIG)
c)involves secretion of Serotonin, Histamine, Bradykinin and Prostaglandins.(RIKTIG)*
(Robbins 9E page 395)

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102
Q

Typical for Melanoma EXCEPT:

a) Initially it spreads horizontally in the epidermis
b) Initially it spreads vertically in the epidermis
c) shows macroscopic irregular border
d) frequently gives metastasis

A

b)Initially it spreads vertically in the epidermis

Not true for melanoma

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103
Q 
Complications of mitral stenosis (2 good answers):
A. left ventricular hypertrophy
B. atrial fibrillation
C. Pulmonary Hypertension
D. aortic aneurysm
A

B. atrial fibrillation

C. Pulmonary Hypertension

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104
Q

Typical for down syndrome EXCEPT:

a) most common cause is nondisjunction of mitotic chromosome.
b) incidence rate increases with age of mother
c) goes hand in hand with mental retardation
d) the extra chromosome always comes from the mother

A

d)the extra chromosome DOES NOT always comes from the mother
“The extra chromosome is believed to occur by chance, with no known behavioral activity or environmental factor that changes the probability.” - Wiki

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105
Q

What is the definite sign of malignancy?

a) Many Mitosis
b) large nuclei
c) metastasis
d) cell atypia
e) cell polymorphism

A

What is the definite sign of malignancy?

C) Metastasis

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106
Q

Obvious sign of malignancy:

a) Polymorphism
b) atypical mitosis
c) increased numbers of mitotic figures
d) necrosis
e) Lymph node metastasis

A

Obvious sign of malignancy:

Lymph node metastasis

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107
Q

Which of these are malignant epithelial cancer? (2)

a) Epithelioid papillary granuloma
b) Adenocarcinoma
c) Papillary carcinoma
d) Condyloma Acuminata

A

b) Adenocarcinoma

c) Papillary carcinoma

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108
Q

Infection of the tuberculotic caverna?

a) Aspergilloma
b) Carcinoma
c) Hamartoma
d) Condyloma

A

a) Aspergilloma

“Aspergilloma mainly affects people with underlying cavitary lung disease such as tuberculosis” - Wiki

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109
Q

Which vasculitis is associated with autoantibodies against endothelial and smooth muscle cells ?

a. )Wegener granulomatosis
b. )Microscopic polyarteritis
c. )Kawasaki disease
d. )Churg-strauss

A

Kawasaki disease

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110
Q

Possible cause of Left Ventricular Failure : (2 correct )

a. )Pulmonary fibrosis
b. )Pulmonary embolism
c. )Hypertension
d. )Aortic insufficiency

A

Hypertension and Aortic insufficiency

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111
Q 
Cancer grading (degree of differentiation) is the evaluation of the individual tumor on the base of size, nodal involvement and metastasis.
(TRUE/FALSE)
A

FALSE
Cancer grading (degree of differentiation) is the evaluation of the individual tumor on the base of size, nodal involvement and metastasis.
THIS IS STAGING !

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112
Q 
Which vascular tumor is a tumor-associated AIDS?
A. Cavernous hemangioma
B. Capillary Hemangioma
C. Kaposi's sarcoma
D. Glomus
E. angiosarcoma
A

C. Kaposi’s sarcoma

Not the only one as previous question mentions

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113
Q 
The most typical cause of arterial thrombosis:
A. polyarteritis nodosa
B. congestion
C. vasoconstriction
D. endothelial damage
A

endothelial damage

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114
Q

Down syndrome causes leukemia in Newborns

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

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115
Q

Cause of Cor Pulmonale ( 2 correct):

a. )Hypercholesterolemia
b. )Severe Kyphoscoliosis
c. )Cirrhosis
d. )Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases and Severe Kyphoscoliosis (causing pressure on RV that leads to Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Hypertension in the Pulmonary Circulation)

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116
Q

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis ( 2 correct):

a. )also called Liebman Sacks endocarditis
b. )also called Endocarditis Marantica
c. )associated with autoimmune process
d. )associated with pre-terminal state and bad general condition

A

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis is also called Endocarditis Marantica and associated with pre-terminal state and bad general condition.

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117
Q

In dilated cardiomyopathy a common variation is the spherical dilation of heart wall / mural thrombosis of the left Ventricle. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

Robbins 9E Page 398, Diagram

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118
Q

Atrophy is a process that happens when there is a loss of function of an organ (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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119
Q

Which of the following would cause atrophy?

a) Lack of TSH Stimulation
b) Chronic Inflammation
c) Mutation in Tumor Suppressor genes
d) AML

A

a) Lack of TSH Stimulation

on thyroid

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120
Q

Most common place of adenocarcinoma:

a) Larynx
b) vagina
c) esophagus
d) colon

A

Most common place of adenocarcinoma: d) colon

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121
Q

Lung Carcinoma can be derived from Alveolar and Bronchial Epithelium (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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122
Q

Characteristics of Post Mortem Clots are, EXCEPT:

a. Smooth surface
b. Moist
c. Not attached to cell wall.
d. Laminated
e. Forms include yellow thrombus.

A

Post mortem clots are NOT Laminated

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123
Q

The keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is a benign tumor.

FALSE/TRUE

A

FALSE - Malignant

The keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is a benign tumor.

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124
Q

Crohn’s disease can not occur in the rectum. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

Least common but it happens - Pathoma IBD

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125
Q

How can fat embolism occur? (2)

a) Hyperlipidemia
b) Femur fracture
c) Liposuction surgery
d) Lipoma

A

b) Femur fracture

c) Liposuction surgery

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126
Q

How to test for amyloidosis?

a) Biopsy of bone
b) Biopsy of mucosa
c) Sputum sample
d) Imaging is enough

A

b) Biopsy of mucosa

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127
Q 
What is the most common Appendix tumor?
A. adenocarcinoma
B. Neuroendocrine tumor
C. Schwannoma
D. Malignisches melanoma
A

B. Neuroendocrine tumor

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128
Q

A definite sign of malignancy?

a) Vascular invasion of tumor
b) Prominent nucleus
c) Polymorphism
d) Mitotic figures

A

a) Vascular invasion of tumor

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129
Q

Which of the following is not diagnosed via KI67 (cell Proliferation marker ) Immunohistochemistry:

a) Breast Cancer
b) Neuroendocrine Tumors
c) Prostate Cancer
d) Lung Cancer

A

d)Lung Cancer

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130
Q

Which chromosome shows trisomy in patau syndrome?

a) 21
b) 6
c) 11
d) 13
e) 18

A

d)13
Chromosome 21 = Down syndrome
Chromosome 13= Patau syndrome
Chromosome 18= Edwards syndrome

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131
Q

Which condition can cause severe pulmonary bleeding:

a) Bronchopneumonia
b) Tuberculotic Granuloma
c) Sarcoidosis
d) Infarction

A

Tuberculotic Granuloma

Caverna

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132
Q

Typical location of Phlegmon formation:

a) Soft tissue of extremities
b) Brain
c) Lung
d) Spleen

A

Soft tissue of extremities

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133
Q

Correct for metaplasia:

a) dedifferentiation of cells
b) the direction of differentiation is changed during the regeneration
c) degenerative change
d) is an obligate precancerous state

A

Correct for metaplasia:

b)the direction of differentiation is changed during the regeneration

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134
Q

Typical location for empyema formation:

a) Spleen
b) Brain
c) Gallbladder
d) Testicle

A

c)Gallbladder

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135
Q

Burgers diseases segmental vasculitis of medium sized and small arteries is significant (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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136
Q

Typical for henoch sherline purpura(HSP):

a) occurs around the 5th year of life
b) deposition of IgM-type immune complexes
c) deposition of IgD-type-immune complexes
d) occurs after an upper airways diseases

A

HSP occurs around the 5th year of life (its IgA and complement deposition)

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137
Q

Some types of hyperplasia are precancerous.(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

Some types of hyperplasia are precancerous.

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138
Q

In which organ leiomyoma does not develop ?

a) Stomach
b) Colon
c) Heart
d) Uterus

A

Heart - No SMCs

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139
Q

Most important cause of Ulcer Cruris :

a. )circulatory disorder of the veins of the lower extremities
b. )crohn diseases
c. )atherosclerosis of lower extremities
d. )Raynaud syndrome

A

circulatory disorder of the veins of the lower extremities

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140
Q

Common in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

a. )Aortic Stenosis
b. )Pulmonary Hypertension
c. )Systemic Hypertension
d. )Tetralogy of Fallot

A

a. )Aortic Stenosis

c. )Systemic Hypertension

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141
Q

What is the most common origin of Pulmonary Embolism?

a) Deep Veins of the Lower Limbs
b) Left Atria
c) Pelvic Veins
d) Superficial veins of the Lower Limbs

A

Deep Veins of the Lower Limbs - Place for Thrombus to Develop

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142
Q

In the area of the myocardial infarction a scar develops :

a. )in 7-14 days
b. )in 4 weeks
c. )in 2-3 days
d. )in 5-7 days
e. )in 2-3 weeks

A

in 2-3 weeks

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143
Q

what is hyperplasia ?

a) increasing tissue mass due to increased number of cells
b) increased tissue mass due to increased number of cell organelles
c) Increased tissue mass due to increased size of the nucleus
d) Increasing tissue mass due to increased cell size

A

Increasing tissue mass due to increased number of cells

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144
Q

Which of these cancers are intermediate malignant? (2)

a) rhabdomyosarcoma
b) basal cell carcinoma
c) cystic ovarian cancer
d) small cell carcinoma

A

b) basal cell carcinoma

c) cystic ovarian cancer

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145
Q

Leads to polyarteritis nodosa:

a. )Contraceptives
b. )Heavy smoking
c. )Greasy food
d. )Strong alcoholism
e. )Congenital Heart diseases

A

b.)Heavy smoking (NO GOOD ANSWER HERE)
(Hepatitis B infection leading to immune complex formation in vessels - There’s an article mentioning a)Contraceptives as an option)

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146
Q

Can be detected in Rheumatic endocarditis:

a. Large, polypoid thrombi along the lines of closure of cusps.
b. Perforation of valves.
c. Verrucosus thrombi of thrombocytes along the lines of closure cusps.
d. Ulcerated valves.

A

Verrucosus thrombi of thrombocytes along the lines of closure cusps.

