Pathophys-Written Questions - Semester 2 Flashcards
- Which of the following causes vitamin B12 deficiency?
a. Pregnancy
b. Antiepileptic drugs
c. Veganism
d. Hemolytic anemia
e. Jejunal resection
c. Veganism
- Which one of the following is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
a. vitiligo
b. peripheral neuropathy
c. carcinoma of the stomach
d. macrocytic anemia
b. peripheral neuropathy
d. macrocytic anemia
3a. Folate deficiency may cause:
a. Peptic ulcer
b. Spinal cord damage
c. Duodenal atrophy
d. Hemolytic anemia
e. Neural tube defect
e. Neural tube defect
3b. Which of the following may NOT cause folate deficiency?
a. inflammation
b. pregnancy
c. gluten sensitivity
d. antiepileptic drugs
e. veganism
e. veganism
- Which statement is true about the reduction of folate?
a. it is inhibited by methotrexate
b. it occurs during thymidylate synthesis
c. it is inhibited by sulfonamides
d. vegan people are affected more
e. it needs vitamin B12
a. it is inhibited by methotrexate
- The lab reports for a patient with low MCV show high serum ferritin and low TIBC. What is the most likely cause for this patient’s anemia?(1)
a. hypothyroidism
b. iron deficiency
c. thalassemia
d. hemoglobinopathy
e. anemia secondary to inflammation
e. anemia secondary to inflammation
- Specific signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia may include:
a. intermittent glossitis
b. angular cheilitis
c. Plummer-Vinson syndrome
d. dermatitis
a. intermittent glossitis
b. angular cheilitis
c. Plummer-Vinson syndrome
d. dermatitis
- Select the following that enhance iron absorption
a. calcium
b. citric acid
c. ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
d. polyphenols (tea)
b. citric acid
c. ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
- Iron is absorbed in the (1):
a. duodenum
b. stomach
c. jejunum
d. ileum
e. colon
a. duodenum
- Signs/Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia may include all of the following except (1):
a. Dizziness (vertigo)
b. Pallor of conjunctiva
c. Tachypnoe
d. Abdominal pain
e. Tachycardia
d. Abdominal pain
- Which of the following does not cause iron deficiency anemia? (1)
a. Infection
b. Increased requirement
c. Decreased intake
d. Malabsorption
e. Chronic blood loss
d. Malabsorption
could be correct but the less probable option
- Which are characteristic laboratory finding(s) for IDA?
a. Increased RDW
b. Decreased sTfR
c. Ovalocytes, elliptocytes, microcytes
d. Decreased MCV, MCH, MCHC
a. Increased RDW
d. Decreased MCV, MCH, MCHC
- Which of the following normally contains >10% of body iron? (1)
a. lymphocytes
c. heart
d. transferrin
e. macrophages
e. macrophages
- What is the most important test for iron stores?
a. se transferrin
b. bone marrow biopsy
c. se Fe
d. TIBC
e. se ferritin
e. se ferritin
- Where is most of non-heme iron found in the body?(1)
a. in red blood cells
b. free in plasma
c. bound to transferrin
d. bound to IF
e. stored in the liver
e. stored in the liver
- Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Hemorrhage is the major cause of iron deficiency in Hungary
b. A molecule of transferrin may transport 4 atoms of iron
c. A unit of blood contains 200-250 mg iron
d. A man needs to absorb about 1 mg of dietary iron daily
c. A unit of blood contains 200-250 mg iron
d. A man needs to absorb about 1 mg of dietary iron daily
- Which of the following laboratory findings coincide with megaloblastic anemia?
