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Low Yield Semmelweis > Tia's Deck USMLE > Flashcards

Tia's Deck USMLE Flashcards

1
Q

difficulty sleeping

A

problem with LEFT heart

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2
Q

pain after delivery

A

most likely ovarian thrombus drains into right or left ivc. Uterin vein frained into internal iliac

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3
Q

new house after painting - child with constipation

A

lead posion - constipation , anemia and neurological symptoms

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4
Q

chronic hemolytic anemia

A

hemoglobin c- glutamate to lysin - dehydration of rbc

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5
Q

bacterial infection

A

gluco < 45 , protein > 250

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6
Q

gout pt

A

cox2 inhibitors can reduce il1 at the site of inflammation

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7
Q

reid index

A

mucous \ lamina propia + submucosa

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8
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

smoking , age over 65 , chrnoic panceratitis , men , herditary pancreatitis, pautz jagher

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9
Q

ani smith

A

against snRNP together with Mrna is the splicesosome

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10
Q

BRAFF

A

valin to glutamic

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11
Q

mutation

A

BRACA 1 BRACA 2

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12
Q

crackels

A

fine - pulmonary fibrosis. Due to opening of small aw

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13
Q

methylation

A

azathioprin

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14
Q

integrins

A

integrins bind fibronectin that bind collagen . Intacelular domain of fibronectin binds actin

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15
Q

keratin sulfate

A

keratin sulfate in ecm organized type 1 collagen in cornea

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16
Q

virulence

A

transformation - uptake dna , transduction - phage , conjugation - f factor

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17
Q

acne

A

anabolic steroids eg methyltestestoron can cause acne

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18
Q

area postreme

A

indirectly by ht3 via afferent vegal nerves or directly via dubstance p nk1

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19
Q

aortic dissection

A

htn marfan sy , severe pain , >20 hg variation in bp

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20
Q

ddx vsd and regurgitation mitral

A

radiation to axilla

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21
Q

myxedema degeneration

A

valves are formed from gag and thus can be degenrated by mafan or eheler danlor

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22
Q

performance anxiety

A

b blockers

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23
Q

qt prolangation

A

romano - no deafness and jurval

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24
Q

burgasa sy

A

rbbb and st elevation v1 v3 - can cause ventricular tachyarrythmias

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25
Q

theophillin over dose

A

tachycardia and seizures - treated with bb

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26
Q

ami smooth muscle cell ab

A

autoimmune hepatitis

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27
Q

speach

A

broca - not fluent vs wernice - fluent . In conduction (arcuate fasiculus) - very poor repetition.

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28
Q

sarcoidosis

A

increase ectopic ACE producation and increase ca - non caseating mainly african american

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29
Q

monckeberg calcification

A

effect only media , no itima . Asymptomamtic . Do not acclude vessel

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30
Q

onion conceric hyperthrophy

A

only above 180 bp usually and effects arterioles mainly kidney retina intestine .

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31
Q

leriche syndrome

A

aortoilliac occlusion

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32
Q

hpv

A

can cause squmous cell carcinoma in hiv pt in anal region

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33
Q

sevalamer

A

phosphate binder

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34
Q

cri du chat

A

cat cry hypotonoa , low ears broad nasal bridge

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35
Q

digeorge syndrome

A

trancus arteriolus , clrft plate , low ears

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36
Q

patau

A

cleft and polydactly

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37
Q

edowars

A

prominent occipital and overlapping fingers clench

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38
Q

big hematoma

A

ecchymosis. <5 mm is petachia and smaller is porpura

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39
Q

scotoma

A

any visueal defect sorrounded by unimpaired field of vision

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40
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

pain in one side of the face - treatment is carbamazepine.

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41
Q

sputum

A

green color is indicative of neutrophil myeloperoxodase activity

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42
Q

ependymoma

A

histo perivascular rossete.