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147
Q

These cause granuloma formation EXCEPT (choose 1) :

a) Herpes
b) TB
c) Syphilis
d) Oxatosis
e) Aspergillosis

A

a)Herpes

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148
Q

Characteristic of the squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (2 good answers):
A. In general this cancer is associated with HPV infection
B. In general this is from the central bronchial carcinoma
C. This lung cancer has the worst prognosis
D. Occurs at the bottom of the squamous metaplasia

A

B. In general this is from the central bronchial carcinoma

D. Occurs at the bottom of the squamous metaplasia

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149
Q

Most prominent sign in sickle cell anemia is Splenomegaly (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

there are other more prominent like Anemia or Thrombus formation

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150
Q

When rigor mortis is missing, the death took place over 72 hours (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE
“commences after around 3 hours, reaching maximum stiffness after 12 hours, and gradually dissipates until approximately 72 hours after death”
https://australianmuseum.net.au › history › exhibitions › death-the-last-taboo

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151
Q

A man with frequent urinary infections comes in with decrease blood pressure, tachycardia, etc. What does he have?

a) Endocarditis
b) Pancreatitis
c) Emphysema
d) Septic shock

A

d)Septic shock

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152
Q

Which is associated with a cold Abscess?

a) Tuberculosis
b) Syphilis
c) Streptococcal infection
d) Shigellosis

A

a)Tuberculosis

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153
Q

Possible consequence of Mitral Stenosis ( 2 correct):

a. )Left ventricular hypertrophy
b. )Atrial fibrillation
c. )Pulmonary hypertension
d. )Aortic aneurysm

A

Atrial fibrillation (Due to Dilated LA) and Pulmonary hypertension (Congestion)

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154
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa (2 correct) :

a. )commonly in women
b. )pulmonary involvement
c. )pronounced renal involvement
d. )affect the whole arterial tree
e. )Is a segmental transmural necrotizing inflammation

A

Is a segmental transmural necrotizing inflammation (Pearls on string) and has Pronounced renal involvement (Hypertension)

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155
Q

What staining do you have to freeze beforehand?

a) Percussion Blue
b) Hematoxylin Eosin
c) Sudan Red
d) Congo Red

A

c)Sudan Red

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156
Q

Splenomegaly, EXCEPT in:

a) Hodgkin Lymphoma
b) Gaucher Disease
c) Malaria
d) Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

d)Iron Deficiency Anemia

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157
Q

Which of the following is a form of Acute inflammation:

a) Fibrinoid
b) Fibrous
c) Fibrinous
d) Fibrosis

A

c)Fibrinous

Acute Fibrinous Inflammation

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158
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum :

a) Is a basal cell carcinoma of the epithelium
b) is associated with cafe au lait pigmentation of the skin
c) is the inability to repair UV light induced DNA damage
d) shows autosomal dominant inheritance

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum :
c) is the inability to repair UV light induced DNA damage
(basal cell carcinoma of the epithelium - only a Risk Factor!, If 2 answers are required choose it as well)

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159
Q

Are the capillaries in passive hyperemia dilated ?

A

NO

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160
Q

Heterozygous loss of tumor suppressor genes causes tumor formation.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

Heterozygous loss of tumor suppressor genes causes tumor formation.
FALSE - Homozygous!

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161
Q

In Wegener granulomatosis :

a. )large elastic arteries are affected
b. )small sized arteries are affected
c. )autoantibodies against endothelial cells are present
d. )C-ANCA antibodies are present

A

C-ANCA antibodies are present and small to medium sized arteries are affected

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162
Q 
It is caused by Chlamydia infection EXCEPT:
A. trachoma
B. psittacosis
C. lymphogranuloma venereum
D. Q fever
A

Q fever

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163
Q

From which cell type do Langerhans giant cells arise ?

a) Epithelioid cells
b) Pericytes
c) Fibroblasts
d) Endothelial cells

A

Epithelioid cells

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164
Q

The main feature of the catarrhal inflammation:
A. Deep ulcers
B. phlegmon
C. granulomatous reaction
D. Copious secretion from the superficial mucosa

A

Copious secretion from the superficial mucosa

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165
Q

What is the typical location of Lung Infarction?

a) Perivascular
b) Subpleural
c) Hilar
d) Peribronchial

A

Subpleural

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166
Q

All polymorphic cells in tumors nodule have same genes.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

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167
Q

Embolism of the peripheral lung arteries causes Pulmonary Infarction because they are terminal arteries
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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168
Q

Genetic testing is important in the differential diagnosis of Ewing Sarcoma (TRUE/ FALSE)

A

TRUE
“…differ from Ewing’s sarcoma in their genetics, transcriptomes, epigentic and epidemiological profiles, indicating that they might represent a distinct tumor entity.” - Wiki

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169
Q

Which type of Necrosis happens due to Obstruction of the Renal Artery?

a) Gangrenous
b) Liquefactive
c) Caseous
d) Coagulative

A

Coagulative

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170
Q

In Liebamnn Sachs endocarditis bacteria are demonstrated in the vegetations (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

Non-Infectious, SLE related

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171
Q

Possible Consequence of thrombosis of the periprostatic vein plexus (2):

a) Hemorrhagic Infarction of the Prostate
b) Pulmonary Embolism
c) Edema in the Lower extremities
d) Anemic Infarction of the Prostate

A

a) Hemorrhagic Infarction of the Prostate
b) Pulmonary Embolism
https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023099

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172
Q

The aorta of young women is affected by :

a. ) polyarteritis nodosa
b. ) Takayasu arteritis
c. ) Crohn citizens
d. ) Raynaud’s syndrome
e. ) Syphilitic endarteritis obliterans

A

Takayasu arteritis

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173
Q

Characteristic for Microscopic Polyangiitis ( 2):

a. )Affects large muscular arteries
b. )Affects segments of small arteries, capillaries and venules
c. )All arterial lesions are of the same age
d. )Coronary artery thrombosis

A

Affects segments of small arteries, capillaries and venules and all arterial lesions are of the same age

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174
Q

Correct for malignancies of blood vessels:

a) Hemangioma is a benign neoplasm arising from endothelial cells
b) Hemangioma is a malignant neoplasm arising from endothelial cells
c) Angiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from SMC
d) Angiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from endothelial cells

A

a)Hemangioma is a benign neoplasm arising from endothelial cells and (d) Angiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from endothelial cells

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175
Q

Which of the following rhabdomyosarcomas is as a result of a chromosomal abnormality?

a) Embryonal
b) Botryoid
c) Alveolar
d) Anaplastic

A

a) Embryonal
c) Alveolar (Robbins mentions only this one)
“Embryonal RMS usually presents with a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the short arm of chromosome 11 (p11,15.5).” - Wiki
“Up to 90% of alveolar RMS cases present with a translocations of t(2;13)(q35,q14) or, less commonly, t(1;13)(p36,q15).” - Wiki

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176
Q 
Possible causes of left heart failure (2 good answers):
A. pulmonary fibrosis
B. Pulmonary Embolism
C. hypertension
D. aortic insufficiency
A

C. hypertension

D. aortic insufficiency

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177
Q

Enterotoxigenic E.coli causing diarrhea by drawing water from mucosa and increasing peristalsis (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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178
Q

Choose the FALSE statement for Amyloidosis :

a) In Amyloidosis of Liver, Amyloid is deposited in the Glisson’s Capsule.
b) Amyloid can be detected by Congo-red staining.
c) Amyloid can be detected in several types Neuroendocrine tumors.
d) Amyloid deposition in the GI tract can cause malabsorption.

A

In Amyloidosis of Liver, Amyloid is NOT deposited in the Glisson’s Capsule.
BUT in the Space of Disse .

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179
Q

Cause of Wet Gangrene:

a) Arterial occlusion with Reperfusion Injury
b) Venous occlusion with Superinfection
c) Venous occlusion with Atrial Occlusion
d) Arterial occlusion with Superinfection

A

d)Arterial occlusion with Superinfection

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180
Q

Neoplasia related genes (2):

a) INS
b) MYC
c) BRCA
d) GCG

A

b) MYC

c) BRCA

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181
Q

Common location of fibrinous Inflammation (2 right answers):

a) Kidney
b) Colon
c) Liver
d) Pericardium

A

Colon (Pseudomembranous Colitis) and Pericardium (Fibrinous Pericarditis - Butter Bread Heart)

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182
Q

Paradoxical embolism is allowed by ( 2 correct):

a. )PDA ( patent ductus arteriosus)
b. )ASD ( atrio septal defect)
c. )Increased pressure in right atrium
d. )arterial thrombus

A

ASD ( atrio septal defect) or Increased pressure in right atrium - (Both leading to Foramen Ovale function)

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183
Q

In shock blood supply of the Heart is better than blood supply of the Kidney. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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184
Q

Replacement of necrotic cells by living cells is a :

a) Regeneration
b) Neoplasia
c) Dysplasia
d) Metaplasia

A

Regeneration

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185
Q

The most common congenital cardiac malformation is the pulmonary stenosis. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

VSD’s

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186
Q

Wegener triade in wegener’s granulomatosis :

a. )Granulomas, vasculitis , pulmonary involvement
b. )Granulomas , respiratory tract involvement , glomerulonephritis
c. )Granulomas, vasculitis of small and medium sized capillaries , glomerulonephritis
d. )Granulomas, vasculitis, myocardial infarction

A

Granulomas, vasculitis of small and medium sized capillaries , glomerulonephritis

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187
Q

Which is NOT a paraneoplastic syndrome?

a) Acromegaly
b) Cushing syndrome
c) Rheumatic endocarditis
d) Marantic endocarditis

A

c) Rheumatic endocarditis is NOT paraneoplastic syndrome!
(Acromegaly - First Aid 2019 Page 343)
(Marantic endocarditis - First Aid 2019 Page 229)

188
Q

All of the following are features of Acute Inflammation, EXCEPT:

a) Vasodilation
b) Fibrosis
c) Exudate
d) Edema

A

Fibrosis is a feature of Chronic Inflammation and NOT acute Inflammation
Robbins 9E Page 502

189
Q

Occlusion of the left circumflex can cause septal infarction. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

190
Q

The main histological types of lung cancer are: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell
carcinoma. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

191
Q

TP53 mutation stops cellular proliferations (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

192
Q

Risk for infectious endocarditis increases due to :

a. )SLE
b. ) Left ventricular hypertrophy
c. )Emphysema
d. )Congenital valve diseases

A

Congenital valve diseases

S. Viridans Pathogenesis

193
Q

Where does the fat accommodate in case of “fatty degeneration”?

a) Hepatocyte Cytoplasm
b) Mucosal Nuclei
c) Spleen Interstitium
d) Lymphovascular Spaces

