Pathology Department 2 Definitions Flashcards
ENDOMETRIOSIS
Presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus.
REMISSION
Partial or complete disappearance of a chronic or a malignant disease.
ATRESIA
Absence of an opening, usually of a hollow visceral organ or duct.
GRANULOMA
Aggregates of activated macrophages with scattered lymphocytes.
KOILOCYTE
HPV infected squamous epithelial cell characterised by nuclear irregularity, hyperchromasia and perinuclear halo.
FOCAL
Localized lesion, limited to a specific area.
TYPICAL SITE OF LACUNAR INFARCTS OCCUR:
Basal ganglia, The Thalamus.
INFLAMMATION, chronic active
Pattern of chronic mucosal inflammation mixed with acute inflammation of the glands. (for example H.Pylori Chronic Gastritis)
Infarction, haemorrhagic
Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue and consequential bleeding (dual or collateral blood supply, venous occlusion, reestablished flow after infarction). (Lung/Bowel/Gonads)
KRUKENBERG TUMOR
Ovarian metastasis of a mucinous carcinoma. The primary tumor site may be for example the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas.
WHAT IS MERKEL-CELL CARCINOMA, AND WHERE DOES IT ARISE?
Neuroendocrine tumor of the Merkel-cells in the skin.
INFLAMMATION, acute fibrinous
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with fibrin-rich exudate (due to large vascular leaks or local procoagulant stimulus - Pericarditis/Pseudomembrane Colitis)
DERMATITIS
Inflammation of the skin.
ECTASIA
Any local dilation of a structure.
PSEUDOMEMBRANE
Adherent layer of inflammatory cells and debris at sites of mucosal injury.
MOST COMMON SITE OF REGIONAL METASTASIS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA:
Cervical lymph nodes.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas (or atheromatous or atherosclerotic plaques) that impinge on the vascular lumen and can rupture to cause sudden occlusion.
PHLEGMON
Diffuse form of acute purulent inflammation, spreading through tissue spaces over a large area without definite limits.
ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF MESOTHELIOMAS:
Asbestos.
MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF EWING’S SARCOMA
Middle region of long tubular bones.
GLEASON GRADE
A grading system used in prostate adenocarcinomas to determine the differentiation of the tumor. It is based on the glandular formation of the tumor cells.
PUSTULE
Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion.
INFLAMMATION, chronic non-specific
Prolonged host response (weeks or months) to persistent stimuli that may follow unresolved acute inflammation or be chronic from the onset (cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells).
HISTOLOGICAL TYPES OF GERM CELL NEOPLASMS OF THE TESTIS
Seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, spermatocytic tumor.
INFECTIVE AGENT THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS?
Helicobacter pylori.
HYPERTROPHY
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.
PYOTHORAX
Pus in the thoracic cavity.
TYPICAL SYMPTOMS FOR NEPHROSIS SYNDROME:
Hyperlipidemia, proteinuria (>3,5g/day), hypoalbuminemia and generalized edema.
DIFFUSE
Not definitely limited or localized, continuous or widespread distribution.
HEMOPERICARDIUM
Hemorrhage within the pericardial cavity.
TROUSSEAU SIGN
Migratory thrombophlebitis occurring in tumor patients. It is attributable to the elaboration of platelet-aggregating factors and pro-coagulants from the tumor cells.
WHICH TWO CARCINOMA TYPES INFILTRATE COMMONLY TO MAJOR VEINS?
Hepatocellular carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma of the kidney.
ENDOCARDITIS
Inflammation of the endocardium, which may be infective or non-infective of origin.
PRIMARY LOCALIZATION OF LYMPHOGENOUS METASTASES IN MALIGNANT TESTICULAR TUMORS:
Paraaortic lymph nodes.
HETEROTOPIA
Or choristoma refers to microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations.
DRESSLER SYNDROME
An autoimmune phenomenon that can occur after myocardial infarction and manifests 2-3 weeks later as pericarditis and a pericardial effusion.
PROCTITIS
Inflammation of the rectum
SALPINGO-OOPHORITIS
Inflammation of the adnex (ovary and tube).
