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Low Yield Semmelweis > Pathology Department 2 Definitions > Flashcards

Pathology Department 2 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

ENDOMETRIOSIS

A

Presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus.

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2
Q

REMISSION

A

Partial or complete disappearance of a chronic or a malignant disease.

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3
Q

ATRESIA

A

Absence of an opening, usually of a hollow visceral organ or duct.

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4
Q

GRANULOMA

A

Aggregates of activated macrophages with scattered lymphocytes.

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5
Q

KOILOCYTE

A

HPV infected squamous epithelial cell characterised by nuclear irregularity, hyperchromasia and perinuclear halo.

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6
Q

FOCAL

A

Localized lesion, limited to a specific area.

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7
Q

TYPICAL SITE OF LACUNAR INFARCTS OCCUR:

A

Basal ganglia, The Thalamus.

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8
Q

INFLAMMATION, chronic active

A

Pattern of chronic mucosal inflammation mixed with acute inflammation of the glands. (for example H.Pylori Chronic Gastritis)

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9
Q

Infarction, haemorrhagic

A

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue and consequential bleeding (dual or collateral blood supply, venous occlusion, reestablished flow after infarction). (Lung/Bowel/Gonads)

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10
Q

KRUKENBERG TUMOR

A

Ovarian metastasis of a mucinous carcinoma. The primary tumor site may be for example the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas.

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11
Q

WHAT IS MERKEL-CELL CARCINOMA, AND WHERE DOES IT ARISE?

A

Neuroendocrine tumor of the Merkel-cells in the skin.

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12
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute fibrinous

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with fibrin-rich exudate (due to large vascular leaks or local procoagulant stimulus - Pericarditis/Pseudomembrane Colitis)

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13
Q

DERMATITIS

A

Inflammation of the skin.

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14
Q

ECTASIA

A

Any local dilation of a structure.

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15
Q

PSEUDOMEMBRANE

A

Adherent layer of inflammatory cells and debris at sites of mucosal injury.

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16
Q

MOST COMMON SITE OF REGIONAL METASTASIS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA:

A

Cervical lymph nodes.

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17
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A

Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas (or atheromatous or atherosclerotic plaques) that impinge on the vascular lumen and can rupture to cause sudden occlusion.

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18
Q

PHLEGMON

A

Diffuse form of acute purulent inflammation, spreading through tissue spaces over a large area without definite limits.

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19
Q

ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF MESOTHELIOMAS:

A

Asbestos.

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20
Q

MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF EWING’S SARCOMA

A

Middle region of long tubular bones.

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21
Q

GLEASON GRADE

A

A grading system used in prostate adenocarcinomas to determine the differentiation of the tumor. It is based on the glandular formation of the tumor cells.

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22
Q

PUSTULE

A

Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion.

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23
Q

INFLAMMATION, chronic non-specific

A

Prolonged host response (weeks or months) to persistent stimuli that may follow unresolved acute inflammation or be chronic from the onset (cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells).

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24
Q

HISTOLOGICAL TYPES OF GERM CELL NEOPLASMS OF THE TESTIS

A

Seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, spermatocytic tumor.

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25
Q

INFECTIVE AGENT THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS?

A

Helicobacter pylori.

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26
Q

HYPERTROPHY

A

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.

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27
Q

PYOTHORAX

A

Pus in the thoracic cavity.

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28
Q

TYPICAL SYMPTOMS FOR NEPHROSIS SYNDROME:

A

Hyperlipidemia, proteinuria (>3,5g/day), hypoalbuminemia and generalized edema.

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29
Q

DIFFUSE

A

Not definitely limited or localized, continuous or widespread distribution.

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30
Q

HEMOPERICARDIUM

A

Hemorrhage within the pericardial cavity.

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31
Q

TROUSSEAU SIGN

A

Migratory thrombophlebitis occurring in tumor patients. It is attributable to the elaboration of platelet-aggregating factors and pro-coagulants from the tumor cells.

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32
Q

WHICH TWO CARCINOMA TYPES INFILTRATE COMMONLY TO MAJOR VEINS?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma of the kidney.