a. increased LDH
b. increased serum bilirubin
c. increased transferrin
d. increased serum iron
a. increased LDH
b. increased serum bilirubin
- Which of the following is a normochromic, normocytic anemia:
a. anemia of chronic renal disease
b. sideroblastic anemia
c. iron deficiency
d. megaloblastic anemia
e. thalassemia
a. anemia of chronic renal disease
- Microcytic anemia may be caused by:(1)
a. Acute bleeding
b. alpha Thalassemia
c. Renal damage
d. Folate deficiency
e. Alcohol
b. alpha Thalassemia
- Which of the following is NOT a cause of microcytic anemia? (1)
a. pancytopenia
b. lead poisoning
c. thalassemia
d. iron deficiency anemia
e. anemia of chronic disease
a. pancytopenia
- The most common form of sideroblastic anemia is:(1)
a. Acquired, alcohol related
b. Hereditary, X-linked
c. Hereditary, autosomal recessive
d. hereditary, autosomal dominant
e. acquired, lead poisoning
a. Acquired, alcohol related
B6 def. is caused
21/22. Which of the following is NOT true about sideroblastic anemia?(1)
a. It may respond to erythropoietin
b. it may be inherited
c. it may cause splenomegaly
d. it may be caused by folate deficiency
e. it is most frequently caused by myelodysplasia
d. it may be caused by folate deficiency
B6 could cause but not folate
- All of the following statements regarding sideroblastic anemias are correct, EXCEPT:(1)
a. sideroblastic anemic diseases result from impaired iron utilization and defective Hb formation
b. they may cause splenomegaly
c. they can be hereditary or acquired
d. iron stores in the bone marrow are decreased
e. they can be treated with pyridoxine to stimulate heme-synthesis
d. iron stores in the bone marrow are decreased
- Aside from the gradual onset signs of anemia, what other clinical presentations do you expect to see in aplastic anemia?
a. associated thrombocytopenia, e.g. history of bleeding from the gums
b. neutropenia, e.g. repeated bacterial infections
c. purpura
d. koilonychia, “spoon nails
a. associated thrombocytopenia, e.g. history of bleeding from the gums
b. neutropenia, e.g. repeated bacterial infections
c. purpura
- Aside from the gradual onset signs of anemia, what other clinical presentations do you expect to see in aplastic anemia?
a. purpura
b. koilonychia, “spoon nails”
c. associated thrombocytopenia, e.g. history of bleeding from the gums
d. neutropenia, e.g. repeated bacterial infections
a. purpura
c. associated thrombocytopenia, e.g. history of bleeding from the gums
d. neutropenia, e.g. repeated bacterial infections
- Aplastic anemia is a condition where:
a. there is deficiency of iron
b. there is deficiency of vitamin B12
c. there is deficiency of vitamin B6
d. the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells
e. red blood cells are destroyed very fast in the circulation
d. the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells
- What can cause aplastic anemia?
a. pregnancy
b. drugs and chemicals
c. viral infection
d. idiopathic
a. pregnancy
b. drugs and chemicals
c. viral infection
d. idiopathic
- Select the statement about red blood cells that is incorrect?
a. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin
b. Deoxyhemoglobin carries oxygen
c. Mature red blood cells lack nuclei
d. Red blood cells lack mitochondria
e. proerythroblast has EPO receptors
b. Deoxyhemoglobin carries oxygen
- Signs/symptoms of sickle cell anemia may include:
a. Tachycardia
b. Dizziness (vertigo)
c. Abdominal pain
d. Pallor of conjunctiva
a. Tachycardia
b. Dizziness (vertigo)
c. Abdominal pain
d. Pallor of conjunctiva
31. Which are characteristic finding(s) for PNH, Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria? a. increased expression of CD55/CD59 b. dark urine in the morning c. Budd-Chiari syndrome d. positive Ham test
b. dark urine in the morning
c. Budd-Chiari syndrome
d. positive Ham test
- What could be the clinical manifestation(s) of PNH?
a. decreased GFR
b. bone marrow aplasia, pancytopenia
c. normal se haptoglobin
d. iron deficiency
b. bone marrow aplasia, pancytopenia
d. iron deficiency
- Signs/symptoms of porphyrias may include:
a. abdominal pain
b. dermatitis
c. peripheral neuropathy
d. gallstone
a. abdominal pain
- Which of the following is NOT true about autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
a. it may complicate B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
b. it may be associated with IgM antibodies in serum
c. it may be due to drugs
d. it is associated with pernicious anemia
e. it is associated with a positive direct antiglobulin test
d. it is associated with pernicious anemia
- Hemolytic anemia can be caused by:
a. thalassemia
b. G6PD deficiency
c. PK deficiency
d. inflammation
a. thalassemia
b. G6PD deficiency
c. PK deficiency
- Where in the body is erythropoietin produced?
