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Low Yield Semmelweis > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Aminopenicillins:

A

Penicillin with extended spectrum : Gram+ and Gram-
Examples are Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Beta lactamase Sensitive

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2
Q

Sterptogramins (Quinupristin/dalphopristin):

Mode of Action, Target, Effect

A

MOA: Binding 50S -prevents peptide bond elongation, as well as initiates premature
release of peptide

For VRSA and VRA

Bactericidal

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3
Q

Cephalosporins:

Side Effects

A

Allergy - Cross Reaction with Peniciline

Might Cause Gallstones - Ceftriaxone

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4
Q

Penicillin types according to Introduction

A

G - IV introduced
V - Orally Introduced

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5
Q

Cephalosporins:

5th Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Ceftarolin - For MRSA

Ceftobiprole - For Pseudomonas

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6
Q

Glycopeptides:

Examples

Toxicity

Absorption

Effect

A

Vancomycin and Teicoplanin

Oto- and Nephrotoxic

Local Effect and Treatment for MRSA

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7
Q

Cephalosporins:

3rd Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Ceftriaxone

For Gram+ and Gram-

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8
Q

Cephalosporins:

2nd Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Cefuroxime, Cefprozil and Cefaclor

For Gram+ and Gram-

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9
Q

Daptomycin:

Targets and Spectrum

A

Used against Vancomycin resistant Enterococci and Staph. Infections.

Only efficient for Gram+ (Cannot cross Gram- Membrane)

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10
Q

ESBL

Targets

Bacteria capable of producing it

Genetic Component containing it

A

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase

Hydrolyze Penicillines and Cephlosporines (up to 3rd Generation)

Gram Negative Bacteria

Plasmids

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11
Q

Peniciliinase (Beta-Lactamase) Resistnat Peniciline :

Side Effects

A

Allergy - Breaking down the penicilline is forming derivaties and these molecules are antigenic - Induce antibody production causing: Erythema, Fever, Arthritis.

Might cause Diarrhea

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12
Q

Aminoglicosides:

Resistance Options and Side effects

A

Resistance Options:

Receptor Mutation of 30S/ Enzymatic Degredation coded by Plasmids/ Efflux-Pump

Side Effects:

Oto- and Nephrotoxicity

In high doses it is Neurotoxic

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13
Q

Chloramphenicol:

Spectrum, Effect and MOA

A

Spectrum: Gram+ and Gram-

Effect: Bactriostatic, binds to 50S -Peptidyltransferase

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14
Q

What is the key component for the resistance of VRSA and PRP?

A

Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP)

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15
Q

Aminoglicosides:

Examples and Mode of Action

A

Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin

Proteins Synthesis Inhibitor: Irreiversible Binding to 30S subunit, as a result tRNA cannot bind to ribosome - Bactericidal

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Polymyxin Resistance Mechanism

A

LPS calation with Mg and Ca causes positive charge to trap Polymyxin outside the cell

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18
Q

Tetracycline:

Side effects and Resistance

A

Side effects: Forms a complex in bone with Calcium which colorize enamel

Resistance: Mutation

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Macrolides:

Examples and Spectrum

A

Erythromycin,Azithromycin,Clarithromycin,Spiramycin

Gram+ Cocci, Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia Trachomatis

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21
Q

Daptomycin:

Assembly with.. , MOA

A

Binds Calcium to form oligomeric Assemby with Lipid tails pointing inwards.

Loose micelles serve to deliver Daptomycin to the bacterial membrane in Detergent form - Leading to Leakage of Cytosolic Contents

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22
Q

Cephalosporins:

1st Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Cephlexin and Cefazolin

For Gram + Cocci

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23
Q

Rifamycin B (Rifampin):

MOA, Spectrum

A

Inhibition of mRNA Synthesis

Spectrum - Gram+ Cocci and Mycobacteria

(Sketchy mentions some Gram- too…)

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24
Q

Lincosamides (Clindamycin):

Mode of Action, Effect, Antagonism with what drug

A

Binding 50S - Inhibits peptidyl-transferase

Bacterostatic

Antagonistic with Macrolides

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

Metronidazole - Nitroimidazole:

Conditions of Effectiveness, MOA, Overall Effect

A

Only in Anaerobic Conditions - Reduction to Radicals

MOA - Damage to Nucleic acids synthesis by Radicals

Bactericidal

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

Chloramphicol, Clindamycin, Macrolides, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines and Timethoprim are all Bacterio_____ antibiotics.

A

Chloramphicol, Clindamycin, Macrolides, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines and Timethoprim are all Bacteriostatic antibiotics.

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29
Q

Peniciliinase (Beta-Lactamase) Resistnat Peniciline :

Examples

(Aka Very Narrow Spectrum)

A

Methicilline

Nafcillin

Oxacillin

Cloxacillin

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Monobactam (Aztreonam)

A

Beta-Lactamase Resistant

ONLY for Gram- Aerobics like: Neisseria and Pseudomonas

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32
Q

Methicillin Side Effects

A

Haematouria

Albuminuria

Nephritis

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33
Q

Gram Postive Bacteria have natural resistance to _____, and Nalidixic acid (Quinalone).