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43
Q

blood supply

A

lad- supplies anterior aspect of left ventrical - v1-v4. distal will spare the v1v2

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44
Q

dilated coronory sinus

A

pulmonary htn \ presistent left superior vena cava

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45
Q

hypersensativity reaction hiv drugs

A

abacavir - hla b 57 : 01

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46
Q

emtrictiban

A

nrti - palmar rush

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47
Q

pulmonic stenosis

A

soft s2 pluse wide spleating

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48
Q

systemic scelrosis

A

pulmonery htn many times is cause of death

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49
Q

heptitic c

A

no proofreading of exonuclease 3 to 5 prime

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50
Q

eosinophilic inclusion

A

negri bodies - rabies virus

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51
Q

delusional

A

more than 1 month of delusional and no other psychotic symptoms!!

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52
Q

bullemia nervosa

A

hypokalemia , metabolic alkalosis , enlargment of parotid glnd bilateraly

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53
Q

alcohol withdrowal

A

erly sighn : anxiety , tremor , palpitation , gi

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54
Q

negative symptoms

A

lack of facial expression monotome voice poor eye contact

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55
Q

nacrolepsy

A

dx by low hypocretin -1 in csf

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56
Q

adhd dx

A

hyperactivity interfering with functioning in more than 2 setting ( school \ home ) . Dx before age 12 with more than 6 events over 2 months

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57
Q

opioids

A

incresed pain sensetivity in long term use due to - upregulation of nmda receptors .

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58
Q

opioids

A

mu receptor g coupled

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59
Q

phencyclidine

A

presistent nystagmus , psychosis and violent behavioral

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60
Q

seratonin precursor

A

tryptophan - fun syndrome

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61
Q

adjusment disorder

A

if pt meets the critria of mdd than it rules out adjusment

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62
Q

pharma - benzos

A

avoided in pt with substance use history

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63
Q

panic

A

acute - benz , chronic - ssri

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64
Q

mao inhibitors

A

good for atypical antodepressents and anxiety and seleglin for parkinson

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65
Q

nacrolepsy

A

treatment : modafenil , sodium oxybate

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66
Q

low calcium

A

increase ph increses the bound calcium to albumin , less free clacium . Low albomin - less total calcium but same free ionized

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67
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

in diabitic neuropathy the peropheral part is intact ( ehre parasympathetic is ) but the xentral part is smaged thus down and put and ptosis. In aneurysmal - compreesion of periphery too , parasympatetic - loss of accomodation to light

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68
Q

young pt sudden caraic death

A

hyperthropic cardiomyopathy

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69
Q

encephalitis causes

A

hsv , rabies , tick born virus, enteroviruses . Temporal lobe encephalitis- hsv1

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70
Q

secretin test

A

gastrinoma

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71
Q

pseupalsisatinf with central necrosis

A

glioblastoma with new vessel formation , age 40 70 year od age

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72
Q

diabitis

A

fetus develops hyperinsulinemia due to high glucxose for mom , thus in delivery where will be transient hypoglycemia

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73
Q

wide splitting

A

pulmonic stenosis

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74
Q

sle

A

can cause serositis- pericarditis , pleuritis and peritonitis

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75
Q

hemartoma

A

hemartomas are common in lung , cartilage in biopsy

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76
Q

testicular cancer

A

does not transilluminate . Ususlally in young age , not painfull

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77
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

sudden cardiac death at around age 30 40 , fatgue people

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78
Q

bph

A

can predispose to urinary tract infection

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79
Q

mutation

A

in apc we must have polyp while in the other no

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80
Q

atheroembolic event

A

vascular procedures can dislodge a plaque into small arteries. Symp: blue tue , bowek ischemia , acute tubualar necrosis , livedo reticularis

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81
Q

aortic stenosis

A

fibroblast differentiat onto osteoblast like cells thay causes progeressive valvular clacification

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82
Q

deposition of sterile platelet thrombi eg limban sacks

A

leads to regurgiatation rather than stenosis

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83
Q

mxomatous

A

mitral valve prolapse ( mardan eheler danlor )

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84
Q

ckd

A

low clalcium high pth

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85
Q

osler weber rendu syndrome

A

hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia , epistaxis

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86
Q

abdominal annurism

A

below renal above bifurcation , can radiate to the back , different pulses

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87
Q

irreversible damage

A

red neurons - eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nuclei

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88
Q

kaposi

A

spindle cells sorrounding blood vessels

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89
Q

entamoeba histolytica

A

trophozoite ingested rbc

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90
Q

rapiddly progressive demantia with myclonous and spongiform changes

A

creutzfeldt jakob disease .