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33
Q

ENDOCARDITIS

A

Inflammation of the endocardium, which may be infective or non-infective of origin.

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34
Q

PRIMARY LOCALIZATION OF LYMPHOGENOUS METASTASES IN MALIGNANT TESTICULAR TUMORS:

A

Paraaortic lymph nodes.

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35
Q

HETEROTOPIA

A

Or choristoma refers to microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations.

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36
Q

DRESSLER SYNDROME

A

An autoimmune phenomenon that can occur after myocardial infarction and manifests 2-3 weeks later as pericarditis and a pericardial effusion.

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37
Q

PROCTITIS

A

Inflammation of the rectum

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38
Q

SALPINGO-OOPHORITIS

A

Inflammation of the adnex (ovary and tube).

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39
Q

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

A

Hardening of the arteries, arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity.

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40
Q

BALANITIS

A

Local inflammation of the glans penis.

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41
Q

TUMOR, malignant

A

A tumor which can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death.

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42
Q

TOPHUS IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR:

A

Gout

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43
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute purulent

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage characterized by the production of pus (exudate of neutrophyls, liquefied debris of necrotis cells and edema fluid, Folliculitis/Pneumonia).

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44
Q

HEMATOMA

A

Hemorrhage accumulating within a tissue.

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45
Q

RUPTURE OF THE HEART FOLLOWING A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OCCURS MOST LIKELY:

A

2-10 days after infarction.

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46
Q

VIRUS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN THE HEAD & NECK REGION:

A

Human papilloma virus (HPV).

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47
Q

TERATOMA

A

Germ cell neoplasia that contains ecto- endo and mesodermal tissues.

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48
Q

POLYP

A

Mass that projects above a mucosal surface.

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49
Q

TYPICAL SYMPTOMS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS:

A

Meconium ileus, recurring and chronic pneumonia, bronchiectasis, cor pulmonale, pancreas insufficiency.

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50
Q

NEOPLASM

A

Tissue growth due to abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation.

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51
Q

GRADE

A

Level of malignancy based on the cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.

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52
Q

DYSPLASIA

A

Disorderly proliferation of the epithelium recognized by a loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.

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53
Q

WHAT DETERMINES THE GRADE OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS?

A

The mitotic rate and the ki-67 proliferation index.

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54
Q

KARYORRHEXIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: fragmentation.

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55
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX

A

Air in the thoracic cavity.

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56
Q

INFLAMMATION, chronic granulomatous

A

Form of chronic inflammation characterized by collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes and sometimes associated with central necrosis (granuloma formation).

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57
Q

EROSION

A

The superficial destruction of a surface by friction, pressure, ulceration, or trauma.

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58
Q

NECESSARY TISSUE SAMPLING METHOD IN CASE OF SUSPICION OF PROSTATE CANCER

A

Transrectal core needle biopsy.

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59
Q

REPAIR

A

Regeneration by proliferation of residual (uninjured) cells and maturation of tissue stem cells, and the deposition of connective tissue to form a scar.

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60
Q

CARCINOMA, microinvasive

A

Superficially invasive epithelial neoplasm, invasion detected only microscopically.

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61
Q

MELANOMA

A

Malignant tumor of melanocytes.

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62
Q

INVOLUTION

A

Reduction of volume of an organ or tissue (similarly to atrophy) due to physiological processes (e.g. thymus)

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63
Q

LITHIASIS

A

Formation of calculi (stones).

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64
Q

PAGET-DISEASE OF THE BREAST

A

In situ carcinoma spreading into the epidermis of the nipple.

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65
Q

NECROSIS

A

Form of cell death in which cellular membranes fall apart, and cellular enzymes leak out and ultimately digest the cell.

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66
Q

HEMOTHORAX

A

Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.

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67
Q

CARCINOID

A

Malignant tumors composed of cells that contain dense-core neurosecretory granules in there cytoplasm, may secrete hormonally active polypeptides. Applied only in lung tumor classification of neuroendocrine tumors.