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Hardening of the arteries, arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity.
BALANITIS
Local inflammation of the glans penis.
TUMOR, malignant
A tumor which can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death.
TOPHUS IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR:
Gout
INFLAMMATION, acute purulent
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage characterized by the production of pus (exudate of neutrophyls, liquefied debris of necrotis cells and edema fluid, Folliculitis/Pneumonia).
HEMATOMA
Hemorrhage accumulating within a tissue.
RUPTURE OF THE HEART FOLLOWING A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OCCURS MOST LIKELY:
2-10 days after infarction.
VIRUS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN THE HEAD & NECK REGION:
Human papilloma virus (HPV).
TERATOMA
Germ cell neoplasia that contains ecto- endo and mesodermal tissues.
POLYP
Mass that projects above a mucosal surface.
TYPICAL SYMPTOMS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
Meconium ileus, recurring and chronic pneumonia, bronchiectasis, cor pulmonale, pancreas insufficiency.
NEOPLASM
Tissue growth due to abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation.
GRADE
Level of malignancy based on the cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.
DYSPLASIA
Disorderly proliferation of the epithelium recognized by a loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.
WHAT DETERMINES THE GRADE OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS?
The mitotic rate and the ki-67 proliferation index.
KARYORRHEXIS
Form of nuclear destruction: fragmentation.
PNEUMOTHORAX
Air in the thoracic cavity.
INFLAMMATION, chronic granulomatous
Form of chronic inflammation characterized by collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes and sometimes associated with central necrosis (granuloma formation).
EROSION
The superficial destruction of a surface by friction, pressure, ulceration, or trauma.
NECESSARY TISSUE SAMPLING METHOD IN CASE OF SUSPICION OF PROSTATE CANCER
Transrectal core needle biopsy.
REPAIR
Regeneration by proliferation of residual (uninjured) cells and maturation of tissue stem cells, and the deposition of connective tissue to form a scar.
CARCINOMA, microinvasive
Superficially invasive epithelial neoplasm, invasion detected only microscopically.
MELANOMA
Malignant tumor of melanocytes.
INVOLUTION
Reduction of volume of an organ or tissue (similarly to atrophy) due to physiological processes (e.g. thymus)
LITHIASIS
Formation of calculi (stones).
PAGET-DISEASE OF THE BREAST
In situ carcinoma spreading into the epidermis of the nipple.
NECROSIS
Form of cell death in which cellular membranes fall apart, and cellular enzymes leak out and ultimately digest the cell.
HEMOTHORAX
Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.
CARCINOID
Malignant tumors composed of cells that contain dense-core neurosecretory granules in there cytoplasm, may secrete hormonally active polypeptides. Applied only in lung tumor classification of neuroendocrine tumors.
ADHESION
Adhesions are fibrous bands of scar tissue that form between internal organs and tissues, joining them together abnormally.
EMBOLUS
Detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction.
ATROPHY
Shrinkage in the size of cells by the loss of cell substance.
DYSTROPHY
Abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, usually resulting from nutritional deficiency.
REED-STERNBERG CELL
Binucleate tumor cell with large, inclusion type nucleoli typical for Hodgkin’s disease.
HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE
Bowel motility disorder caused by the abscence of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus.
PAPILLOMA
Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike fronds.
THE CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF WHICH CELLS ARE DETECTED IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA?
Plasma cells.
EMPHYSEMA
Permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without significant fibrosis.
MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM OCCURS IN:
Ileum.
EXOPHYTIC
A neoplasm or lesion that grows outward from an epithelial surface.
WHAT IS PARANEOPLASIA? LIST A FEW TYPICAL EXAMPLES!
Symptom complexes that occur in patients with cancer and that cannot be readily explained by local or distant spread of the tumor, nor to the secretion of hormones indigenous to the tissue the tumor is derived from. Trousseau-thrombophlebitis, acromegaly, marantic endocarditis, Cushing-syndrome, DIC, hypercalcemia.
ELEMENTS OF THE TUBERCULOTIC GHON’S COMPLEX:
Primary tuberculotic nodule – lymphangitis – lymphadenitis.
TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (lympho-epithelioma), Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some B-cell lymphomas.
MEIGS’ SYNDROME
Ovarial fibrothecoma associated hydrothorax.
ANEURYSM
Congenital or acquired dilations of blood vessels or the heart.
TYPICAL SYMPTOMS FOR NEPHRITIS SYNDROME:
Hypertension, proteinuria, macroscopic hematuria, azotemia.
CARCINOMA, in situ
Severe dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.
FIBROSIS
Excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in a tissue.
THE TWO MOST COMMON LOCALIZATIONS OF EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
Liver, spleen.
AUTOLYSIS
Enzymatic digestion of cells (especially dead or degenerate) by enzymes present within them (autogenous).
STASIS
Stagnation of fluid due to obstruction and congestion.
SARCOMA
Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin.
GASTROSCHISIS
A birth defect in which abdominal viscera protrude through the incomplete abdominal wall.
METAPLASIA
Change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type.
CARCINOMA
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells.
EMPYEMA
pleural exudate caused by microbial invasion through either direct extension of a pulmonary infection or blood-borne seeding
STENOSIS
Narrowing of a lumen.
METASTASIS
Spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor and unequivocally marks a tumor as malignant.
CARCINOMA
Malignant epithelial tumor.
PYKNOSIS
Form of nuclear destruction: shrinkage.
WHERE DOES OSTEOSARCOMA ARISE MOST COMMONLY
Metaphysis of long cortical bones, mainly distal femur and proximal tibia
HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID:
Grooves, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, crowding of nuclei, ground-glass (Orphan Annie) nuclei, Psammoma bodies, papillary and/or follicular structures. It rarely gives metastasis, if yes, lymphogenic metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes.
CARCINOGENESIS
Multistep process resulting from the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations that collectively give rise to the transformed phenotype causing malignant neoplasms.
COARCTATION
Congenital narrowing or constriction of the aorta
ATYPIA
Structural abnormality in a cell due to reactive or neoplastic processes
EXUDATE
Protein-rich fluid accumulation
CYST
An abnormal closed epithelium-lined cavity in the body, containing liquid or semisolid material.
TRANSUDATE
Fluid with low protein content, little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity
(protein content: <3g/l).
GIANT CELL, FOREIGN BODY TYPE
A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed around inert foreign material formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.
MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF INTRACRANIAL BACTERIAL INFECTION:
Leptomeninx.
GIANT CELL, LANGHANS TYPE
A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed around caseating necrosis, typically in tuberculosis, formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.
COMPLICATIONS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Aneurysm formation, ischaemic injury of organs, embolism, thrombosis.
CONDYLOMA
HPV associated warty lesion of the genital squamous epithelium.
FISTULA
A permanent abnormal passageway between two organs in the body or between an organ and the exterior of the body.
AGENESIS
Complete absence of an organ or is anlage.
HEPATORENAL SYNDROME
Renal failure in patients with severe liver disease in the absence of morphological change of the kidneys.
EPITHELIOID CELL
Activated macrophages which may develop abundant cytoplasm and begin to resemble epithelial cells
GIANT CELL
A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.
ENDOPHYTIC
Tending to grow inward into tissues in fingerlike projections from a superficial site of origin — used for tumors
REGENERATION
Replacement of damaged tissue components and essentially return to a normal state.
VIRCHOW’S LYMPH NODE
Metastatic supraclavicular lymph node. The most common primary tumor is gastric adenocarcinoma.
BIOPSY
Process involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
EXAMPLES FOR OPTIONAL AND AN OBLIGATORY PRECANCEROUS CONDITION
Facultative: squamous cell metaplasia of the bronchi
Obligatory: cervical dysplasia
PANCOAST TUMOR
Locally disseminated, malignant tumor in the apex of the lung.
HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FOLLICULAR ADENOMA AND FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA?
With the complete surgical removal of the lesion, and thorough histological examination of the capsule in search for capsular or vascular invasion which is diagnostic for follicular carcinoma.
HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALIGNANCY IN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
Cellular atypia, necrosis, increased mitotic count.