A

Gram Postive Bacteria have natural resistance to Polymyxin and Nalidixic acid (Quinalone).

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34
Q

Chloramphenicol:

Side Effects, Resistance

A

Side effect: Bone Marrow Dysfunction, Gray-Syndrome, Aplastic Anemia

Resistance: Acetyl-Transferase action

35
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria have natural resistance to Penicillins , ________, Vancomycin and _______.

A

Gram Negative Bacteria have natural resistance to Penicillins , Macrolides, Vancomycin and Mupirucin.

36
Q
A
37
Q

Penicillin Side Effects

A

Hypersensitivity I - Allergy

Jarish-Herxmeir Reaction

IV use - Venous Wall inflammation

High doses - Kidney Failure and Seizures

38
Q

Penicillin catagories according to spectrum

A

Extanded - Carboxypenicillines and Uriedopenicilines

Broad - Aminopenicillines

Narrow - Penicilin

Very Narrow - Methicilline, Nafcilline, Oxacilline

39
Q

Carbapenems (Imipenem,Meropenem)

A

For Gram+ and Gram-

NOT for MRSA

But RESERVED for MDR (Multidrug Resistant) Bacteria

40
Q

Trimethoprim with
Sulfamethoxazole:

MOA, Overall effect

A

Inhibition of Tetrahydrofolic Acid Synthesis (So DNA also) by blocking of Dihydrofolate Reductase action

Bacteriostatic

41
Q

Fluoroquinolons :

MOA, Overall Effect

A

Synthesis of DNA - Replication Block

Inhibition of DNA-gyrase in Gram Negative

Inhibition of Topoisomerases type 4 in Gram Positive

Bactericidal

42
Q

Tetracyclins:

Examples, Effect and Mode of Action

A

Oxy-tetracyclin and Doxacyclin

MOA: Bacteriostatic - binds to 30S subunit: tRNA cannot bind

43
Q

Example for Antibiotics with

Site of action :Inside the cytoplasm

and

MOA - Inhibition of DNA Replication

A

Flouroquinalons

44
Q

Cross Resistance

A

Bacteria is resistant to all Durgs with the same structure

45
Q

Example for Antibiotics with

Site of action :Inside the cytoplasm

and

MOA - Inhibition of RNA Synthesis

A

Rifampicin

46
Q

MBL

Targets

Bacteria containing it

Genetic Component containing it

A

Metallo-Beta Lactamases

Hydrolyze Carbapenems

Gram Negative

Transposons

47
Q

Anaerobe bacteria have natural resistance to _________ and _________.

A

Anaerobe bacteria have natural resistance to Aminoglycosides and Quinalones.

48
Q

Polyresistance

A

The Bacteria is resistant to several drugs with different Structures simultaneously

49
Q

Which molecule is mimicked by penicillin?
Why?

A

D-Ala-D-Ala (crossed linked NAM by transpeptidase forming Peptidoglycan)
This is a beta-Lactam ring which is part of peptidoglycan.
When penicillin binds the active site (competitive inhibition) and leads to ultimately membrane weakening.

50
Q

Cephalosporins:

Structure and Mode of action

A

7-Amino-Cephalosporic Acid

Mode of Action: Like Penicillin

51
Q

Methicillin is acid _____ while cloxacilline is acid ______ .

A

Methicillin is acid labile while cloxacilline is acid Resistant.

52
Q

Ciprofloxacin with Tetracycline

or

Beta-Lactams with Macrolides

are examples for ______ releationship between antibiotics.

A

Ciprofloxacin with Tetracycline

or

Beta-Lactams with Macrolides

are examples for Antagonistic releationship between antibiotics.

53
Q
A
54
Q

What is the MOA of Beta Lactamase Inhibitors?

A

Contain Beta-Lactam ring therefore interfere with the Beta-Lactamase action - Suicide Inhibitors

No anti bacterial Activity

55
Q

Rifamycin side effects

A

Hepatitis and Orange body fluids

56
Q

Fluroquinonolons side effect

A

Tendon and cartilage damage

57
Q
A
58
Q

Examples for Antibiotics with

Site of action :Inside the Cytoplasm

and

MOA - Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

A

Macrolides

Clindamycin

Chloramphenicol

Tetracyclin

Gentamycin

59
Q

Oxazolidinone - Linzolid:

Mode of Action, Effect, Spectrum

A

Spectrum: Gram+

MOA: Binding 50s than not allowing 70S complex formation (N-Formilmethionil-tRNA can not bind)

Effect: Bacteriostatic

60
Q

Polymyxin (B):

Spectrum, MOA and Example

A

Gram-, Bactericidal

Binds Membrane Phospholipids and Inhibits membrane transport

Colistin

61
Q

Bacitracin:

Spectrum, Structure, Target

A

Broad: Gram+ and Gram-

Complex Polypeptide

Inhibitor of Peptidoglycan Synthesis - NO Translocation of Precursor across membrane

62
Q

What is the way to determine quantitively if the Bacteria has Resistance?