A

Hepatocyte Cytoplasm

194
Q

In which diseases is the heart abnormally enlarged but the number of myocytes is unchanged ?

a. )Atrophy
b. )Hypertrophy
c. )Dysplasia
d. )Anaplasia

A

Hypertrophy

195
Q

Correct for metaplasia:

a) the altered phenotype results from modified protein expression while the genome remains constant
b) mutation is responsible for the change in phenotype
c) the pattern of protein expression is constant, only the structure of the proteins is changed
d) Altered cell shape does not result in function alteration

A

Correct for metaplasia:
b)mutation is responsible for the change in phenotype
(Robins claims: “arise by reprogramming of stem cells to differentiate along a new pathway” which is Not mutation but that’s the best possibility on this one)

196
Q

which statement is NOT correct : liquefactive necrosis ….

a) is the necrosis typical for the spleen
b) is characterized liquefying of the tissue
c) occurs in bone marrow softening
d) is the necrosis typical for the brain

A

liquefactive necrosis is NOT the necrosis typical for the spleen

197
Q

Which vasculitis type is NOT associated with ANCA antibodies ? ( 2 correct )

a. )Wegener granulomatosis
b. )Microscopic polyarteritis
c. )Polyarteritis nodosa
d. )Churg-strauss
e. )Giant cell arteritis

A

Polyarteritis nodosa and Giant cell arteritis
Wegener’s granulomatosis = C-ANCA
Churg-strauss and Microscopic polyarteritis = P-ANCA

198
Q

Von hippel lindau is associated with?

a) hemangiomas of CNS or retina
b) renal carcinoma
c) pancreatic cyst
d) )pheochromocytoma

A

All of them:

a) hemangiomas of CNS or retina
b) renal carcinoma
c) pancreatic cyst
d) )pheochromocytoma

199
Q

Typical for downs syndrome mutation:

a) Congenital heart disease often occurs
b) early death is due to nervous system malfunction
c) involves trisomy of chromosome 18
d) immunologic symptomes are rare

A

a)Congenital heart disease often occurs

200
Q

Pathological states indicating chronic congestion (2 correct):

a) Hydrothorax
b) Induratio griseum pulmonum
c) Cholesterosis vesicae felleae
d) Nutmeg liver

A

Nutmeg liver and Hydrothorax ( also in infections, malignancies)
(Induratio griseum pulmonum should be Induratio brunea pulmonum)

201
Q

Characteristics of Polyarteritis Nodosa : ( NOT correct)

a) Renal artery Vasculitis
b) Prevalence in young adults
c) Prevalence in smokers
d) Fibrinoid Necrosis

A

Prevalence in smokers is NOT a Characteristic of Polyarteritis Nodosa (Immune related)

202
Q

In cervicofacial actinomycosis there is a boardlike infiltration (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

203
Q

2 facts that are true for Myocarditis:

a. )Is a primary diseases of the subendocardial cardiomyocytes
b. )Is a primary disease of the cardiac interstitium
c. )Leads to ventricular hypertrophy
d. )Involves secondary myocytolysis and microinfarction

A

Myocarditis is a primary disease of the cardiac interstitium, Involves secondary myocytolysis and microinfarction.

204
Q

Fatty Degeneration most often occurs in the Liver, which plays an important role in fat metabolism, but it can be seen in the kidney, heart and muscles as well. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

205
Q 
Can cause pseudomembranous colitis, EXCEPT:
A. E. coli
B. Candida
C. uremia
D. Clostridium difficile
E. Shigella
A

A. E. coli

206
Q

A seminoma is a benign tumor of the testicular germ epithelium.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE - Malignant

A seminoma is a benign tumor of the testicular germ epithelium.

207
Q

True for Granulation tissue (2) :

a. High Vascularization
b. High collagen content
c. can occur in a fistule
d. Part of Acute Inflammation process

A

High Vascularization and Can occur in a Fistule

208
Q

What is Hyaline?

a) Lipid
b) Stain
c) Carbohydrate
d) Protein

A

d)Protein

209
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (2 correct) :

a. )Idiopathic or due to irradiation fibrosis ,sarcoidosis, amyloidosis
b. )Decreased cardiac output
c. )Decreased cardiac contractility
d. )Decreased cardiac compliance and ventricular filling

A

(a) Idiopathic or due to irradiation fibrosis , sarcoidosis, amyloidosis causes (d) Decreased cardiac compliance and ventricular filling
(Table in page 397 Robbins 9E)

210
Q

Which arterial disease can impair the vision ? ( 2 correct)

a. ) Burger’s diseases
b. ) Giant cell arteritis
c. ) Mönebecks sclerosis
d. ) Diabetic Microangiopathy

A

Giant cell arteritis and Diabetic Microangiopathy

b and d

211
Q

What are the consequences of myocardial rupture?(2)

a) Fatal Hemopericardium
b) Cardiac Tamponade
c) Chronic Inflammation
d) Granuloma Formation

A

a) Fatal Hemopericardium

b) Cardiac Tamponade

212
Q

Which one is NOT a childhood tumor?

a) neuroblastoma
b) hepatoblastoma
c) wilms tumor
d) CML

A

CML

213
Q

In which case do we find basophilic staining?

a) Coagulative necrosis
b) Liquefactive necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
d) Fat necrosis

A

d)Fat necrosis

Robbins 9E Page 11

214
Q

More than 95% of all pulmonary emboli arise from thrombi within:

a. The veins of penis.
b. The superficial veins of the leg.
c. The large deep veins of the leg.
d. The placenta

A

The large deep veins of the leg.

DVT - Deep Vein Thrombosis

215
Q

For a lung carcinoma typically (2 good answers): 0 score
A. are often very metastases in the skeletal muscle
B. In general it is diagnosed at an early stage
C. Often there metastases to the brain
D. Often it is as occult carcinoma

A

C. Often there metastases to the brain

D. Often it is as occult carcinoma

216
Q

Connect the appropriate matches:

a. Thromboembolism
b. Amniotic fluid embolism
c. Fat embolism
d. Air embolism
i. Also called Caisson disease.
ii. May occur following fractures of long bones.
iii. The most common form of pulmonary embolism
iv. Caused by barotrauma.
v. May be a rare complication of delivery.
vi. Atrial fibrillation may be the underlying cause.

A

Thromboembolism -most common form of PE, Atrial fibrillation.
Amniotic fluid embolism - rare complication of delivery
Fat embolism - fractures of long bones
Air embolism -Caisson disease (Decomp.), barotrauma

217
Q 
Degeneration or absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus is typical:
A. celiac disease
B. terminal ileitis
C. Malabsorption syndrome
D. Chronic Ulcerative Colitis
E. congenital megacolon
A

E. congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)

218
Q

Characteristic for Kawasaki disease: ( 2 correct)

a. )In the aorta of young women
b. )In childhood
c. )Primarily involves renal arteries
d. )Primarily involves coronary arteries

A

Primarily involves coronary arteries and happens in childhood

219
Q

a Paraneoplastic syndrome example is:

a) Von-Hippel Lindau Syndrome
b) Rett Syndrome
c) Cushing syndrome
d) Raynaud syndrome

A

c)Cushing syndrome

220
Q

Which cancer does NOT give metastasis?

a) adenoma of pituitary gland
b) basal cell carcinoma of the skin
c) hepatocellular carcinoma
d) CNS

A

b) basal cell carcinoma of the skin - (Rarely)
d) CNS - Glioma
(adenoma of pituitary gland - Umbrella term for Pituitary tumors including metastatic carcinomas - wiki)

221
Q

Possible component of inflammatory exudate, EXCEPT:

a) Hemoglobin
b) Fibrin
c) Collagen
d) DNA

A

Collagen is NOT a possible Inflammatory Exudate

222
Q

Characteristic for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung? (2)

a) Can Produces Mucin
b) Derives from squamous cell metaplasia of the bronchus
c) Can Produces Keratin
d) HPV Associated

A

b) Derives from squamous cell metaplasia of the bronchus

c) Can Produces Keratin

223
Q

Characteristic for Eisenmenger syndrome : (2 correct)

a. )Includes ASD , VSD and patent ductus arteriosus
b. )Shunt reversal of an left to right or right to left shunt
c. )Isolated vessel transposition
d. )Can be seen in ASD, VSD and patent oval foramen

A

Eisenmenger syndrome :b) Shunt reversal of an left to right or right to left shunt and a) Includes ASD , VSD and patent ductus arteriosus

224
Q

Apoptosis will NOT Produce:

a) Separation from Surrounding cells
b) dissolution of cytoskeleton
c) crosslinking proteins
d) Inflammation around dead cells

A

d)Inflammation around dead cells

225
Q

Which are characteristic of Hemosiderin Pigment (2 right answers) :

a) stained by Sudan Red
b) Toxic to Macrophages
c) Positive Staining in Prussian Blue
d) It can accumulate systematically

A

Positive Staining in Prussian Blue and It can accumulate systematically

226
Q 
Possible manifestations of post-primary tuberculosis (2 good answers):
A. Ghon complex
B. tuberculin reaction
C. Tuberculosis osteomyelitis
D. miliary
A

C. Tuberculosis osteomyelitis

D. miliary TB

227
Q

Adenocarcinoma is the most common laryngeal cancer.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

“Laryngeal cancer are mostly squamous cell carcinomas” - Wiki

228
Q

Which tumor most likely produces PTH?

a) renal cell carcinoma
b) small cell carcinoma
c) bronchial carcinoma
d) squamous cell carcinoma

A

Which tumor most likely produces PTH?

a) renal cell carcinoma
d) squamous cell carcinoma

229
Q

Can chromosomal translocation induce tumor?

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

230
Q

Which tumors secrete insulin and ILGF :

a) Hepatocellular carcinoma
b) epidermal carcinoma
c) ectodermal carcinoma
d) (mesenchymal) sarcoma

A

Which tumors secrete insulin and ILGF:
d) (mesenchymal) sarcoma
( a)Hepatocellular carcinoma - Only in written in Robbins 9th )

231
Q

neurosecretory granules are found in X Ray in (2):

a) SCLC
b) Mesothelioma
c) Adenocarcinoma
d) Pheochromocytoma

A

a) SCLC (and Carcinoid Syndrome)

d) Pheochromocytoma

232
Q

Prussian blue staining proves :

a) acute liver congestion
b) chronic liver congestion
c) acute lung congestion
d) chronic lung congestion

A

chronic lung congestion

233
Q

HPV infections affects tissue types? (choose 2)

a) Uterine cervical tissue
b) Renal Tissue
c) Laryngeal tissue
d) Brain tissue

A

a) Uterine cervical tissue

c) Laryngeal tissue

234
Q

The Ziehl-Neelsen staining is based on Immunohistochemical reaction. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

Carbol-Fuchsin binding Mycolic Acid in M.Tuberculosis

235
Q

Select the correct order of cancer incident:

a) men: lung>pancreas>colorectal>prostate
b) women: lung>uterus>colorectal>breast
c) men: prostate>lung>colorectal>pancreas
d) women: breast>lung>colorectal>uterus

A

Select the correct order of cancer incident:

c) men: prostate>lung>colorectal>pancreas
d) women: breast>lung>colorectal>uterus

236
Q

Which organ can undergo diffuse hemorrhagic necrosis affecting the whole organ?

a. Large bowel.
b. Spleen.
c. Testicle.
d. Brain.
e. Lung.