HYPERPLASIA
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ that stems from increased proliferation, either of differentiated cells or, in some instances, less differentiated progenitor cells.
DESMOPLASIA
Tumor induced stromal reaction characterized by collagen rich connective tissue.
FOCAL, MULTIPLE
More than one localized lesion, limited to a specific area.
TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE
Genes that normally prevent uncontrolled growth and, when mutated or lost from a cell, allow the transformed phenotype to develop.
PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS
Venous thrombosis.
RESOLUTION
Restoration of the site of acute inflammation to normal.
CAROLI DISEASE
Congenital disorder comprising of multifocal cystic dilatation of segmental intrahepatic bile ducts.
GRANULATION TISSUE
Material formed in the process of repair of wounds of soft tissue, consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrowing young vessels.
TUMOR, benign
A tumor which has microscopic and gross characteristics that are considered to be relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized and is amenable to local surgical removal.
ULCER
Local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue.
WHAT DOES CONGO-RED STAINING DETECT?
Amyloid.
ANAPLASIA
Dedifferentiation, or loss of structural and functional differentiation of malignant tumors.
HYPERCHROMASIA
An increase in chromatin in cell nuclei, causing increased staining of nuclei with hematoxylin.
INFLAMMATION, acute serous
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage marked by exudation of cell-poor fluid.(Burns/Rhinitis)
ADENOCARCINOMA
Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium.
HSIL
High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, epithelial proliferation caused by high risk HPV infection, a precancerous condition.
WHAT IS CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM?
Venereal wart most commonly caused by HPV 6 and 11 serotypes.
ORCHITIS
Inflammation of the testis.
FORMS OF STERILE (NON-INFECTIOUS) ENDOCARDITIS:
Marantic endocarditis, endocarditis associated with carcinoid-syndrome.
INVASION
Invasion refers to the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighbouring tissues.
AMYLOIDOSIS
Disorder characterized by the extracellular deposits of proteins that are prone to aggregate and form insoluble fibrils.
EDEMA
Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues.
ADENOMA
Benign tumor of glandular epithelium.
ABSCESS
Localized collections of pus caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.
PHLEBITIS
Inflammation of a vein.
DIVERTICULUM
Acquired pseudodiverticular outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa.
MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR OF THE BREAST
Fibroadenoma.
BRESLOW’S DEPTH
Thickness (mm) of skin melanoma measured from the granular layer of the epidermis.
LIST THE FEATURES OF CROHN’S DISEASE!
1) Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the whole GI tract
2) Segmental inflammation
3) Inflammation in all layers of the bowel wall, with granuloma formation and deep fissural ulcers
4) Fissures and fistulas common
5) Thickening of the bowel wall, stricture of the lumen
6) Extraintestinal symptoms
LYMPHOMA
Malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue.
DISEASE OF WHICH CELL TYPE IS HYDATIDIFORM MOLE?
Trophoblast cells.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE MIGHT CAUSE HYPERPLASIA OF WHICH ORGAN?
Parathyroid gland.
LIST THE FEATURES OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS!
1) Inflammatory bowel disease, beginning in the rectum, affecting only the colon
2) Continuous inflammation affecting only the mucosa and submucosa with broad based ulcers
3) Bowel wall becomes thin
4) Extraintestinal symptoms.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE THAT MAY CAUSE ORCHITIS:
Mumps.
ASCITES
Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the peritoneal cavity.
CONGESTION
Passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue, causing increased blood volume within the tissue.
THROMBUS
The formation or presence of a blood clot in a blood vessel.
WHICH LIVER DISEASE IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS?
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
APLASIA
Incomplete development of an organ or its anlage.
DEGENERATION
Gradual deterioration of specific tissues, cells, or organs with corresponding impairment or loss of function.
IN WHICH DISEASE DOES CONDYLOMA LATUM OCCUR?
Syphilis.
ATELECTASIS
Loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of air spaces.
SHOCK
A state in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia.
METHOD USED FOR THE DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIA
PCR, cultivation, Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
WHICH TYPES OF VASCULITIS AFFECT THE SMALL AND MIDDLE SIZED ARTERIES?