a. spleen
b. thyroid
c. liver
d. kidney
c. liver
d. kidney
- The primary cause of anemia of chronic renal disease is:
a. hydremia
b. blood lost in the urine
c. deficiency of iron
d. hemolysis resulting from capillary thrombosis
e. decreased erythropoietin synthesis
e. decreased erythropoietin synthesis
- When red blood cells are removed from the circulation, part of their components are recycled while others are disposed. Select the incorrect statement about destruction of red blood cells:
a. biliverdin and bilirubin impart color to bile
b. macrophages in the liver and spleen destroy worn out red blood cells
c. iron is stored in RES in the form of ferritin
d. the greenish pigment, biliverdin, is recycled to the bone marrow
e. iron is carried to the bone marrow by a protein called transferrin
d. the greenish pigment, biliverdin, is recycled to the bone marrow
- What test would you do, besides history, CBC and blood smear, to confirm Thalassemia? (1)
a. Hb electrophoresis
b. se bilirubin
c. TIBC
d. se ferritin
e. se Fe
a. Hb electrophoresis
- Which of the following is true about alpha-thalassemia?
a. Presence of Bart’s Hb
b. Reduced production of alpha chain due to a point mutation
c. The Mentzer index usually is >13
d. Presence of HbH
a. Presence of Bart’s Hb
d. Presence of HbH
- Which of the following is true about α-thalassemia?
a. it is rare except in the Far East
b. it causes a microcytic hypochromic blood picture
c. it ameliorates β thalassemia
d. it may cause haemoglobin H disease
b. it causes a microcytic hypochromic blood picture
d. it may cause haemoglobin H disease
- Which would you expect to see on a blood smear for beta thalassemia?
a. Heinz bodies
b. hypochromic microcytic anemia
c. multinucleated neutrophils
d. target cells
b. hypochromic microcytic anemia
d. target cells
- Which of the following is true about β-thalassemia?
a. reduced production of β chain due to a point mutation
b. presence of HbH
c. increased HbF
d. the Mentzer index usually is >13
a. reduced production of β chain due to a point mutation
c. increased HbF
- Which of the following statements is true about β-thalassemia trait?(1)
a. it is associated with a reticulocytosis
b. it may cause hemoglobin H disease
c. it is associated with splenomegaly
d. it is associated with a raised hemoglobin A2 level
e. it is associated with iron overload
d. it is associated with a raised hemoglobin A2 level
- Where is beta thalassemia the most common?
a. Mediterranean
b. Arabian peninsula
c. West Africa
d. Southeast Asia
a. Mediterranean
b. Arabian peninsula
d. Southeast Asia
- Spherocytes in the blood film may occur in: (1)
a. Iron deficiency anemia
b. Reticulocytosis
c. Thalassemia major
d. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
e. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
d. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- It is true about hereditary spherocytosis (1):
a. it can be treated by splenectomy
b. it is due to pyruvate kinase deficiency
c. it is caused by an inherited defect in hemoglobin
d. it is more frequent in southern Europe
e. It is more common in males
a. it can be treated by splenectomy
- Spherocytes in the blood film may occur in:(1)
a. thalassemia major
b. autoimmune hemolytic anemia
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
d. reticulocytosis
e. iron deficiency anemia
b. autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Anemia secondary to uremia is characteristically: (1)
a. macrocytic
b. microcytic, hypochromic
c. hemolytic
d. megaloblastic
e. normocytic, normochromic
e. normocytic, normochromic
- A 50-year-old patient is suffering from pernicious anemia. Which of the following laboratory data are most likely on this patient?(1)
a. WBC 12.5 G/l; PLT 1250 G/l
b. WBC 6.5 G/l; PLT 80 G/l
c. WBC 4 G/l; PLT 750 G/l
d. WBC 5 G/l; PLT 50 G/l
e. WBC 12.5 G/l; PLT 250 G/l
d. WBC 5 G/l; PLT 50 G/l
- Which of the following is associated with pernicious anemia?(1)
a. thyroid antibodies in serum
b. systemic lupus erythematosus
c. ileocecal resection
d. alcoholism
e. malabsorption of B12-intrinsic factor complex
e. malabsorption of B12-intrinsic factor complex
- Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is characterized by:
a. Favorable responsiveness to chemotherapy
b. Decreasing prevalence among elderly people
c. Granulocytes with hyperlobulated nuclei
d. A wide array of red blood cell shape deformities
c. Granulocytes with hyperlobulated nuclei
d. A wide array of red blood cell shape deformities
- 2 Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is characterized by:
a. Hypocellularity in the bone marrow
b. Simultaneous involvement of multiple cell lines
c. Frequent progression to acute leukemia
d. Gradually progressive anemia
e. Favorable responsiveness to chemotherapy
b. Simultaneous involvement of multiple cell lines
c. Frequent progression to acute leukemia (“the real danger”)
d. Gradually progressive anemia
- 3 Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is characterized by:
a. Predominant involvement of the megakaryocytic cell line
b. Anemia
c. Increasing prevalence among elderly people
d. Elevated platelet count
b. (Refractory) Anemia
c. Increasing prevalence among elderly people
- Symptoms/alterations in polycythemia vera (PV)?