A

MIC is Larger than the Dosis Maxima Tolerate

63
Q

Examples for Antibiotics with

Site of action :Outside of cytoplasm

and

MOA - Cell wall Synthesis damage

A

Beta Lactams - Penicilins and Cephlosporins

Vancomycin

64
Q

Aerobe bacteria have natural resistance to __________.

A

Aerobe bacteria have natural resistance to Metronidazole.

65
Q

Combination of Vancomycin and Aminoglycosides in treatment could lead to -

A

Kidney failure

66
Q

Beta-Lactams, Isoniazid, Metronidazole, Ploymyxin, Rifampin, Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Bacitracin and Quinalones are all Bacterio_____ antibiotics.

A

Beta-Lactams, Isoniazid, Metronidazole, Ploymyxin, Rifampin, Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Bacitracin and Quinalones are all Bacteriocidal antibiotics.

67
Q

Streptoccoci and Enterococci are both with natural resistance to ________ but only enterococci are naturally resistant to ________ .

A

Streptoccoci and Enterococci are both with natural resistance to Aminoglycosides but only enterococci are naturally resistant to Cephalosporins.

68
Q

Mupirocin

Mode of Action, Effect , Resistance

A

MOA : Isoleusil-tRNA Synthase INHIBITION

Bactericidal

Resistance - Modification of traget enzymes

69
Q

Example for Antibiotics with

Site of action :Cytoplasm membrane

and

MOA - Altering the ion Permiability

A

Polymyxin

70
Q

Resistance to Daptomycin:

Cause, VISA

A

Mutations in genes that encode enzymes involved in the synthesis of Phosphatydilaglycerol (therfore mem. Phospholipids).

VISA - Vancomycin-Intermediate Staph. Aureus; Impaired access through the thickened cell wall.

71
Q

What are the Beta Lactamase inhibitors possible to give with Penicilline for Enhanced effect?

A

Clavulanic Acid

Sulbactam

Tazobactam

72
Q

(P-Amino-Benzol-) Sulfonamides:

MOA, Antagonism, Overall Effect

A

MOA - Inhibition of Folic Acid Synthesis (So DNA also)

Antagonist of PABA

Bacteriostatic

73
Q

Nystatin:

Spectrum, MOA, Adminstration method

A

Narrow - Antifungal

Binds to Steroid of Membrane and cause Disintegration

Too Toxic - Local Adminstration

74
Q

Uriedopenicillin:

A

Penicillin with extended spectrum : Gram+ and Gram-
Effective against -Pseudomonas

(Pepper in the picture with Pseudomona)

Beta lactamase Sensitive

75
Q

Glycopeptides:

Spectrum

A

Narrow

Gram+

Bactericidal

76
Q

Cephalosporins:

4th Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Cefepime

For Gram+ and Gram-

77
Q

Glycopeptides:

Mode of Action and Resistnace

A

Inhibition of Cell wall Synthesis

Bind Terminal Sequence D-Ala-D-Ala and Block Crosslinkage with Pentaglycin Bridge

Resistance - Bacteria Modifies Terminal Sequence to -

D-Ala-D-Lactate

78
Q

Side effects of Polymyxin

A

Nephrotoxicity

79
Q

Carboxypenicilines:

A

Penicillin with extended spectrum : Gram+ and Gram-
Effective against - Proteus and Pseudomonas

(Ticarcillin in the picture looking at Pseuodomona)

Beta lactamase Sensitive

80
Q

Fosfomycin - Monoural:

Spectrum, Target, Structural Similarity

A

Broad Spectrum

Against UTIs, Inhibits very early stage Synthesis of Peptidoglycan

Structural Similarity to PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate

81
Q

Cephalosporins:

Mechanism of Resistance to it and Spectrum

A

Harder time to Penetrate and Lack of binding Protein unlike Penicilline.

Broken Down by Beta-Lactamase

Spectrum - Broad, Bactericidal

82
Q

Macrolides:

Effect, Modes of Action and Resistance

A

MOA :Binds 50S subunit - : Prevent the movement of mRNA

Bacteriostatic

Resistance :Target Modification and Efflux Pump

83
Q

Trimethoprim with
Sulfamethoxazole:

Resistance and Side effects

A

Resistance mechanism:

Altered enzyme- dihydropteric acid synthetase

Toxicity: Thrombocytopenia, Leucopenia and Hyperkalemia

84
Q

Gentamicin and Penicillin interaction is _________

A

Gentamicin and Penicillin interaction is Synergistic

Low Yield Semmelweis (37 decks)

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