A

Testicle

237
Q

What is false for cardiac thrombus?

a) may have originated from systemic embolism
b) may occur superimposed on endocardial injury
c) may occur in dilated atrium
d) may be formed in ventricular aneurysm

A

Cardiac thrombi may NOT have originated from systemic embolism! (Opposite)

238
Q

Heart defects predispose to endocarditis (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

S. Viridans (low virulence) can effect only weaken valves

239
Q

All are changes in a mitral valve insufficiency EXCEPT :

a. )Dilation of the right atrium
b. )Dilation of the right ventricle
c. )Dilation of the left ventricle
d. )Slight atrophy of the right ventricle
e. )Sclerosis of the pulmonary artery

A

Slight Atrophy of the Right Ventricle

240
Q

Intrauterine transmission of the infections occurs in:

a. Rubella
b. Rabies
c. Syphilis
d. HPV infection

A

a. Rubella

c. Syphilis

241
Q

Rasmussen aneurysm:

a) pseudo-aneurysmal dilatation of a pulmonary artery adjacent to a tuberculous cavity
b) Right Ventricular Aneurysm due to Fungi Infection
c) Circle of Willis Aneurysm due to Infarction
d) All of them

A

a) pseudo-aneurysmal dilatation of a pulmonary artery adjacent to a tuberculous cavity

242
Q

Lipofuscin is accumulating in the Heart and Brain cells during Ageing (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

243
Q

Heart diseases often leading to hydrothorax (2)?

a. )Chronic pericarditis
b. )Dilative cardiomyopathy
c. )Atrial appendage thrombosis
d. )Core pulmonlae chronicus

A

Dilative Cardiomyopathy
(Decreased CO -> venous congestion –> pleural vein congestion)
+
Core Pulmonlae Chronicus

244
Q

The most common gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors originate from Appendix and from the ileum.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

“Carcinoid tumors of the midgut (jejunum, ileum, appendix, and cecum), Carcinoid are Neuroendocrine Tumors.” - Wiki

245
Q

the most typical cause of venous thrombosis is:

a) Paraneoplastic syndrome
b) Endothelial Injury
c) Congestion
d) Hypertension
e) Vascular Stasis

A

Vascular Stasis

246
Q

In connatal (Congenital) toxoplasmosis a Characteristic is:

a) Hydrocephalus and ventricular calcification
b) purulent meningitis
c) intra-alveolar pneumonia
d) overweight at birth

A

a)Hydrocephalus and ventricular calcification

247
Q

Left Dilated Cardiomyopathy is: ( 2 correct )

a. )associated with decreasing contractility and atrophy
b. )associated with decreasing contractility and optional hypertrophy
c. )due to a X-linked dystrophin mutation
d. )associated with tricuspid valve regurgitation

A

associated with decreasing contractility and optional hypertrophy and due to a X-linked dystrophin mutation (Some sources mention Titin Instead)

248
Q

In Allergic rhinitis there is an eosinophilic infiltration.

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

249
Q

High mitotic count is an irrevocable sign of malignancy.(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE
High mitotic count is an irrevocable sign of malignancy.
-Indicative of High LIKELIHOOD ONLY.

250
Q

What causes cervical cancer?

a) HPV 16 and 18
b) HPV 6 and 11
c) All HPV
d) Only EBV causes

A

a) HPV 16 and 18

251
Q 
Which organ is affected by tumor embolism of renal carcinoma?
A. lung
B. brain
C. contralateral kidney
D. liver
A

A. lung

252
Q

Most common laryngeal cancers are supraglottic .(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE
“Most laryngeal cancers originate in the glottis. Supraglottic cancers are less common, and subglottic tumours are least frequent.” -wiki

253
Q

Fatty degeneration of the heart causes heart failure (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

254
Q

List at least 2 organs in which hemorrhagic infarction may occur and explain the pathomechanism of the source of blood supply:

A

a. Occurs in venous obstructions, e.g. ovaries with ovarian torsion.
b. Loose tissues where blood can collect in infarcted zones e.g. lungs.

255
Q

Smoking causes 75% of lung cancer cases (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

90% !

256
Q

Possible causes of myocarditis:

a. )Viral, bacterial, protozoal infection
b. )Irradiation and heavy metal poisoning
c. )Sarcoidosis and post streptococcal Rheumatic fever
d. )All of them

A

All of them:

  • Viral, bacterial, protozoal infection
  • Irradiation and heavy metal poisoning
  • Sarcoidosis and post streptococcal Rheumatic fever
257
Q

Chemical Carcinogens:

a) Can be activated in hepatocytes by different polymorphism of p450 cytochrome dependent monocytogenases
b) Can be activated in the liver by means of glycolytic processing
c) Can be directly toxic to the organ
d) sufficient to cause neoplasia by themselves

A

Chemical Carcinogens:
a)Can be activated in hepatocytes by different polymorphism of p450 cytochrome dependent monocytogenases

c)Can be directly toxic to the organ

258
Q

What is the Histological Hallmark for Identifying the Langhans Giant cell?

a. Pink Hyaline along vessel wall
b. Horseshoe-shaped nuclei arrangement in membrane
c. Eosinophilia of cell wall
d. Crowded nuclei in a minimal membrane confinement

A

Horseshoe-shaped nuclei lined in one membrane

259
Q

Which cardiovascular changes are present in marfan syndrome? (3)

a) Cystic medial necrosis
b) Dissecting Aneurysm
c) Monckeberg Medial Sclerosis
d) Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

a) Cystic medial necrosis
b) Dissecting Aneurysm
d) Mitral Valve Prolapse

260
Q

What is the most common pathology of the Circle of Willis?

a) Aneurysm
b) Stasis
c) Thromboembolism
d) Kaposi Sarcoma

A

a)Aneurysm

261
Q

Lipophagic giant cell:

a) Lipoblast
b) Foreign body giant cell
c) Langerhans giant cell
d) Touton giant cell

A

Touton giant cell

262
Q

Which tumors give metastasis via the baston veins (valveless veins)?

a) breast cancer
b) prostate cancer
c) thyroid cancer
d) liver cancer

A

Which tumors give metastasis via the baston veins (valveless veins)?

b) prostate cancer
a) breast cancer

263
Q

Possible causes of Aortic Dissection:

a. Air Embolism
b. Coarctation
c. Cystic Medial Degeneration
d. Aneurysm

A

Cystic Medial Degeneration and Aneurysm

264
Q

Fanconi Anemia:

a) BRCA1 leading to multiple breast cancers
b) mutation of enzymes that recognize DNA damage leading to bone marrow failure
c) associated with peau d’orange and edema of the upper extremities
d) associated with acute myeloid leukemia

A

Fanconi Anemia:
(b) mutation of enzymes that recognize DNA damage leading to bone marrow failure and (d) associated with acute myeloid leukemia

265
Q

2 Hallmarks of Irreversible lesions of the cell:

a) Loss of Nucleus
b) Vacuolation of the cytoplasm
c) Swelling
d) plasma membrane disintegrity

A

Plasma membrane disintegrity and Loss of Nucleus

266
Q

Which of the following causes secondary amyloidosis?

a) Chronic osteomyelitis
b) TB
c) Condyloma Acuminata
d) S. Pneumonia Infection

A

a)Chronic osteomyelitis
b)TB
(Chronic Inflammation / Malignancy are usual causes)

267
Q

Which microscopic feature is characteristic for ARDS:

a) Hyaline Membrane
b) Necrosis
c) Intra Alveolar Mucin
d) Granuloma

A

Hyaline Membrane

268
Q

Endocarditis luetica ( 2 correct):

a. )associated wth aortic degeneration
b. )associated wth AIDS
c. )associated wth syphilis
d. )associated wth SLE

A

Endocarditis luetica is associated with syphilis and Aortic Degeneration

269
Q

Congestive Heart Failure(2 Correct) :

a. )Imbalance between cardiac perfusion and myocardial O2 demand leading to myocardial ischemic injury
b. )Heart is unable to maintain a CO sufficient to meet metabolic demands of the myocardium which results in ischemic myocardial injury
c. )Heart is unable to maintain a CO sufficient to meet metabolic demands of downstream tissue which results in systemic hypoperfusion
d. )Is the common endpoint of most cardiac diseases

A

CHF: Heart is unable to maintain a CO sufficient to meet metabolic demands of downstream tissue which results in systemic hypoperfusion
and it’s the common endpoint of most cardiac diseases

270
Q

Cancer metastasis occur in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells because of their rich vascularization frequently.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

Very rarely

271
Q

Characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?

a) accumulation of lymphocytes
b) accumulation of erythrocytes
c) accumulation of monocytes
d) accumulation of epithelioid cells

A

accumulation of epithelioid cells

272
Q

How big is a tumor when angiogenesis starts?

a) 0,1mm
b) 1mm
c) 5mm
d) 1cm

A

b)1mm

273
Q

Characteristic for Polyarteritis Nodosa EXCEPT :

a. )Affects small to medium sized vessels
b. )Most frequently in middle age
c. )Affects lungs
d. )Acute necrotic arteriolitis affecting all vessel wall layers

A

Lungs are always spared when it comes to Polyarteritis Nodosa (C is the right answer)

274
Q

A 40 year old man comes to the hospital with vomiting, fever etc. During his last hospitalization he was diagnosed with pancreatitis. What does that show?

a) Liquefactive necrosis
b) enzymatic necrosis
c) coagulative necrosis
d) Fibrinoid Necrosis

A

a) Liquefactive necrosis

b) enzymatic necrosis (Fat)

275
Q

Pathological Process in which giant cells occur:

a) Giant cell granuloma
b) influenza infection
c) hyaline degeneration
d) Sarcoidosis