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91
Q

diabtis

A

can cause hylalinization of nerve arterioles leading to ischemic damage.

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92
Q

lab value

A

after alp cheack ggtp to see if its liver damage

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93
Q

absence and tonic clonic

A

valproic acid is the first line treatment for the combination

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94
Q

atheroscelrosis suseptabilty

A

abdominal aorta and coronory

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95
Q

diabetis

A

lengh depended axonopathy - amall fiber- prodominance of positive symptoms while large fiber involvment predominance of negative symptoms

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96
Q

zolinger elison

A

distal duadenal ulcer

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97
Q

ttp

A

normal pt and ptt

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98
Q

drug induced toxisity

A

takes time and is not acute

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99
Q

systemic mastocytosis

A

clonal cell proliferation in bone marrow assocated with mutation in kit receptor tyrosin kinase

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100
Q

neuropenic patient

A

oppurnotist mycosis .

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101
Q

tenofovir

A

can cause fanconi syndrome and on histo - eosinophilic sytoplasmic inclusions

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102
Q

negative endocardidtis

A

coxiella and batonella

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103
Q

s3

A

best heard in lateral decubitis and in expiration

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104
Q

etaercept

A

decoy protein

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105
Q

brachicephlic vs svc syndrome

A

in svc syndrome both sides will be affected

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106
Q

gullian barre

A

albuminocytologic dissociation 0 increase protein and low wbc

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107
Q

pneumonia

A

staph aureus - productive cough

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108
Q

parvovirus

A

begins as flu and than rush spreading from face to trunk .

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109
Q

gastroenteritis

A

no mucous no bloody if its viral

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110
Q

prostatectomy

A

damnge cavernous nerves - eractile dysfunction

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111
Q

nucleus arcute hypoth

A

dopamin

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112
Q

hcg

A

mimcs lh in alpha subunit thus can mimic lh surge- used in pcos

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113
Q

syphilid

A

raised ulcer clean base - syphilis

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114
Q

syphilis - dx

A

nontreponemal - humoral response takes time thus its not sensative in the first 4 weeks

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115
Q

alcohol absitenence

A

natrexon and then disulfiram

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116
Q

gestational diabetes

A

glucokianse mutation - less insulin release

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117
Q

strep viridans

A

adherence to fibron and platlets

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118
Q

increase icp treatment

A

increase cerebral vascular resistance via decreasing co2

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119
Q

purulent pericarditis

A

staph aurous …

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120
Q

head traume leading to lost of taste

A

avulsion of olfactory outlets

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121
Q

hypertansion

A

can can hemorrhage of retina via fibrinoid necroiss. Htn can be seen as cotton wool spots too

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122
Q

tarrry stool and fatigue

A

associated with alkylating agents - causing death of repidly devideing cell in upper gi – > blood in atool ( tarry - melane)

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123
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

dexamethason is given broew treatment to reduce inflammtory responce and increase mortality

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124
Q

acute memory loss

A

suspect depression

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125
Q

irregular enlargment of uterus

A

leiomoma

126
Q

levodopa + carbidopa

A

less vomit , tachyarrythmias but more anxity agitation .

127
Q

seratonin syndrome

A

accours in combination with other seratogenic agent

128
Q

aging

A

increase residual volume decrease forced vital capacity , unchanges tlc due to decrease chest wall compliance but increased compliance of lung

129
Q

PE

A

hypotension , persistent hypoxemia , hypocapnia , respiratory alkalosis –> v\q mismatch - can be pneumoni or more probable to luhypotension to be PE

130
Q

LHF

A

pulmonary edema severe dyspnea

131
Q

pulmonary htn

A

rhf - no pulmonary edema ( at least unril lhf occurs too )

132
Q

fat embolism syndrome

A

petachie , dyspnea , neurological abnor

133
Q

malposition of gential tubrcle

A

epispadis

134
Q

descent of testis

A

4 months

135
Q

dwarfism

A

achrondroplesia \ laron syndrome - achondroplasia- not propotional - prominent forhead saddle nose normal genitelia .