Buerger’s disease, Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener-granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis), Churg-Strauss disease (eosinophilia and granulomatosis with polyangitis).
MOST COMMON ORIGIN OF PANCREAS CARCINOMA:
Ductus epithelium.
SUPPURATION
Formation of pus.
APOPTOSIS
Pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nerve system which is characterized by recurring episodes of disease activity with production of white matter lesions.
ACHALASIA
Incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter with increased sphincter tone and aperistaltis of the esophagus.
CIRRHOSIS
Diffuse transformation of the liver into regenerative parenchymal nodules surrounded by fibrous bands, end stage of chronic liver disease.
PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF BREAST CARCINOMA
Histologic type, grade, stage
Estrogen-, progesteron-, and Her2 receptor status, Ki-67 proliferation index
ARTERITIS
Arterial wall inflammation.
PATHOGENESIS OF GRAVES’ DISEASE
Thyroid stimulating anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies.
IMPETIGO
Superficial purulent inflammation of the skin.
BARETT’S OESOPAGUS
Intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells presenting at least 1 cm orally to the gastro-esophageal junction.
Precancerous condition.
PNEUMONIA
Inflammation of the lung.
BUDD-CHIARI-SYNDROME
Thrombosis of the hepatic veins.
MASTITIS
Inflammation of the breast.
INFLAMMATION, acute hemorrhagic
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with capillary endothelial destruction and consequent bleeding.(Spanish Flu/Anthrax)
RELAPSE
Return of a disease after its apparent cessation.
ONCOGENE
Genes that induce a transformed phenotype when expressed in cells by promoting increased cell growth.
FOCAL, SOLITARY
A single localized lesion, limited to a specific area.
LIST ONCOGENIC VIRUSES (WHICH PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MALIGNANT TUMORS)
EBV: Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HHV-8: Kapos sarcoma, HCV/HBV: hepatocellular carcinoma, HPV: anogenital squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma, HTLV-1: adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia.
HYALINE
A clear, eosinophilic, homogeneous substance occurring in cellular degeneration.
SCHWANNOMA
Tumor of the peripheral nerves.
PSEUDOCYST
Liquefied areas of necrotic tissue become walled off by fibrous tissue to form a cystic space, lacking an epithelial lining.
CAUSE OF COMMON WART
Human papilloma virus (HPV).
HERNIATION
Abnormal protrusion of an organ or other body structure through a defect or natural opening in a covering membrane, muscle, or bone.
INFARCTION, anaemic
Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue.(Heart/Kidney/Spleen)
BLASTOMA
Embryonal tumor, more common in children, that is caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts, characterized by small blue cells.
RECURRENCE
Neoplasm growing at the same place of previously treated primary tumor.
TWO MAIN FORMS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Acute interstitial pancreatitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis
MALT LYMPHOMA (WITH EXAMPLES)
Lymphoma arising in the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
stomach, small intestine, tonsils, thyroid gland, conjunctiva, bronchus
HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE
Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis.
PLEOMORPHISM (POLYMORHISM)
Variation of size and shape of cells, usually charasteristic for malignant neoplasms.
WHICH LUNG TUMOR TYPE PRODUCES COMMONLY HORMONES?
Small Cell Carcinoma
HAMARTOMA
A mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site.
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME
Venous congestion on the superior extremities and head caused by compression of the vein, most commonly due to lung or mediastinal tumors.
HYDROTHORAX
Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the pleural cavity.
EXAMPLES FOR BENIGN AND MALIGNANT SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS!
Benign: pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma, Whartin tumor.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma
KARYOLYSIS
Form of nuclear destruction: fading.
PETECHIAE
Minute (1 to 2 mm in diameter) hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.
ECTOPIA
An abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part, occurring congenitally or as the result of injury.
TECHNIC OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING:
Exfoliative cytology.
HEPATIC STEATOSIS
Fatty degeneration of the liver.
THE TWO MOST COMMONLY AFFECTED
ORGANS IN PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS:
Lung, Small Bowel