A

a) Giant cell granuloma

d) Sarcoidosis

276
Q

Possible complication of burgers disease:

a. )Raynaud phenomenon
b. )frank gangrene
c. )diffuse pain at rest due to neuronal involvement
d. )all of them

A

Raynaud phenomenon
Frank gangrene
Diffuse pain at rest due to neuronal involvement

277
Q

Histological appearance of polyarteritis nodosa (2) :

a. )In elastic arteries
b. )Fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries
c. )In muscular arteries
d. )In large arteries

A

Fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries and visible in muscular arteries

278
Q

The most important cause of reflux esophagitis is an infection of Helicobacter pylori. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

“reported in 2004, found no clinically significant difference between these” -Wiki

279
Q

Typical locations of lung metastases?

a) Thyroid
b) Bone
c) Brain
d) Kidney

A

b)Bone
c)Brain
“Primary lung cancers also most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.” - wiki

280
Q

Two Sterile endocarditis:

a. )endocarditis lenta
b. )liebmann sacks endocarditis
c. )marandtic endocarditis
d. )endocarditis ulcerate

A

Liebmann sacks endocarditis and Marandtic endocarditis

281
Q

Which is a facultative precancerous state?

a) stratified squamous metaplasia in cervix
b) stratified squamous metaplasia in prostate
c) stratified squamous metaplasia in bronchi
d) apocrine metaplasia in the breast

A

stratified squamous metaplasia in cervix - Facultative Precancerous state

282
Q

Fibrinous inflammation (2correct)

a) can lead to scar formation
b) can occur on serosal surfaces
c) occurs in lobar pneumonia
d) is exudative

A

b) can occur on serosal surfaces
d) is exudative
(A and C are also correct but the question asks only for 2 answers)

283
Q

Is EBV a cause of Burkitt lymphoma?

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

284
Q

When will you have hemoptysis?

a) Goodpasture syndrome
b) Bronchitis
c) Bronchiectasis
d) Emphysema

A

a) Goodpasture syndrome

c) Bronchiectasis

285
Q

Left Lung Hypertrophy causes Hyperemia of Organs (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

286
Q

Nevus (birthmarks) is a malignant counterpart of the melanoma.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE - Benign counterpart!

Nevus (birthmarks) is a malignant counterpart of the melanoma.

287
Q

Congestive cardiomyopathy can cause mural thrombi and cylindrical spindle (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

288
Q

cancer characteristics:

a) aplasia
b) desmoplasia
c) anaplasia
d) hypoplasia

A

cancer characteristics:

b) desmoplasia
c) anaplasia

289
Q

Match (Not all are needed):

a. )Syphilis aneurysm
b. )Berry Aneurysm
c. )ATH in abdominal aorta
d. )dissection of aortic aneurysm
1) Arteritis of vasa vasorum
2) Hemorrhage in subarachnoid
3) Fusiform abdominal aneurysm
4) Marfan syndrome
5) Congenital Syndrome

A

a) Syphilis Aneurysm - 1) Artritis of vasa vasorum
b. )Berry Aneurysm - 2) Hemorrhage in subarachnoid
c. )ATH in abdominal aorta -3) Fusiform abdominal aneu.
d. )Dissection of aortic aneurysm - 4) Marfan syndrome
b. )Berry Aneurysm - 5)Congenital Syndrome

290
Q

2 facts that are true for Schottmüller triad:

a. )Applies to rheumatic fever
b. )Applies to infective endocarditis
c. )Endocarditis ulcerosa , splenic infarction, embolic focal nephritis
d. )Endocarditis lenta , splenic ischemia , embolic focal nephritis

A

Schottmüller triad: Endocarditis ulcerosa (Murmur), splenic infarction (Splenomegaly), embolic focal nephritis (Hematuria) - applies to infective endocarditis.

291
Q

Medulloblastoma (Cerebellar) is associated with genetic alteration - MYC amplification. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

292
Q

What are the best sites for collecting Systemic Amyloidosis sample (2)?

a. Abdominal Fat
b. Space of disse
c. Rectal Mucosa
d. Pericardium

A

Abdominal Fat and Rectal Mucosa

293
Q

Causes of atelectasis, EXCEPT:

a) Emphysema
b) Contraction
c) Compression
d) Bronchial Obstruction

A

a)Emphysema

294
Q

The most common mammary carcinoma is the so called invasive ductal carcinoma:
(FALSE/TRUE)

A

TRUE

The most common mammary carcinoma is the so called invasive ductal carcinoma.

295
Q 
Causes of aortic stenosis (2 good answers)
A. calcification
B. hemochromatosis
C. Rheumatic endocarditis
D. amyloidosis
A

A. calcification

C. Rheumatic endocarditis

296
Q 
Which procedure is NOT followed by regeneration?
A. stomach ulcer
B. osteomyelitis
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. liver abscess
E. cerebral infarction
A

Cerebral infarction

297
Q

Where is the pronounced Virchow’s lymph node?

a) mediastinum
b) infraclavicular
c) in the right side of the neck
d) left ventricular space

A

Where is the pronounced Virchow’s lymph node?
Left ventricular space - should be the left supraclavicular node but i guess this is what they want
(Troisier’s sign - For Gastric Cancers metastasis)

298
Q

What is the most common solid tumor in children?

a) Brain
b) Heart
c) Liver
d) Spleen

A

a)Brain
(“The most common types of solid tumors in children include brain tumors, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms’ tumor, and osteosarcoma”)

299
Q

What leads to an acute myocardial infarction (2 correct)?

a. )Abdominal aortic aneurysm
b. )Coronary thrombosis
c. )Severe anemia
d. )Temporal arteritis

A

Coronary thrombosis or Severe anemia could lead to Acute MI

300
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma only in association with HIV.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE - Mostly with HHV as well as HIV

Kaposi Sarcoma only in association with HIV.

301
Q

Which of the following diseases can cause secondary amyloidosis (2)?

a) Emphysema
b) Chronic Osteomyelitis
c) Tuberculosis
d) Osteoporosis

A

Chronic Osteomyelitis and Tuberculosis

302
Q

Metastasis suppressor gene:

a) MYC
b) KIT
c) NM23
d) ABL

A

c)NM23

Still in theory not proven yet according to wiki

303
Q

Which state predisposes the LEAST frequently for a diffuse purulent Peritonitis?
A. torsion of ovarian cyst
B. Acute perforated appendicitis
C. Direct thrombosis of mesenteric artery
D. lymphadenitis

A

D. lymphadenitis

304
Q

Which special condition causes Hemorrhagic infarction ?

a. )Haemophilia
b. )Coronary intervention performed 12h after onset of MI
c. )Thrombophilia
d. )Shock

A

Coronary intervention performed 12h after onset of MI

305
Q

Which alteration is characteristic for marfan syndrome?

a) Saccular aneurysm of the aorta
b) Cystic medial necrosis
c) Aortic stenosis
d) Aneurisma sacciforme aortae
e) Thromboangiitis obliterans

A

b)Cystic medial necrosis

306
Q

Cellular atypia characteristic EXCEPT :

a) hyperchromatic
b) high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio
c) polymorphism
d) vacuolated cytoplasm

A

Vacuolated Cytoplasm is NOT characteristic of Cellular Atypia

307
Q

Which of the following diseases cause blindness?

a) Takayasu Arteritis
b) diabetic microangiopathy
c) Giant cell Arteritis
d) Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

a) Takayasu Arteritis
b) diabetic microangiopathy
c) Giant cell Arteritis

308
Q

Bloom syndrome:

a) mutation of the DNA helicase involved in DNA repair resulting in homologous transversion
b) mutation of the chromosome integrity in homologous inversion
c) associated with cafe au lait pigmentation and telangiectasia
d) associated with bone marrow failure and leukemia

A

Bloom syndrome:
a) mutation of the DNA helicase involved in DNA repair resulting in homologous transversion and c) associated with cafe au lait pigmentation and telangiectasia

309
Q

Which of the following alterations are characterised by purulent exudate (2) ?

a) Pulmonary Caverna
b) Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
c) Thoracic Empyema
d) Pyonephrosis

A

Thoracic Empyema and Pyonephrosis

310
Q

Causes of aortic stenosis: ( 2 correct )

a. )Calcification
b. )Hemochromatosis
c. )Rheumatic endocarditis
d. )Amyloidosis

A

Rheumatic endocarditis and Calcification

311
Q

Pyknotic cells stain weak with HE because their DNA content is reduced due to enzymatic degradation. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE
Pyknosis is followed by increased basophilia; increased hematoxylin staining, due to the condensation of nuclear content.

312
Q

Which lesion can be a consequence of BOTH arterial and venous circulation disorder?

a. Hemorrhagic infarction.
b. Transudate
c. Anemic infarction
d. Congestion

A

Hemorrhagic infarction

313
Q

Cardiac Raynaud phenomenon:

a. )Stenotic event that always leads to myocardial infarction
b. )Caused by hyperactivity of medial smooth muscle in the coronary arteries
c. )Caused by mechanical vessel wall damage
d. )Results in coronary vasospasm that may lead to myocardial infarction when prolonged

A

Caused by hyperactivity of medial smooth muscle in the coronary arteries and Results in coronary vasospasm that may lead to myocardial infarction when prolonged

314
Q

Which vasculitis is also called the pulseless disease?

a. )Giant cell arteritis because its granulomas limit blood flow
b. )Polyarteritis nodosa because renal involvement decreases blood pressure
c. )Kawasaki diseases bc aneurysm formation decreases blood flow
d. )Takayasu arteritis weakens the pulse of the upper extremities

A

Takayasu arteritis weakens the pulse of the upper extremities

315
Q

What is NOT cause of cor pulmonale?

a) Tricuspid valve stenosis
b) Bronchial infection
c) Lung fibrosis
d) Emphysema
e) Pneumonia

A

a)Tricuspid valve stenosis

316
Q

Characteristic for polyarteritis nodosa ( 2 correct):

a. )Granuloma formation
b. )ANCA antibodies and ADCC ( antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
c. )Mainly affects vessels of : Kidney, Heart ,Liver and GI
d. )Rapid hypertension due to renal a. involvement

A

(c) Mainly affects vessels of : Kidney, Heart ,Liver and GI + (d) Rapid hypertension due to renal a. involvement

317
Q

Transudate occurs between the layers of the pleura? TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

318
Q

Chromosomal Aberrations rarely lead to intrauterine exitus. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

319
Q

Candida is a member of Normal Flora (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

320
Q

Where can regeneration occur after shock ?