136
Q

swarfism

A

small genitellia ( laron not doing sex) small head , propotional

137
Q

meckel diverticulum

A

kjelly bloody urine - can cause intessuspetion

138
Q

bronchopulmonary shunting

A

decrease only in 4 mmhg between alveolar and vein pressure of oxygen

139
Q

hepatic adenoma

A

can regress after discontnuetion of OCP ( unlike hemagioma)

140
Q

alaptonuria

A

AR -black urine , blue black pigmentaation in ear nose cheeks .

141
Q

acute rejection

A

less than 6 months - lymphocytic infiltrate

142
Q

spleen

A

9 10 11 rib , liver 8- 11 rib , viceral pleura - dan 4 - 6 rib

143
Q

reye syndrome

A

liver - microvesicular steatosis ( apaptosis seen in viral infection )

144
Q

pyruvate dh deficeincy

A

XL

145
Q

cleft lip

A

defect in fusion of maxillary and intermaxillary segments

146
Q

malate aspartate shuttle

A

heart and liver

147
Q

preterm labor

A

terbutulin , nifedipin , indimethacin

148
Q

perineal nerve

A

deep -anterior compartment of leg - > muscles of dorsiflexio and sensation toes. Lateral comp - sip perineal - sense doral leg

149
Q

anabolic steroid use

A

concentric lv hypethrophy , reduce diastolic function and reduce coronary vascularization

150
Q

negative tuberculin test

A

low cellular immunity

151
Q

inspiration

A

increases right ventricular blood return - thus tricuspid regurgitation can be heart the most . Left side is heard less- like valsava on the left.

152
Q

narrow spectrum anticunvolsion

A

eg arbamzapin and phentoyn can excerbate myclonic and absence seizure . Only broad spectrum can treat myclonic seiuzures.

153
Q

staning pas

A

demonstats - glycoproteins and polysacharides - can be seen in hyalin atherosclerosis

154
Q

aortic regurgitaion

A

hpistol shot , wide pulse pressure ,

155
Q

amino acids

A

arginine and hitadine are the ones needed drung fast growth .

156
Q

ddx oroti aciduria and ornithin tranca def

A

only orotic aciduria has megaloblastic anemia and has no elvated ammonia and decrease bun

157
Q

albinism

A

tyrsinase enzyme deficiency

158
Q

homocystinuria

A

subluxation of eye is inward and downword unlike in marfin where its upwards

159
Q

mucous in stool

A

secretory diarrha can be seen in polyps as villous or tubullar

160
Q

fibromascular dysplasia

A

young woman , involve the medial layer , anneurysms of vessels , common in renal and carotid , renal artery stenosis

161
Q

fetus defect analysis

A

elvated AFP AND AChE

162
Q

RA

A

has vascular phenomena and immunological - janway - vascular and osler and roth - immunological

163
Q

gi metastasis

A

via pertitoneum space - krukenberg and gastric tumor

164
Q

bmpr2 mutation

A

enlraged artery on imaging ( smooth muscle proliferation )

165
Q

rebound rhinorrhea

A

after using decongestions more than 3 days develops tachypalxis and rebound vasodilation woithout couphig

166
Q

honycombing on lung

A

suspect idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

167
Q

lehf

A

patient can have pulmonary edema thus decreasing the lung compliance having restrictive like symptoms .