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68
Q

ADHESION

A

Adhesions are fibrous bands of scar tissue that form between internal organs and tissues, joining them together abnormally.

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69
Q

EMBOLUS

A

Detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction.

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70
Q

ATROPHY

A

Shrinkage in the size of cells by the loss of cell substance.

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71
Q

DYSTROPHY

A

Abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, usually resulting from nutritional deficiency.

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72
Q

REED-STERNBERG CELL

A

Binucleate tumor cell with large, inclusion type nucleoli typical for Hodgkin’s disease.

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73
Q

HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE

A

Bowel motility disorder caused by the abscence of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus.

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74
Q

PAPILLOMA

A

Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike fronds.

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75
Q

THE CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF WHICH CELLS ARE DETECTED IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA?

A

Plasma cells.

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76
Q

EMPHYSEMA

A

Permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without significant fibrosis.

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77
Q

MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM OCCURS IN:

A

Ileum.

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78
Q

EXOPHYTIC

A

A neoplasm or lesion that grows outward from an epithelial surface.

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79
Q

WHAT IS PARANEOPLASIA? LIST A FEW TYPICAL EXAMPLES!

A

Symptom complexes that occur in patients with cancer and that cannot be readily explained by local or distant spread of the tumor, nor to the secretion of hormones indigenous to the tissue the tumor is derived from. Trousseau-thrombophlebitis, acromegaly, marantic endocarditis, Cushing-syndrome, DIC, hypercalcemia.

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80
Q

ELEMENTS OF THE TUBERCULOTIC GHON’S COMPLEX:

A

Primary tuberculotic nodule – lymphangitis – lymphadenitis.

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81
Q

TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (lympho-epithelioma), Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some B-cell lymphomas.

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82
Q

MEIGS’ SYNDROME

A

Ovarial fibrothecoma associated hydrothorax.

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83
Q

ANEURYSM

A

Congenital or acquired dilations of blood vessels or the heart.

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84
Q

TYPICAL SYMPTOMS FOR NEPHRITIS SYNDROME:

A

Hypertension, proteinuria, macroscopic hematuria, azotemia.

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85
Q

CARCINOMA, in situ

A

Severe dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.

86
Q

FIBROSIS

A

Excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in a tissue.

87
Q

THE TWO MOST COMMON LOCALIZATIONS OF EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS

A

Liver, spleen.

88
Q

AUTOLYSIS

A

Enzymatic digestion of cells (especially dead or degenerate) by enzymes present within them (autogenous).

89
Q

STASIS

A

Stagnation of fluid due to obstruction and congestion.

90
Q

SARCOMA

A

Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin.

91
Q

GASTROSCHISIS

A

A birth defect in which abdominal viscera protrude through the incomplete abdominal wall.

92
Q

METAPLASIA

A

Change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type.

93
Q

CARCINOMA

A

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells.

94
Q

EMPYEMA

A

pleural exudate caused by microbial invasion through either direct extension of a pulmonary infection or blood-borne seeding

95
Q

STENOSIS

A

Narrowing of a lumen.

96
Q

METASTASIS

A

Spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor and unequivocally marks a tumor as malignant.

97
Q

CARCINOMA

A

Malignant epithelial tumor.

98
Q

PYKNOSIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: shrinkage.

99
Q

WHERE DOES OSTEOSARCOMA ARISE MOST COMMONLY

A

Metaphysis of long cortical bones, mainly distal femur and proximal tibia

100
Q

HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID:

A

Grooves, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, crowding of nuclei, ground-glass (Orphan Annie) nuclei, Psammoma bodies, papillary and/or follicular structures. It rarely gives metastasis, if yes, lymphogenic metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes.

101
Q

CARCINOGENESIS

A

Multistep process resulting from the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations that collectively give rise to the transformed phenotype causing malignant neoplasms.

102
Q

COARCTATION

A

Congenital narrowing or constriction of the aorta

103
Q

ATYPIA

A

Structural abnormality in a cell due to reactive or neoplastic processes

104
Q

EXUDATE

A

Protein-rich fluid accumulation

105
Q

CYST

A

An abnormal closed epithelium-lined cavity in the body, containing liquid or semisolid material.