a) Heart
b) Lung
c) Kidney
d) Liver

A

c)Kidney

321
Q

Due to a myocardial infarction the following micro- and macroscopic changes can be seen until post-infarction day 20 EXCEPT :

a. )Coagulation necrosis
b. )Hemorrhagic edges
c. )Pearl like pale scar tissue
d. )Capillary granulation tissue

A

Pearl like pale scar tissue - Appears only month(/s) later

322
Q

All are correct for Coagulative Necrosis EXCEPT :

a) Frequently in the brain
b) Precipitation of proteins in the necrotic tissue
c) Is seen in the spleen
d) Is seen in lung infarction

A

coagulative necrosis DOESN’T happen Frequently in the brain

323
Q

Best prognosis for which type of lung cancer?

a) Small cell Carcinoma
b) Carcinoid Tumors
c) Large cell Carcinoma
d) Squamous cell Carcinoma

A

b) Carcinoid Tumors

324
Q

What is the cause of yellow demarcation zone surrounding acute myocardial infarctions ?

a. )Granulocytic iinfiltration
b. )Fatty degeneration
c. )Accumulation of glycogen
d. )Accumulation of lipofuchsin

A

Granulocytic Infiltration

325
Q

In which case do we see heart failure cells?

a) Pneumonia
b) Emphysema
c) Lung Congestion
d) Right Ventricular Failure

A

c)Lung Congestion

Left Ventricular Failure

326
Q

Which mutations are associated with gene amplification in tumors:

a) N-MYC
b) ERBB2
c) AKT2
d) all of them

A

all of them:

a) N-MYC
b) ERBB2 (HER2)
c) AKT2

327
Q

The most common cause of myocardial infarction is embolism of the coronary arteries (True/False)

A

FALSE

328
Q

What is recognised by Congo Red staining? (choose 1)

a) Heart Failure cells
b) Hemosiderin Laden Macrophages
c) Amyloidosis
d) EDGF receptors of Tumors

A

c)Amyloidosis

329
Q

Most tumor cells originate from clonal expansion of the same progenitor cells.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE (Monoclonality of Cancer)

Most tumor cells originate from clonal expansion of the same progenitor cells.

330
Q

Prinzmetal Angina is a consequence of brain spasms(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

Prinzmetal Angina is a consequence of Coronary artery spasms

331
Q

Via which way does sarcoma spread?

a) Lymphatic vessels
b) Blood vessels
c) Connective Tissue
d) Pleural/Peritoneal lining

A

b)Blood vessels

332
Q

Where do we find MALT neoplasms? (2)

a) Thyroid
b) Spleen
c) Stomach
d) Cecum

A

a) Thyroid
c) Stomach
d) Cecum

333
Q

Can occur on basis of scar formation after myocardial infarction :

a. )Narrowing of ventricles
b. )Right to left shunt
c. )Aneurysm
d. )Rapture of Myocardium

A

Aneurysm
“The size and location of the scar puts a person at risk of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or heart block, aneurysm of the heart ventricles, inflammation of the heart wall following infarction…” - Wiki

334
Q

squamous cell carcinoma occurs in the alveoli (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE (Bronchial Tree)

335
Q

Possible causes of bone marrow insufficiency:

a) Disseminated prostate cancer
b) aplastic anemia
c) acute myeloid leukemia
d) radiation

A

a) Disseminated prostate cancer
b) aplastic anemia
c) acute myeloid leukemia
d) radiation

336
Q

True for Metaplasia:

a) During regenerations the differentiation pathways are altered
b) Cancer risk elevates
c) Dedifferentiation of cells
d) Irreversible alteration of cells

A

a) During regenerations the differentiation pathways are altered.

USMLE First AID: “Reprogramming of stem cells: replacement of one cell type by another that can adapt to a new stress.”

337
Q

Myocardial infarction is an ischemic coagulative necrosis

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

338
Q

Grading is the estimation of the malignancy based on the histological and cytological findings (differentiation).
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

Grading is the estimation of the malignancy based on the histological and cytological findings (differentiation).

339
Q

Fatty Infiltration destroys the Adjacent tissue (FALSE/TRUE)

A

TRUE

340
Q 
What disease is not present in the small intestine?
A. Whipple disease
B. Dysentery
C. tuberculosis
D. Crohn's disease
E. Abdominal typhus
A

B. Dysentery

341
Q

Most Common complication of Gastric Ulcer:

a) Perforation
b) Bleeding
c) Malignant Transformation
d) Penetration

A

Bleeding

342
Q

what is the dominant component of pus ?

a) Neutrophils
b) Mast cells
c) Basophils
d) Eosinophils

A

Neutrophils

343
Q

Malignancy always includes metastasis.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE
Malignancy always includes metastasis.
-Basal cell carcinoma and Cystic Ovarian tumors are malignant but do not metastasize.

344
Q

Which method increases the chance of detecting a known gene, which is present in low copy number in the examined sample?

a) PCR
b) Microscopy
c) Slide Agglutination
d) Hypersensitivity skin test

A

a)PCR

345
Q

Complication of chronic cardiac aneurysm

a. )Mural thrombosis and Embolization
b. )Left ventricular hypertrophy
c. )Papillary muscle rupture
d. )Mitral insufficiency

A

Mural thrombosis and Embolization

346
Q

Most common cause of thrombus formation in the left heart :

a) Ventricular Fibrillation
b) Aneurysm
c) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
d) Mitral Endocarditis

A

b)Aneurysm

347
Q

Indicates possible malignancy, except:

a) Karyopyknosis
b) large eosinophilic nuclei
c) cellular atypia
d) many mitotic figures

A

Indicates possible malignancy, except: Karyopyknosis

-Sign for Necrotic nuclear degeneration

348
Q

Which mutation is involved in the Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (Multiple Cancers):

a) RB gene
b) APC
c) MSH 2 + 6, MLH
d) p53

A

Which mutation is involved in the Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (Multiple Cancers): d) P53

349
Q

Which ending is NOT correct - thrombus formation in the left heart is possible due to :

a) Atrial fibrillation
b) Mitral valve stenosis
c) Myocardial infarction
d) Restrictive myocardiopathy

A

Restrictive myocardiopathy

350
Q

Match the pairs:

a. Thromboembolism
b. Air embolism
c. Amniotic fluid embolism
d. Fat embolism
e. DIC
i. Typically leads to consumption coagulopathy.
ii. Usually iatrogenic (means due to a drug).
iii. Is a short term complication of bone fracture.
iv. Saddle embolus in the pulmonary trunk
v. The most common form of embolism

A 
Thromboembolism -Saddle embolus in the pulmonary trunk, most common form
Air embolism - NONE
Amniotic fluid embolism - NONE
Fat embolism - bone fracture
DIC - Consumption coagulopathy.
351
Q

Macroscopic appearance of an ischemic heart disease EXCEPT :

a. )Cor pulmonale
b. )Chronic ishemic heart disease
c. )Angina pectoris
d. )Heart infarct
e. )Sudden cardiac death

A

Cor pulmonale - Related to Pulmonary Hypertension

352
Q

Wilms tumor is one of the most frequent childhood tumors.

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE- 5%.
Wilms tumor is one of the most frequent childhood tumors.
(With ALL+AML -30%) ,Lymphoma and CNS Tumors -26%)

353
Q

During the healing process of an epidermal lesion a granulation tissue is formed
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

354
Q

Most common cause of sudden cardiac death:

a) Coronary Sclerosis
b) Dilatative Cardiomyopathy
c) WPW Syndrome
d) Endocarditis

A

a)Coronary Sclerosis

355
Q 
Which of the following states NOT predisposed to thrombosis?
A. varicosity
B. operation
C. anemia
D. slowing of blood flow
E. polycythemia
A

anemia

356
Q

Neuroendocrine secretions from lung tumor?

a) Small cell and Carcinoid
b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Adenocarcinoma
d) Metastatic tumor

A

Neuroendocrine secretions from lung tumors:

a) Small cell and Carcinoid - ACTH/ADH
b) Squamous cell carcinoma - PrPTH Cytokines

357
Q

Thrombosis in the Superior Mesenteric Artery is likely to cause Hemorrhagic Infarction of the Small Intestines
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

358
Q

Characteristics of early stages of primary sterile wound healing EXCEPT (2):

a. Macrophages
b. Many Collagen Fibers
c. Capillary Beds
d. Fibroblasts

A

b. Many collagen fibers (Peaks around 5th day- Robbins p71)

c. Capillary Beds (takes 3-5 days, if only one answer choose b)

359
Q

Most common cardiac congenital malformation is pulmonary stenosis (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

VSDs

360
Q

Which two processes could have Physiological roles:

a) Dysplasia
b) Necrosis
c) Atrophy
d) Apoptosis

A

Atrophy and Apoptosis

361
Q

What is characteristic for progressing myocardial infarction? (choose 1)

a) Simultaneous fibrosis and necrosis
b) Uneven neutrophil infiltration
c) Pulmonary Embolism
d) Pericarditis

A

a)Simultaneous fibrosis and necrosis

362
Q

What is Agenesis?

a. Maldevelopment of an organ.
b. Decrease in size of an organ.
c. Absence of an organ.
d. Dedifferentiation of a tumor.

A

Absence of an organ.