168
Q

cell awelling

A

increases ca in cell will drow water into the cell

169
Q

dysmorphic rbc

A

seen in glumerolar damge , isomorphic seen in non glomerular source as urinary tract malg

170
Q

high dofe folic

A

antagonise phenytoin can cause seiuzers

171
Q

cephalic phase

A

secretion of acid before meal

172
Q

basal phase

A

here is always mild acid secretion bw meals

173
Q

all

A

tdt is a marker of pre b cells or t cells

174
Q

entral chemoreceptorss

A

esponce to hypercapnia rather to o2 ( unlike carotid body )

175
Q

carotid sinus

A

baroreceptors

176
Q

CANCER

A

LIPID PEROXIDATION - YELLOW BROWN - due to raddiation in cancer

177
Q

right cornory artery blockage

A

supply the sa and av thus can cause bradycardia in case of blockage .

178
Q

surfectant

A

transferred by lamellar bodies

179
Q

informed consent

A

by someone who does the procedure - its adialoge!!

180
Q

incapacitated pt

A

protect privacy by telling the relative if he is stable but no other info

181
Q

saddle nose

A

can be part of weagner triad

182
Q

steady state

A

reaches in 4 5 hf

183
Q

hear remodeling recovery

A

after reperfusion it will take months for remodeling eg ventricular to be healed

184
Q

low EF in ischemic heart

A

hibernation of myocardium “ - decrease contractility and metabolism to adjust to lack of oxygen state

185
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

orginated from proximal renal tubules

186
Q

to increase compliance of pt - eldery

A

if present and close - doughter . If not check list .

187
Q

mother refusing to treat child

A

obtain court injunction

188
Q

hospital ethics committee

A

only in ethically dificult situation

189
Q

management of somatic symptomes

A

regular visitis with same providor

190
Q

prognosis of breast canceer

A

worse in TN and in HER +

191
Q

falcifarom ligament

A

contains the round ligament - fetal umblical vein . Used to be anterior mesentery in fetal development

192
Q

exudate teansudate

A

pleural fluid ldh >2 upper limint of the serum =light criteria. If it meets it that might indicate exudate. Glucose is high in transudate due to lack of inflammatory cells eating it

193
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

kras mutataion is seen in smokers while alk gene and egfr in non smokers

194
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

paraneoplastic syn: hyperthropic osteoathropayh

195
Q

atheroscelrotic plague

A

stemi- rapture and thrombus formation - fully ocllusion

196
Q

hemosiderin laded macrophages

A

present in chronic lung congestion but not in acute

197
Q

red blood cell cast

A

glumerolar disease . Red cells are in disruption of urethral epithelium

198
Q

congenital torticollis

A

sternocleidomastoid fibrosis due to malposition of head in fetus

199
Q

reassortment

A

genetic shift heppans only in those who are segmented

200
Q

minute ventila

A

tidal volume * resp rate

201
Q

mechanical ventilation weaning

A

weak respiratory muscles - increase respiratory rate but low tisal volume . Rsvi - low indicated high tidal volume–> cant be discontinoued of ventilation

202
Q

nitrates

A

have moderate effect on arteries too

203
Q

antiarrythmics

A

class c - rate depended manner can increase the qrs and the qt a little.

204
Q

sedative drugs

A

high gas blood partition –> low onset

205
Q

femoral hernia

A

far more common in woman , can cause icarceration due to small area. Lateraly is the femoral vein

206
Q

melanoma

A

s100 + hmb 45

207
Q

midical history taking

A

open ended quations

208
Q

matched ventilation and perfusion defect

A

-obstruction atalctasis and airway inflammation - poor ventilation and hypoxic vasoconstriction

209
Q

dilitiazam

A

constipation is a major se

210
Q

aspirin

A

protective in barret esophagus , protective in colorectal cancer

211
Q

salt wasting

A

due to excessive salrt wasting via sweat ( also cl )

212
Q

hyperchloremia

A

can develop to exsseve sweating

213
Q

systemic infection candida

A

imunodeficiency in granulocytes number while in t deficienct is more local

214
Q

differentiation of trigeminal neuralgia and cluster

A

duration . Cluster ( 15 min to hours ) while trigeminal neuralgia seconeds

215
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

iron defeciency , ckd -

216
Q

prion disease jacob

A

periodic sharp wave EEG

217
Q

ALZHAIMER

A

PRESENILIN 1 and 2 –> earlier onset

218
Q

whare the partial sezures orginiate ?