106
Q

TRANSUDATE

A

Fluid with low protein content, little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity
(protein content: <3g/l).

107
Q

GIANT CELL, FOREIGN BODY TYPE

A

A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed around inert foreign material formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.

108
Q

MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF INTRACRANIAL BACTERIAL INFECTION:

A

Leptomeninx.

109
Q

GIANT CELL, LANGHANS TYPE

A

A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed around caseating necrosis, typically in tuberculosis, formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.

110
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

A

Aneurysm formation, ischaemic injury of organs, embolism, thrombosis.

111
Q

CONDYLOMA

A

HPV associated warty lesion of the genital squamous epithelium.

112
Q

FISTULA

A

A permanent abnormal passageway between two organs in the body or between an organ and the exterior of the body.

113
Q

AGENESIS

A

Complete absence of an organ or is anlage.

114
Q

HEPATORENAL SYNDROME

A

Renal failure in patients with severe liver disease in the absence of morphological change of the kidneys.

115
Q

EPITHELIOID CELL

A

Activated macrophages which may develop abundant cytoplasm and begin to resemble epithelial cells

116
Q

GIANT CELL

A

A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.

117
Q

ENDOPHYTIC

A

Tending to grow inward into tissues in fingerlike projections from a superficial site of origin — used for tumors

118
Q

REGENERATION

A

Replacement of damaged tissue components and essentially return to a normal state.

119
Q

VIRCHOW’S LYMPH NODE

A

Metastatic supraclavicular lymph node. The most common primary tumor is gastric adenocarcinoma.

120
Q

BIOPSY

A

Process involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.

121
Q

EXAMPLES FOR OPTIONAL AND AN OBLIGATORY PRECANCEROUS CONDITION

A

Facultative: squamous cell metaplasia of the bronchi
Obligatory: cervical dysplasia

122
Q

PANCOAST TUMOR

A

Locally disseminated, malignant tumor in the apex of the lung.

123
Q

HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FOLLICULAR ADENOMA AND FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA?

A

With the complete surgical removal of the lesion, and thorough histological examination of the capsule in search for capsular or vascular invasion which is diagnostic for follicular carcinoma.

124
Q

HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALIGNANCY IN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS

A

Cellular atypia, necrosis, increased mitotic count.

125
Q

HYPERPLASIA

A

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ that stems from increased proliferation, either of differentiated cells or, in some instances, less differentiated progenitor cells.

126
Q

DESMOPLASIA

A

Tumor induced stromal reaction characterized by collagen rich connective tissue.

127
Q

FOCAL, MULTIPLE

A

More than one localized lesion, limited to a specific area.

128
Q

TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE

A

Genes that normally prevent uncontrolled growth and, when mutated or lost from a cell, allow the transformed phenotype to develop.

129
Q

PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS

A

Venous thrombosis.

130
Q

RESOLUTION

A

Restoration of the site of acute inflammation to normal.

131
Q

CAROLI DISEASE

A

Congenital disorder comprising of multifocal cystic dilatation of segmental intrahepatic bile ducts.

132
Q

GRANULATION TISSUE

A

Material formed in the process of repair of wounds of soft tissue, consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrowing young vessels.

133
Q

TUMOR, benign

A

A tumor which has microscopic and gross characteristics that are considered to be relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized and is amenable to local surgical removal.

134
Q

ULCER

A

Local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue.

135
Q

WHAT DOES CONGO-RED STAINING DETECT?

A

Amyloid.

136
Q

ANAPLASIA

A

Dedifferentiation, or loss of structural and functional differentiation of malignant tumors.

137
Q

HYPERCHROMASIA

A

An increase in chromatin in cell nuclei, causing increased staining of nuclei with hematoxylin.

138
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute serous

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage marked by exudation of cell-poor fluid.(Burns/Rhinitis)

139
Q

ADENOCARCINOMA

A

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium.