a. Decreased erythropoietin level
b. Decreased hematocrit
c. Long standing febrile state
d. Itching
a. Decreased erythropoietin level
d. Itching
- Symptoms/alterations in polycythemia vera (PV), except?
a. Itching
b. Increased hematocrit
c. Decreased erythropoietin level
d. Long standing febrile state
d. Long standing febrile state
- A factor in the molecular pathomechanism of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)? (1)
a. Decreased protein degradation
b. Abnormally increased intracellular signaling
c. Increased relocation of membrane lipids
d. Increased intracellular phosphatase activity
e. Decreased mitochondrial energy production
b. Abnormally increased intracellular signaling
- Which is a characteristic, frequent, acquired genetic
alteration in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?(1)
a. Calreticulin gene mutations
b. 9:22 chromosome translocation
c. Abl kinase gene mutations
d. Gene rearrangement of the cyclin D gene
e. K-ras gene mutations
b. 9:22 chromosome translocation
* This is the Philadelphia Chromosome: Bcr-Abl translocation.
- As a result of 9:22 translocation in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML):(1)
a. Apoptosis of affected cells is increased
b. mRNA transcription decreases
c. A chimeric protein is produced with increased kinase activity
d. Activity of the bcr protein increases
e. Cell differentiation becomes blocked at an early stage
c. A chimeric protein is produced with increased kinase activity
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by:
a. All cell forms of the lymphoid lineage are present in the periphery
b. Simultaneous involvement of multiple cell lines
c. Favorable responsiveness to chemotherapy
d. It is less frequent in adults compared to children
c. Favorable responsiveness to chemotherapy
d. It is less frequent in adults compared to children
- 2 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by:
a. T lymphocytes are more frequently affected than B lymphocytes
b. High chance of in utero mutation generation
c. Recurrent genetic alterations can be identified by cytogenetic testing
d. Poor response to chemotherapy
b. High chance of in utero mutation generation
c. Recurrent genetic alterations can be identified by cytogenetic testing
- As a result of high sensitivity detection of minimal residual disease: (1)
a. The cost of diagnostic testing can be decreased
b. Novel inherited mutations can be identified
c. Novel tumor specific molecular alterations can be identified
d. Treatment of relapse can be initiated earlier
e. Disease classification can be improved
d. Treatment of relapse can be initiated earlier
- The most frequent hematological tumor: (1)
a. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
b. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)
c. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
d. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
e. Follicular lymphoma
c. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Pathogenic factors of renal failure in myeloma multiplex (MM), except:
a. Decreased perfusion
b. Light chain deposition
c. Nephrocalcinosis
d. Amyloidosis
a. Decreased perfusion
- 1 Pathogenic factors of renal failure in myeloma multiplex (MM), except:
a. Decreased perfusion
b. Amyloidosis
c. Light chain deposition
d. Nephrocalcinosis
a. Decreased perfusion
- 1 Pathogenic factors of renal failure in myeloma multiplex (MM), except:
a. Decreased perfusion
b. Nephrocalcinosis
c. Light chain deposition
d. Amyloidosis
a. Decreased perfusion
- Pathogenetic factors of anemia in myeloma multiplex (MM):
a. Latent iron deficiency
b. Bone marrow infiltration by plasma cell expansion
c. Decreased erythropoietin production due to renal failure
d. Hemodilution
b. Bone marrow infiltration by plasma cell expansion
c. Decreased erythropoietin production due to renal
- Predominantly affected cell lines in myeloma multiplex (MM):
a. Plasma cells
b. Myeloblasts
c. B lymphocytes
d. Megakaryocytes
a. Plasma cells
- Consequences of the bone lesions in myeloma multiplex (MM):
a. Increased osteoblast activity
b. Elevated serum calcium level
c. Erythroid hyperplasia in the newly formed bone marrow space
d. Pathological fractures
b. Elevated serum calcium level
d. Pathological fractures
- Abnormal condition(s) preceding myeloma multiplex (MM):
a. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
b. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)
c. Polycythemia vera (PV)
d. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
d. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