A

midial temporal lobe

219
Q

what do you rule out before dx dementia ?

A

depression

220
Q

drug damage substansia nigra

A

mptp

221
Q

huntington neural death

A

nmda toxisity - glutamate

222
Q

sevirity of alzhimer

A

corrolets with neurofibrillary tangles

223
Q

sabouraud agar

A

growing fungi - “fun guy - sab +

224
Q

e coli

A

gores green in eosin methilin blue culture

225
Q

infants

A

the minarales they really need is vitamin k and vitamin d

226
Q

duadenal atresia

A

down syndrome

227
Q

normal aa gradient hypoxemia

A

high altitude or obesity hypoventilation syndrome

228
Q

complete mole

A

more common to have xx than x y

229
Q

up to 2 weeks after mi

A

ventricu;ar free wall rapture = can lead to severe hypotention

230
Q

increased dlco

A

asthma - intact alveolar arterial membrane and icrease flow to the area

231
Q

osmolarity urine > 100

A

indicative to sidh

232
Q

seep deprevation

A

can effect cognitive behavioral , can cause mistakes at handeling patients

233
Q

temporary local hypoxia in retina

A

up regulated vegf

234
Q

treatment of congenital syphilis

A

1 trisemester - penicillin

235
Q

neisseria ganneria prevention

A

erythoromycin ointment for infants

236
Q

dx of neisseria

A

gonococi- nat , maningo- pcr + culture

237
Q

leprosy dx

A

tissue biopsy or pcr

238
Q

salmonella - why do we need flagella?

A

hematogenous spread

239
Q

shigela vs salmonela typhi

A

bloody diarreha- salmonela –> constpation before

240
Q

salmonela typhi

A

monocyte response unlike the others pmn

241
Q

h influenza culture

A

needs factor five and ten. Five is given by hemolysis by staph aerous

242
Q

osteomylitis after oancture wound

A

pseudomona

243
Q

spirocetes

A

light microscopy - borrelia is the only spirochete big enough to visualize

244
Q

e coli

A

can be trasmited from row leaf veg too

245
Q

etec

A

enterotoxins!

246
Q

helicobacter

A

oxidate catalase urease +

247
Q

only e coli that invaded intestinal nucosa

A

enteroinvasive

248
Q

klebsiella normal flora

A

intestine

249
Q

sudan staining

A

dx of steatorea - kind of screening test non specific . For specific - checking oca parasites

250
Q

t cell all

A

presents ad mediastinal mass can cause dysphagia

251
Q

wilson

A

treament : zinc \ chelators

252
Q

cavernous hemangioma

A

can heppan in brain and liveer

253
Q

glioblastoma

A

necrosis pseudopalsiating

254
Q

ependymoma

A

perivascular pseudorossetes

255
Q

glucorticoids

A

chronic use of glucorticoids can cause hypotention in surgery due to not suffcient increase in cortisol level due to stress

256
Q

tensor tympani

A

dampening the noices produced by chewing by streching it. Inerveted by trigeminal nerve

257
Q

crohn

A

less absorbtion of bile due to inflammation , more wasting , increase odds of developing stones

258
Q

nrti

A

inhibit phosphodiester bond formation

259
Q

pure motor symptoms , nocortical

A

lacunar infract

260
Q

neuropenic patient

A

endogenous bacterial flora , neutropenia causes fever to be only side of infection

261
Q

vasculitis

A

first of all anyursm than inflammation and fibrosis . Beads on a string.

262
Q

vasculitis

A

fibrinoid necrosis : polyarthritis nodosa , weagner , chraug , microscopic polyangitis

263
Q

tau alzhaimer

A

microtubule associated protein

264
Q

alzhimer

A

early onset - presinilin 1 and 2 , down syndrome

265
Q

alzhimer

A

if app undergo beta cleavage instead of alpha –> ab amyloid is formed

266
Q

pick

A

early change in language and behavioral , personality , rem disturbacnes hallucination

267
Q

lewy disease

A

dimentia and parkinson within 1 year . ( in parkinson dementia is after years )

268
Q

what is common cause of death in hantgton

A

suicide

269
Q

prpcs

A

congo red , resistente,spongiform encephalopathy - intracellular vacuols. Ataxia,periodic sharp waves,dmentia , death 1 year.