363
Q

In cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is often because the viscous Mucus clogs up the bronchial tubes.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

364
Q

Where can cancer related to asbestos develop?(2)

a) lungs
b) mesothelioma
c) GI tract
d) cervical cancer

A

a) lungs

b) mesothelioma (Pleura)

365
Q

Esophageal cancer has a good prognosis.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE
“The overall 5-year survival rate in patients amenable to definitive treatment ranges from 5% to 30%” -https://www.cancer.gov › types › esophageal › esophageal-treatment-pdq

366
Q

Characteristic for Infectious vasculitis (2 Correct)

a. )Caused by viral infections
b. )Caused by direct invasion of vessel wall by bacteria and fungi
c. )Can lead to malignant hypertension
d. )Can lead to Mycotic aneurysm

A

Caused by direct invasion of vessel wall by bacteria and fungi and can lead to Mycotic aneurysm

367
Q

Sentinel lymph node is always seen with malignancies.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE
Sentinel lymph node is always seen with malignancies.
-Can also be hematogenous metastasis

368
Q

Peptic ulcers are caused exclusively in the stomach.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

“Peptic ulcers are four times more common in the proximal duodenum than in the stomach.” - Robbins 9E Page 568

369
Q

What alleviates Ischemic Cardiac Diseases ?

a) Left ventricular hypertrophy
b) Tachycardia
c) Anemia
d) Bradycardia

A

Bradycardia (NG treatment)

370
Q

Characteristic of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease): (2)

a) Segmental Vasculitis of the extremities
b) Prevalence in young women
c) Prevalence in young smoking men
d) Fibrinoid Necrosis

A

a) Segmental Vasculitis of the extremities

c) Prevalence in young smoking men

371
Q

pyle-thrombus refers to?

a) portal vein
b) renal vein
c) hepatic vein
d) any vein

A

a)portal vein

372
Q

Liebman Sacks endocarditis is caused by bacteria (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE - SLE related

373
Q

When is myocardial wall rupture most characteristic after MI ?

a. )Immediately
b. )After several weeks
c. )After 1 week

A

After 1 week

374
Q

Tissue Reaction associated with atherosclerosis, EXCEPT:

a) Caseous Necrosis
b) Liquefactive Necrosis
c) Coagulative Necrosis
d) Hemorrhagic Necrosis

A

a)Caseous Necrosis

375
Q

Leads to CHRONIC cor pulmonale :

a. )Lobar Pneumonia
b. )Thromboembolism of pulmonary veins
c. )Pulmonary edema
d. )Bronchopneumonia
e. )Emphysema

A

Emphysema

Embolism in PV = ACUTE cor pulmonale if saddle embolus

376
Q

NOT TRUE for Hypertrophy:

a) Occurs in the Heart
b) Irreversible Alteration
c) Size of the Cells increase
d) Reversible Alteration

A

Hypertrophy NOT an Irreversible Alteration

377
Q

Can the Liver go through true anemic Infarction? (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE - Very rare because of Dual Blood supply - Robbins 9E page 93. Also Zahn Infarct (Intrahepatic) = Pseudo-Anemic Infarct - No Necrosis, only Atrophy.

378
Q

In situ carcinoma is a minimally invasive cancer.

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE
In situ carcinoma is a minimally invasive cancer.
-Meaning absence of invasion to surrounding tissue

379
Q

can play a role in carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma:

a) tetracyclines
b) aflatoxin
c) yellow phosphor
d) halotan

A

can play a role in carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Aflatoxin (b - Acute hepatitis to cirrhosis and to carcinoma)

380
Q

The pneumonia caused by influenza virus is of fibrinous Inflammatory type.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

381
Q

Penicillin can cause Myocarditis (FALSE/TRUE)

A

TRUE

Cases of Hypersensitivity

382
Q

Organisation of necrotic area in a Myocardial Infarction starts :

a. )After 5 days
b. )After 12 hrs
c. )After 1 month
d. )After 2 weeks

A

After 2 weeks

383
Q

Which statement is characteristic for cardiomyopathy ?

a. )Is associated with an inflammatory infiltration
b. )Heals within a short time
c. )Is slowly progressing
d. )Has no long term consequences
e. )Leads to fast cardiac failure

A

Is slowly progressing

384
Q

Fine needle biopsy and core biopsy are used for immunohistochemistry (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

but surgical specimens are more reliable

385
Q

Myxoma is the most common primary cardiac tumor

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

386
Q

Match (Not all are needed):

a. )Rheumatic fever
b. )Mitral valve prolapse
c. )both
d. )neither
1) Fusiform valve
2) Bacterial streptococcal infection
3) mostly in prosthetic valves

A

a. )Rheumatic fever - 1) Fusiform valve
b. )Mitral valve prolapse - 3) Mostly in prosthetic valves
c. )Both - 2) Bacterial Strep. Infection

387
Q

Most typical cause of arterial thrombosis:

a) Polyarteritis nodosa
b) Congestion
c) Vasoconstriction
d) Endothelial injury

A

Endothelial injury

388
Q

Pus in the Thoracic cavity is called:

a) Hydrothorax
b) Pneumothorax
c) Pyothorax
d) Chylothorax

A

Pyothorax

389
Q

In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ( 2 correct) :

a. )The myocardium shows hypertrophy and dilation
b. )The myocardium shows concentric hypertrophy of the ventricular septum
c. )There is a right outflow tract obstruction due to septal enlargement
d. )There is marked myocardial hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis

A

(b) The myocardium shows concentric Hypertrophy of the ventricular septum and (d) there is a marked Myocardial Hypertrophy and Interstitial Fibrosis.

390
Q

Possible complications of infectious mitral valve Endocarditis (2 ):

a. )Pulmonary embolism
b. )Brain abscess
c. )Hemorrhagic spleen infarct
d. )Mitral insufficiency

A

Brain abscess and Mitral insufficiency

391
Q

Patients with myocarditis mostly die from heart insufficiency (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

392
Q

Most common Location of AMI:

a) Septal
b) Posterior
c) Anterior
d) Right Ventricle

A

c)Anterior

LAD= “Widowmaker”

393
Q

Saddle embolism causes hemorrhagic infarct in lung. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

394
Q

Hemochromatosis DOES NOT include :

a) Bronze Diabetes
b) siderin laden macrophages in the sputum
c) pigment cirrhosis
d) myocardial siderosis
e) siderine accumulation in endocrine organs

A

Hemochromatosis DOES NOT include :siderin laden macrophages in the sputum (b)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_overload)

395
Q

Most common cause of myocarditis in europe:

a) Viruses
b) Chlamydia
c) Chagas Disease
d) Enterococcus

A

a)Viruses

Coxsackievirus

396
Q

SLE possible cardiac complications:

a) Endocarditis
b) Atrial Septal Defect
c) Pericarditis
d) Ventricular Septal Defects

A

a) Endocarditis

c) Pericarditis

397
Q

What is the most common cause of aneurysm in the abdominal aorta?

a) Abdominal aortitis
b) Thrombosis
c) Alcohol
d) Smoking

A

a) Abdominal aortitis
c) Alcohol
d) Smoking
https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_aortic_aneurysm#Causes

398
Q

Typical sign of left ventricular heart failure is edema in region of the ankles (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

399
Q

Characteristic of Thromboangiitis obliterans ( Buerger’s disease ) : (2 correct)

a) Segmental Vasculitis
b) Prevalence in young women
c) Prevalence in young smoking men
d) Fibrinoid Necrosis

A

Segmental Vasculitis and Prevalence in young smoking men

400
Q

All neoplasias contain DNA damage.

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

All neoplasias contain DNA damage.

401
Q

Ventricular septal defects are the most frequent developmental defect (FALSE/TRUE)

A

TRUE

Most of those also spontaneously resolve

402
Q

Pathological process in which giant cells occur (2 correct)

a) Giant cell granuloma
b) Influenza infection
c) Hyaline degeneration
d) Sarcoidosis

A

Giant cell granuloma and Sarcoidosis

403
Q

Which Organ undergoes hemorrhagic Infarction affecting the whole organ?

a) Lung
b) Heart
c) Ovary
d) Brain

A

Ovary

404
Q

Ischemic Heart Disease (2) :

a. )Imbalance between cardiac perfusion and myocardial O2 demand leading to myocardial ischemic injury
b. )Common endpoint of many cardiac diseases
c. )Commonly results from hematogenous diseases impairing coronary blood flow
d. )Is unrelated to congestive heart failure

A

(c) Commonly results from hematogenous diseases impairing coronary blood flow that causes (a) Imbalance between cardiac perfusion and myocardial O2 demand leading to myocardial ischemic injury.

405
Q

Which of the following does NOT increase the chance for development of Thrombosis:

a. Polycythemia
b. Anemia
c. Slow blood flow
d. Surgery

A

Anemia does NOT increase the chance for development of Thrombosis

406
Q

Common in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

a. )Tetralogy of Fallot
b. )Pulmonary Hypertension
c. )Systemic Hypertension
d. )Pulmonary Stenosis

A

a. )Tetralogy of Fallot
b. )Pulmonary Hypertension
d. )Pulmonary Stenosis

407
Q

A man with a Heart weighing 900g, left ventricular width of 13 cm and No valvular diseases history, What could be a fitting diagnosis (after lab testings):

a) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
b) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
c) Myxoma
d) Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

A

d)Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

408
Q

Primary and Secondary (Metastatic) Lung Cancer are always differentiable by Histological manner. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

Not always

409
Q

Correct for hepatocellular carcinoma:

a) composed of alternating rows of hepatocytes and sinusoids
b) oral contraceptive contributes to its initiation
c) constitute the most frequent tumor of the liver
d) Bile canaliculi within the tumor mass

A

Correct for hepatocellular carcinoma:

c) constitute the most frequent tumor of the liver

410
Q

Which cells cause primary contraction of wounds:

a) SMCs
b) Histiocytes
c) Myofibroblasts
d) Fibroblasts

A

Myofibroblasts

411
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy leads to:

a. )Increased contractility and cardiac output
b. )Decreased contractility and cardiac output
c. )Systolic dysfunction
d. )Diastolic dysfunction

A

Diastolic dysfunction and Decreased contractility and cardiac output
(Pathoma mentions Systolic dysfunction as well)

412
Q

Genetic Predisposition for Hypercoagulability:

a. Leiden Mutation
b. Atrial Fibrillation
c. Antiphospholipid Syndrome
d. Hemophilia A

A 
Leiden Mutation (F-V) Predisposes for Hypercoagulability. 
Due to this mutation, Protein C, an anticoagulant protein which normally inhibits the pro-clotting activity of factor V, is not able to bind normally to Factor V.
413
Q

Lung Embolism might originate from:

a) Brachiocephalic Trunk
b) One of the pulmonary veins
c) None of these
d) Thrombus on the catheter of the vena jugularis

A

d)Thrombus on the catheter of the vena jugularis

414
Q

Löfflers Endomyocarditis (2 correct) :

a. )associated with sarcoidosis
b. )associated with cardiac fibrosis and thrombosis
c. )associated with lymphocytic infiltration
d. )associated with eosinophilic infiltration

A

associated with eosinophilic infiltration (pulmonary eosinophilia = löfflers sign!) and with cardiac fibrosis and thrombosis

415
Q

Tendency for mitral valve prolapse is genetically inherited (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

416
Q

One of the most common complication of Myocardial Infarction is arrhythmia (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

417
Q

PDA (patent ductus arteriosus) :

a. )normally closes in response to O2+ Increasing PGE2 and pulmo. resistance
b. )normally closes in response to O2 + decreasing PGE2 and pulmonary resistance
c. )is closed prematurely in hypoxic neonates
d. )its closure is delayed or inhibited in hypoxic neonates

A

(b) Normally closes in response to O2 ,decreasing PGE2 (KEEps it open till surgery) and decreasing pulmonary resistance and (d) Its closure is delayed or inhibited in Hypoxic Neonates.