- Characteristic alteration in myeloma multiplex (MM):
a. Renal failure
b. Elevated plasma total protein level
c. Anemia
d. Elevated blast count in the periphery
a. Renal failure
b. Elevated plasma total protein level
c. Anemia
- 1 Characteristic alteration in myeloma multiplex (MM):
a. Elevated plasma cell count in the periphery
b. Decreased plasma total protein level
c. Osteolytic bone lesions
d. Thrombocytosis
c. Osteolytic bone lesions
- Which of the following is an immature cell in platelet differentiation? (1)
a. Common myeloid progenitor cell
b. Common lymphoid progenitor cell
c. Mesodermal stem cell
d. Mesenchymal stem cell
e. None of the above
a. Common myeloid progenitor cell
- As a result of uncovering the driver mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN):(1)
a. There is a predominance of the chemotherapeutic treatments
b. Bone marrow examination can be omitted in the majority of the cases
c. There is a cost decrease of diagnostics
d. There is a favorable change in prognosis
e. None of the above
b. Bone marrow examination can be omitted in the majority of the cases
- 1 As a result of uncovering the driver mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN):
a. Novel, targeted therapies become feasible
b. The invasive bone marrow examination can frequently be omitted
c. The incidence of MPN diseases decreases
d. The diagnostics become less expensive
a. Novel, targeted therapies become feasible
b. The invasive bone marrow examination can frequently be omitted
- Which cell lines are affected in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN)?
a. Dendritic cell
b. Thymocyte
c. Megakaryocyte
d. Natural killer cell
c. Megakaryocyte
- Which is a characteristic feature of myeloproliferative neoplasm? (1)
a. Bone destruction
b. Elevated erythropoietin level
c. Splenomegaly
d. Initial symptom is frequently bone pain
e. Rapid progression
c. Splenomegaly
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by:
a. Blast ratio in the bone marrow exceeds 20%
b. Anemia is a characteristic symptom at presentation
c. It is associated with elevated platelet count
d. All cell forms of the myeloid lineage are present in the periphery
a. Blast ratio in the bone marrow exceeds 20%
b. Anemia is a characteristic symptom at presentation
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by:
a. Blast ratio in the bone marrow exceeds 20%
b. Anemia is a characteristic symptom at presentation
c. It is associated with elevated platelet count
d. All cell forms of the myeloid lineage are present in the periphery
a. Blast ratio in the bone marrow exceeds 20%
b. Anemia is a characteristic symptom at presentation
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by:
a. In the majority of cases, the malignant clone has increased differentiation capacity
b. It is the result of a series of acquired mutations affecting the myeloid stem cell
c. It causes death in a couple of weeks/months without treatment
d. Myeloblasts are rarely seen in the periphery
b. It is the result of a series of acquired mutations affecting the myeloid stem cell
c. It causes death in a couple of weeks/months without treatment
- It is true for acute myeloid leukemia (AML):
a. All cell forms of the myeloid lineage are present in the periphery
b. It is more common in adults than ALL
c. A pathological bone fracture is the most frequent symptom at presentation
d. Blast ratio in the bone marrow does not exceed 20%
b. It is more common in adults than ALL
- Main AML subclasses according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification:
a. AML with myelodysplastic alterations
b. Therapy related AML
c. AML with recurrent genetic abnormality
d. AML associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection
a. AML with myelodysplastic alterations
b. Therapy related AML
c. AML with recurrent genetic abnormality
* Lecture slide 44
- In AML, genes affected by mutation in more than 10% of the cases:
a. Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (K-RAS)
b. Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)
c. Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)
d. Break point cluster region (BCR)
b. Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)
- Which of the following diseases is associated with increased AML-transformation risk? (1)
a. Follicular lymphoma
b. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)
c. Essential thrombocytosis (ET)
d. Polycythemia vera (PV)
e. Myeloma multiplex (MM)
b. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)
- Which is an environmental factor playing a role in leukemogenesis?