140
Q

HSIL

A

High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, epithelial proliferation caused by high risk HPV infection, a precancerous condition.

141
Q

WHAT IS CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM?

A

Venereal wart most commonly caused by HPV 6 and 11 serotypes.

142
Q

ORCHITIS

A

Inflammation of the testis.

143
Q

FORMS OF STERILE (NON-INFECTIOUS) ENDOCARDITIS:

A

Marantic endocarditis, endocarditis associated with carcinoid-syndrome.

144
Q

INVASION

A

Invasion refers to the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighbouring tissues.

145
Q

AMYLOIDOSIS

A

Disorder characterized by the extracellular deposits of proteins that are prone to aggregate and form insoluble fibrils.

146
Q

EDEMA

A

Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues.

147
Q

ADENOMA

A

Benign tumor of glandular epithelium.

148
Q

ABSCESS

A

Localized collections of pus caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.

149
Q

PHLEBITIS

A

Inflammation of a vein.

150
Q

DIVERTICULUM

A

Acquired pseudodiverticular outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa.

151
Q

MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR OF THE BREAST

A

Fibroadenoma.

152
Q

BRESLOW’S DEPTH

A

Thickness (mm) of skin melanoma measured from the granular layer of the epidermis.

153
Q

LIST THE FEATURES OF CROHN’S DISEASE!

A

1) Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the whole GI tract
2) Segmental inflammation
3) Inflammation in all layers of the bowel wall, with granuloma formation and deep fissural ulcers
4) Fissures and fistulas common
5) Thickening of the bowel wall, stricture of the lumen
6) Extraintestinal symptoms

154
Q

LYMPHOMA

A

Malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue.

155
Q

DISEASE OF WHICH CELL TYPE IS HYDATIDIFORM MOLE?

A

Trophoblast cells.

156
Q

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE MIGHT CAUSE HYPERPLASIA OF WHICH ORGAN?

A

Parathyroid gland.

157
Q

LIST THE FEATURES OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS!

A

1) Inflammatory bowel disease, beginning in the rectum, affecting only the colon
2) Continuous inflammation affecting only the mucosa and submucosa with broad based ulcers
3) Bowel wall becomes thin
4) Extraintestinal symptoms.

158
Q

INFECTIOUS DISEASE THAT MAY CAUSE ORCHITIS:

A

Mumps.

159
Q

ASCITES

A

Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the peritoneal cavity.

160
Q

CONGESTION

A

Passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue, causing increased blood volume within the tissue.

161
Q

THROMBUS

A

The formation or presence of a blood clot in a blood vessel.

162
Q

WHICH LIVER DISEASE IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS?

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

163
Q

APLASIA

A

Incomplete development of an organ or its anlage.

164
Q

DEGENERATION

A

Gradual deterioration of specific tissues, cells, or organs with corresponding impairment or loss of function.

165
Q

IN WHICH DISEASE DOES CONDYLOMA LATUM OCCUR?

A

Syphilis.

166
Q

ATELECTASIS

A

Loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of air spaces.

167
Q

SHOCK

A

A state in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia.

168
Q

METHOD USED FOR THE DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIA

A

PCR, cultivation, Ziehl-Neelsen stain.

169
Q

WHICH TYPES OF VASCULITIS AFFECT THE SMALL AND MIDDLE SIZED ARTERIES?

A

Buerger’s disease, Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener-granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis), Churg-Strauss disease (eosinophilia and granulomatosis with polyangitis).

170
Q

MOST COMMON ORIGIN OF PANCREAS CARCINOMA:

A

Ductus epithelium.

171
Q

SUPPURATION

A

Formation of pus.

172
Q

APOPTOSIS

A

Pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins

173
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A

Autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nerve system which is characterized by recurring episodes of disease activity with production of white matter lesions.

174
Q

ACHALASIA

A

Incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter with increased sphincter tone and aperistaltis of the esophagus.

175
Q

CIRRHOSIS

A

Diffuse transformation of the liver into regenerative parenchymal nodules surrounded by fibrous bands, end stage of chronic liver disease.