418
Q

What is the meaning of “N” in TNM?

a) Expansion of the invasion
b) lymph node metastasis
c) necrosis
d) neoplasia

A

What is the meaning of “N” in TNM?

b) lymph node metastasis

419
Q

Most circulating cancer cells will be destroyed by the immune system.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

Most circulating cancer cells will be destroyed by the immune system.

420
Q

Which of the these viruses is NOT carcinogenic?

a) EBV
b) HBV
c) HPV
d) CMV

A

d) CMV

421
Q

Forms of Aortic Coarctation are : infantile , adult and intermediate (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE
There’s a infantile (before PDA), Adult (After PDA) BUT there is NO Intermediate! (Wiki mentions a DUCTAL Coarctation at the site of the closing PDA)

422
Q

Which of the these viruses is carcinogenic?

a) EBV
b) HBV
c) HPV
d) HTLV-1

A

All are carcinogenic Viruses!

a) EBV
b) HBV
c) HPV
d) HTLV-1

423
Q

Which Process can cause acute tubular necrosis?

a) Infarct
b) Congestion
c) Shock
d) Atrophy

A

Shock

424
Q

Which alteration does NOT belong to the Tetralogy of Fallot ?

a. )Pulmonary stenosis
b. )Overriding of aorta
c. )Right heart hypertrophy
d. )Ventricular Septal Defects
e. )Left heart hypertrophy

A

Left heart hypertrophy is NOT belonging to the Tetralogy of Fallot

425
Q

A Hydatidiform mole is a malignant neoplasm of the placental epithelium.
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE - It is Benign in 80% of cases

A Hydatidiform mole is a malignant neoplasm of the placental epithelium.

426
Q

NOT a result of Right Ventricular Failure:

a. )Splenomegaly
b. )Ascites
c. )Pulmonary edema
d. )Edema in leg
e. )Nutmeg liver

A

Pulmonary edema

427
Q

Characteristic for congenital toxoplasmosis:

a) bronchopneumonia
b) meningomyelitis
c) necrotic and sclerotic lesions in the brain
d) jaundice

A

c)necrotic and sclerotic lesions in the brain

428
Q

What is Condyloma?

a) EBV associated benign lesion of the external genitalia
b) HPV associated benign lesion of the external genitalia
c) HPV associated malignant lesion of the external genitalia
d) HPV associated benign lesion of the internal genitalia

A

b) HPV associated benign lesion of the external genitalia

429
Q

leads to prolonged wound healing :

a) deficiency of vitamin B12
b) deficiency of vitamin B
c) deficiency of vitamin A
d) deficiency of vitamin C

A

deficiency of vitamin C

430
Q 
Microscopic Characteristics of irreversibly injured muscle in myocardial ischemia (2 good answers):
A. nuclear enlargement
B. karyolysis
C. Fatty degeneration
D. Eosinophilia the sarcoplasm
A

B. karyolysis

D. Eosinophilia the sarcoplasm

431
Q

Rheumatic endocarditis is a consequence of an infectious disease (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE
-Since it is phrased as “consequence” it fits the description of a POST-STREPTOCOCCAL Disease (Protein M - Molecular Mimicry HSN Type 2)

432
Q

Leukoplakia in the oral cavity is a precancerous condition.
A. True
B. False

A

TRUE

“It is a precancerous lesion of mucosal surfaces, a tissue alteration in which cancer is more likely to develop.” - Wiki

433
Q

What of the following are characteristic for Kidney Infarction (2 right answers)?

a) Healed by Scar Tissue
b) Coagulative Necrosis
c) It develops in the Hilus
d) Healed by a cyst

A

Healed by Scar Tissue and Coagulative Necrosis

434
Q

In case of a 3 vessel stenosis (high grade atherosclerosis in all 3 coronary arteries) typical change is :

a. )Transmural posterior infarction
b. )Transmural infarction
c. )Subendocardial infarction
d. )Circumferential infarction

A

Circumferential infarction:

Large combined front wall and posterior wall infarction

435
Q

In which organ metastasis rarely occur?

a) Lung
b) Brain
c) Spleen
d) Bone

A

In which organ metastasis rarely occur?

c)Spleen (also Sk. Muscle)

436
Q

Miliary TB is always a consequence of secondary TB

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

437
Q

Low 1/3 rectal cancer gives most likely gives metastasis via:

a) the vena porta
b) the vena hepatica
c) the vena cava
d) the baston vein

A

Low 1/3 rectal cancer gives most likely gives metastasis via:

c) the vena cava
d) the baston vein (Prostate)

438
Q

The cytoplasm of Necrotic cell is more eosinophilic compared to normal one (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

439
Q

A man is pulseless at the popliteal arteries , hypertensive in the upper extremities , has a history of stroke , suffers from pain during intense walking :

a. )Coarctation of aorta
b. )Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
c. )Atrial septal defect (ASD)
d. )Transposition of the great vessels

A

Coarctation of aorta

440
Q

Characteristic of the hemosiderin pigment (2 good answers):
A. Suffusio leads to its light gold color
B. It is tinged with Sudan Red
C. It can occur systematically
D. It is toxic to the macrophages

A

A. Suffusio leads to its light gold color

C. It can occur systematically

441
Q

Microscopic characteristics of irreversible injured cells ? (2 correct)

a) Nuclear enlargement
b) Karyolysis
c) Fatty degeneration
d) Eosinophilia of sarcoplasm

A

Karyolysis and Eosinophilia of sarcoplasm

442
Q

In cervical intraepithelial neoplasia + colon adenoma:

a) Koilocytosis
b) loss of polarity
c) hyperchromasia
d) microinvasion

A

In cervical intraepithelial neoplasia + colon adenoma:

b) loss of polarity
c) hyperchromasia

443
Q

Rheumatic Endocarditis is an example of an infective endocarditis (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

POST streptococcal, M-Protein autoimmune

444
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa is mostly important due to risk of rupture and aneurysm (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

Clinically it is the most important but there are other important issues

445
Q

Cardiac Malformations are frequent in down syndrome

TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

446
Q

Characteristic for Intermediate Atherosclerotic Plaque:

a) Calcification
b) Significant vascular stenosis
d) It causes stable angina pectoris
d) Intra- and Extracellular lipid pools within the intima

A

d)Intra- and Extracellular lipid pools within the intima

447
Q

2 Causes of Hydrothorax:

a) Emphysema
b) Right Ventricular Failure
c) Left Ventricular Failure
d) Ascites

A

c) Left Ventricular Failure
d) Ascites
https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothorax

448
Q

With HE Staining deposited calcium stones will appear:

a) Black
b) Amorphyl
c) Basophilic
d) Eosinophilic

A

c)Basophilic

Calcium, DNA, Bacteria and Fungi - all show Basophilic appearance

449
Q

Which factor is responsible for adaptation to Hypoxia?

a) PDGFR
b) EPO
c) EGF
d) VEGF
e) HIF1A

A

e)HIF1A

If 2 answers - b)EPO also

450
Q

Complication of shock can be bleeding in :

a) Kidney
b) Lung
c) Stomach
d) Spleen
e) Brain

A

c)Stomach
e)Brain
(Hemodynamic Disorder Lecture)

451
Q

NOT true for Fat embolism:

a) Causes Anemia and Thrombocytopenia
b) Causes respiratory failure and Neurological disorders
c) Particles are detectable by H/E stain
d) Presents after long bone fracture

A

c)Particles are detectable by H/E stain

FAT STAIN = SUDAN RED

452
Q

What is the consequence of the thrombosis of the intrahepatic branches of the portal vein?

a) Budd-Chiari Syndrome
b) Zahn Infarct
c) Centrilobular Necrosis
d) Pylethrombosis

A

b) Zahn Infarct

https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahn_infarct

453
Q

Pathologic Condition indicating Chronic Venous Congestion? (2)

a) Nutmeg Liver
b) Hydrocephalus
c) Pulmonal Hepatisation
d) Hydrothorax

A

a) Nutmeg Liver

d) Hydrothorax

454
Q

The cause of Secondary Lymphedema might be the developmental disorder of lymphatic vessels (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

“Lymphedema may be inherited (primary) or caused by injury to the lymphatic vessels (secondary)” - wiki

455
Q

Which of these is valid for the lipofuscin (2)

a) Cytotoxic Effect
b) Yellow brown colour
c) Exogenous Pigment
d) Perinuclear Accumulation

A

b)Yellow brown colour
d)Perinuclear Accumulation
(Robbins 9E Page 24)

456
Q

List 3 circulatory disorders of the liver, as the following CAUSE + ALTERATION:

A

1) Zahn Infarct: Intrahepatic Pylethrombosis + Congestion with parenchymal atrophy, no Necrosis.
2)Extrahepatic Pylethrombosis: Portal Hypertension, Ascites, Bowel Infarction
3)Hepatic Vein Thrombosis (Bud-Chiarry): abdominal pain, ascites, and Hepatosplenomegaly.
(Robbins 9E 646 )

457
Q 
Staining for Glycogen:
a)Sudan Red
b)Hematoxylin Eosin
c)PAS
D)Congo red
A

c)PAS

458
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria can lead to cancer. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

459
Q

NOT true for Antiphospholipid syndrome:

a) Anticoagulative
b) In Vitro coagulation
c) Anionic Antibodies for Phospholipids
d) All True

A

a)Anticoagulative

460
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes (2):

a) Leser Trelat
b) Tourssue
c) Raynaud
d) Rheumatic Fever

A

a) Leser Trelat
b) Tourssue
- First Aid 2019 page 229

461
Q

Dysphagia could be caused by (2) :

a) Rheumatic Fever
b) Scleroderma
c) CML
d) Guillain Barre

A

b) Scleroderma

d) Guillain Barre

462
Q

Scaring could be a process in (2) :

a) Pleural Adhesions
b) Brain Infarction
c) Allergic reaction
d) Kidney Infarction

A

a) Pleural Adhesions

d) Kidney Infarction

463
Q

Medulloblastoma related genes (2):

a) N-MYC
b) BRAF
c) SHH
d) K-RAS

A

a) N-MYC

c) SHH

464
Q

Metastatic Abscesses from(1):

a) Lung inflammation in Cancer
b) Infective Endocarditis
c) Spleen Abscess
d) Metastatic Carcinoma of the Larynx

A

b) Infective Endocarditis

465
Q

Brown Induration of Lung and Brown heart Atrophy are from same cause (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

Low Yield Semmelweis (37 decks)

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