a. Down syndrome
b. Deep vein thrombosis
c. Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection
d. Chronic alcohol consumption
e. Vitamin K deficiency
c. Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection
- Symptoms/alterations in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
a. Itching
b. Decreased hematocrit
c. Decreased erythropoietin level
d. Splenomegaly
d. Splenomegaly
- Which is a characteristic, frequent, acquired genetic alteration in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?(1)
a. 9:22 chromosome translocation
b. Gene rearrangement of the cyclin D gene
c. Abl kinase gene mutations
d. K-ras gene mutations
e. Calreticulin gene mutations
e. Calreticulin gene mutations
- Which disease is characterized by the total absence of differentiation? (1)
a. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
b. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
c. Essential thrombocytosis (ET).
d. All of the above.
e. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
d. All of the above.
- Which genetic factor plays a role in leukemogenesis? (1)
a. Down syndrome
b. Sickle cell anemia
c. Thalassemia major
d. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
e. Epstein-Barr virus infection
a. Down syndrome
*Leukemogenesis =Generation of Cancer
(Other Genetic factors: Down, Bloom, Klinefelter, Wiskott-Aldrich syndromes, Fanconi anaemia, neurofibromatosis)
- Which are the environmental factors playing a role in leukemogenesis, Except one?
a. Industrial solvents
b. Epstein-Barr virus infection
c. Anti-tumor chemotherapy
d. Ionizing irradiation
e. Sickle cell anemia
e. Sickle cell anemia
- The following are myeloid diseases, Except (1):
a. Polycythemia vera (PV)
b. Essential thrombocytosis (ET).
c. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
d. Myeloma multiplex (MM)
e. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
d. Myeloma multiplex (MM)
It is a Monoclonal Gammopathy
- Chemotherapeutic target(s) in leukemias:
a. mRNA synthesis
b. Purine synthesis
c. %*50%Glycolysis
d. Terminal oxidation
b. Purine synthesis
- Targeted therapeutic options in leukemias:
a. Proteasome inhibitors
b. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors
c. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
d. Proton-pump inhibitors
c. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
* For example, the drug imatinib (Gleevec) stops the action of a protein within the leukemia cells of people with chronic myelogenous leukemia - FIRST DRUG TO BE RELEASED EARLIER THAN EXPECTED BY THE SUPPORT OF FDA.
- Which is a common symptom of leukemia at presentation? (1)
a. Jaundice
b. Febrile state without obvious cause
c. Headache
d. Altered vision
e. Nausea and vomiting
b. Febrile state without obvious cause
- Which is a common symptom of acute leukemia at presentation?
a. Punctuated skin bleedings
b. Painful swelling of the lower extremity
c. Altered vision
d. Nausea and vomiting
e. Headache
a. Punctuated skin bleedings
* Multiple ecchymoses. Bleeding may be caused by thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy that results from disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), or both.
- Which is a clonal hematopoietic disease with primary bone marrow localization?(1)
a. Hodgkin disease
b. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
c. Mantle cell lymphoma
d. Follicular lymphoma
e. None of the above
b. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
- The French-American-British (FAB) classification is primarily based on: (1)
a. Cytogenetic alterations
b. Prognosis
c. Molecular alterations
d. Histopathological picture
e. Genetic mutations
d. Histopathological picture
- Which one is a targeted diagnostic procedure of clonal hematologic diseases? (1)
a. Fine needle biopsy
b. Scintigraphy
c. Computed tomography
d. Gastroscopy
e. Flow cytometry
e. Flow cytometry
- Factors in the molecular pathomechanism of leukemia, except?(1)
a. Decreased differentiation
b. Increased mitochondrion production
c. Increased DNA synthesis
d. Decreased apoptosis
e. Increased proliferative signaling text
b. Increased mitochondrion production
- 1 Factors in the molecular pathomechanism of leukemia, except?(1)
a. Increased proliferative signaling
b. Increased DNA synthesis
c. Increased mitochondrion production
d. Decreased differentiation
e. Decreased apoptosis
b. Increased mitochondrion production
- Element of molecular pathomechanism of leukemia? (1)
a. Predominance of glycolysis in cellular energy production
b. Increased mitochondrion production
c. Plasma membrane reorganization
d. Increased intracellular signaling leading to enhanced cell proliferation
e. Accelerated differentiation
d. Increased intracellular signaling leading to enhanced cell proliferation
- The World Health Organization (WHO) classification is primarily based on:(1)
a. Cytochemistry reaction pattern
b. Cellular origin and genetic alterations
c. Cytogenetic alterations
d. Histopathological picture
e. Prognosis
b. Cellular origin and genetic alterations
- What is the cause of thrombocytopenia in liver cirrhosis?