270
Q

creutzfeldt

A

rarely can transmited via cotact with prion infected tissue eg retinal transplant

271
Q

fetal familiar insomnia

A

inherited spongiform encephalopathy

272
Q

arachnoid post maningtis

A

can cause arachnoid granulation scarring and eventtually lack of absorbtin

273
Q

ddx bw norml pressure and ex vaco

A

wet, webby , wacky

274
Q

adjesment disorder

A

markej dysfunction !!! Functional impirment

275
Q

hbsag

A

vaccination –> impir virion entry to hepatocyte !!

276
Q

sle

A

anti nuclear r sensative but ani smith and ani dsdna is spesific

277
Q

delirium

A

indicates some medical problem . If a patient is in delirium in hospital suspect ilness

278
Q

h pylori

A

can cause hyperplasia of submucosal galnds such as brenner .

279
Q

kit cd117

A

systemic matocytosis - clonal mast cell proliferation .. More histamin more gastric secretion

280
Q

ebv

A

reactive ly,phocytes - accumolation of proferins

281
Q

heptatitis

A

where cooporation isnt good idea. Coinfection of d and b is longer!

282
Q

hepatitic c

A

lack of 3 5 exonuclease activity lead to antigenic varietion of the envelope proteins

283
Q

circadian rythem disorder

A

sleep in day , wakt ar night

284
Q

infraction in mca

A

homonymois hemianopia- due to damaging the radiations to both temporal and prietal

285
Q

anion gap

A

calculated as : na - (chloride + bicarbonate ) . Normal 10 -14

286
Q

ethynyl glycol

A

can cause calcium oxalate stones , acute kidney injury + non anion gap !

287
Q

preload

A

increase preload increases the overlapping bw actin and myosin. Too much preload will decrease contractility evetually

288
Q

velocity of ocntraction

A

depended on after load

289
Q

decresing extracelular ca

A

reduced contractility cause more ca will leave the cell

290
Q

sam

A

conversion of norepinephrin to epinephrin , controled by cortsiol , in adrenal medulla

291
Q

varicoceles

A

when patient lies than the blood returns and is wont be seen

292
Q

celliac

A

dermatitis hepatiformis is on the extensors

293
Q

eactive arthritis

A

the joint aspiration is aterile

294
Q

prokaryotes

A

have no nucleus

295
Q

aphtous ulcers and perianl inflammtion

A

indicative of crohn

296
Q

osteomalacia

A

decrease mineralization of osteoid

297
Q

iron deficiency

A

burning sansation in the mouth

298
Q

arthritis

A

children - h influenza athritis . Adult- staph aureus

299
Q

nitrates

A

reflex tachycardia!!!!

300
Q

polygenic

A

defect in numerus unrelated genes eg in diabetis

301
Q

histamin 1

A

does not praticipate in pathogenesis of asthma. Histamin 4 does

302
Q

isotretinoin

A

ear anomalities microcephalyu hydrocephalot microganthia ..

303
Q

vagotomy

A

peptic ulcer disease treatmnet

304
Q

globus sensation

A

functional abnormality usually due to stress emotional problems

305
Q

diabetis

A

achilis tendon inspection is one a year while foot inspection is every month

306
Q

fde5 inhibitors

A

eaffect corpus cavernosa via c gmp

307
Q

acute hymokytic transfusion

A

antibody mediated type 2 hs

308
Q

sudden vision loss and pain

A

vasculitis ! Fibromylga rehumatica- pain!!

309
Q

urine test vs serum

A

urine test is postive for pregnancy after 14 days( level = 20 u\l) while serum is after 8 days

310
Q

cauda equina

A

disruption of pelvic slechnic nervs provide parasympatethis inervation . No urniation .

311
Q

inguinal hernia

A

inguinal canal contains illiogunal nerve round ligament and spermatic cord

Low Yield Semmelweis (37 decks)

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