176
Q

PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF BREAST CARCINOMA

A

Histologic type, grade, stage

Estrogen-, progesteron-, and Her2 receptor status, Ki-67 proliferation index

177
Q

ARTERITIS

A

Arterial wall inflammation.

178
Q

PATHOGENESIS OF GRAVES’ DISEASE

A

Thyroid stimulating anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies.

179
Q

IMPETIGO

A

Superficial purulent inflammation of the skin.

180
Q

BARETT’S OESOPAGUS

A

Intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells presenting at least 1 cm orally to the gastro-esophageal junction.
Precancerous condition.

181
Q

PNEUMONIA

A

Inflammation of the lung.

182
Q

BUDD-CHIARI-SYNDROME

A

Thrombosis of the hepatic veins.

183
Q

MASTITIS

A

Inflammation of the breast.

184
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute hemorrhagic

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with capillary endothelial destruction and consequent bleeding.(Spanish Flu/Anthrax)

185
Q

RELAPSE

A

Return of a disease after its apparent cessation.

186
Q

ONCOGENE

A

Genes that induce a transformed phenotype when expressed in cells by promoting increased cell growth.

187
Q

FOCAL, SOLITARY

A

A single localized lesion, limited to a specific area.

188
Q

LIST ONCOGENIC VIRUSES (WHICH PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MALIGNANT TUMORS)

A

EBV: Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HHV-8: Kapos sarcoma, HCV/HBV: hepatocellular carcinoma, HPV: anogenital squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma, HTLV-1: adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia.

189
Q

HYALINE

A

A clear, eosinophilic, homogeneous substance occurring in cellular degeneration.

190
Q

SCHWANNOMA

A

Tumor of the peripheral nerves.

191
Q

PSEUDOCYST

A

Liquefied areas of necrotic tissue become walled off by fibrous tissue to form a cystic space, lacking an epithelial lining.

192
Q

CAUSE OF COMMON WART

A

Human papilloma virus (HPV).

193
Q

HERNIATION

A

Abnormal protrusion of an organ or other body structure through a defect or natural opening in a covering membrane, muscle, or bone.

194
Q

INFARCTION, anaemic

A

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue.(Heart/Kidney/Spleen)

195
Q

BLASTOMA

A

Embryonal tumor, more common in children, that is caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts, characterized by small blue cells.

196
Q

RECURRENCE

A

Neoplasm growing at the same place of previously treated primary tumor.

197
Q

TWO MAIN FORMS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS

A

Acute interstitial pancreatitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis

198
Q

MALT LYMPHOMA (WITH EXAMPLES)

A

Lymphoma arising in the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

stomach, small intestine, tonsils, thyroid gland, conjunctiva, bronchus

199
Q

HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE

A

Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis.

200
Q

PLEOMORPHISM (POLYMORHISM)

A

Variation of size and shape of cells, usually charasteristic for malignant neoplasms.

201
Q

WHICH LUNG TUMOR TYPE PRODUCES COMMONLY HORMONES?

A

Small Cell Carcinoma

202
Q

HAMARTOMA

A

A mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site.

203
Q

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME

A

Venous congestion on the superior extremities and head caused by compression of the vein, most commonly due to lung or mediastinal tumors.

204
Q

HYDROTHORAX

A

Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the pleural cavity.

205
Q

EXAMPLES FOR BENIGN AND MALIGNANT SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS!

A

Benign: pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma, Whartin tumor.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma

206
Q

KARYOLYSIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: fading.

207
Q

PETECHIAE

A

Minute (1 to 2 mm in diameter) hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.

208
Q

ECTOPIA

A

An abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part, occurring congenitally or as the result of injury.

209
Q

TECHNIC OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING:

A

Exfoliative cytology.

210
Q

HEPATIC STEATOSIS

A

Fatty degeneration of the liver.

211
Q

THE TWO MOST COMMONLY AFFECTED

ORGANS IN PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS:

A

Lung, Small Bowel

Low Yield Semmelweis (37 decks)

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