a. decreased bile secretion
b. direct effect of metabolic alterations on the bone marrow
c. splenomegaly – hypersplenia
d. hyperbilirubinemia
e. malabsorption
c. splenomegaly – hypersplenia
- Thrombocytopenia can occur, except in:
a. acute leukemia
b. in autoimmune disease
c. following massive transfusion
d. acute inflammation
e. in measles infection
d. acute inflammation
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is characterized by:
a. ADAMTS13 deficiency
b. increased platelet aggregation
c. von Willebrand factor protein of ultra large size
d. renal failure
a. ADAMTS13 deficiency
b. increased platelet aggregation
c. von Willebrand factor protein of ultra large size
d. renal failure?
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is characterized by:
a. it is associated with vitamin K deficiency
b. decreased platelet aggregation
c. it is more common in females than males
d. decreased platelet release reaction
e. bleedings into the joints
c. it is more common in females than males
- Which of the following statements is true regarding the regulation of platelet production?
a. Hypoxemia is an important stimulus of platelet production.
b. The stimulating hormone, thrombopoietin is produced in the bone marrow.
c. No hormone is known to inhibit platelet production.
d. The segmented nuclei of the megakaryocytes are incorporated in the platelets.
e. Platelet production is decreased in inflammation.
c. No hormone is known to inhibit platelet production.
- Surface receptor that plays a role in platelet activation:
a. prostacyclin
b. histidine decarboxylase
c. thromboxane A2
d. glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
e. endocannabinoid
d. glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
- Which step of platelet activation takes place the earliest?
a. aggregation
b. contraction of the cytoskeleton
c. adhesion
d. elevation of intracellular calcium levels
e. release of dense granule content
c. adhesion
- Platelets are characterized by:
a. the majority of blood group antigens are expressed on their surface
b. they are capable to divide
c. surface expression of HLA class I antigens
d. a lack of granules
e. they generate energy by glycolysis
c. surface expression of HLA class I antigens
- Platelet production can be inhibited by:
a. vitamin B12 deficiency
b. all answers are correct
c. chemotherapy
d. bone marrow manifestation of malignant disease
e. measles virus infection
b. all answers are correct
- Direct interaction partner of thrombin, except:
a. subendothelial smooth muscle cells
b. platelets
c. lymphocytes
d. monocytes
e. endothelial cells
a. subendothelial smooth muscle cells
- Interaction partner of thrombin:
a. lymphocytes
b. monocytes
c. fibrinogen
d. platelets
e. all the answers are correct
e. all the answers are correct
- 1 Acquired risk factor for deep vein thrombosis:
a. dehydration
b. nephrotic syndrome
c. hypertension
d. obesity
a. dehydration
b. nephrotic syndrome
d. obesity
- 2 Acquired risk factor for deep vein thrombosis:
a. sustained immobilization
b. overdose of vitamin K
c. asthma bronchiale
d. malignant disease
a. sustained immobilization
d. malignant disease
- Causative factor responsible for increased deep vein thrombosis risk in malignant diseases:
a. anemia
b. decreased food intake
c. cachexia due to the tumor
d. decreased physical activity
d. decreased physical activity
14 Genetic factors increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis:
a. activated protein C resistance
b. Gilbert’s syndrome
c. Leiden mutation
d. alfa-1 antitrypsin deficiency
a. activated protein C resistance
c. Leiden mutation (Factor V def.)
- 1 Laboratory alteration suggesting deep vein thrombosis:
a. decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
b. decreased hemoglobin level
c. decreased activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
d. elevated plasma D-dimer level
d. elevated plasma D-dimer level