Virology Flashcards
1
Q
What is viral recombination?
A
exchange of gene between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology
2
Q
What is viral reassortment?
A
When viruses with segmented genomes exchange segments
3
Q
What is virla complementations?
A
When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein, and the non mutated virus “complements” the mutated one by providing genes for it
4
Q
What is viral phenotype mixing?
A
Simultaneous infx of a cell with 2 viruses, and the surface proteins get swapped (thus gene + proteins different)
5
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: Smallpox
A
Live attenuated
6
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: yellow fever
A
Live attenuated
7
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: rabies
A
Killed
8
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: injected flu
A
killed
9
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: intranasal flu
A
Live attenuated
10
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: sabin
A
Live attenuated
11
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: MMR
A
Live attenuated
12
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: salk polio
A
Live attenuated
13
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: hep A vaccine
A
Killed
14
Q
Live attenuated, killed, or recombinant: HBV
A
recombinant
15
Q
What are the strains of HPV that the vaccine protects against?
A
6
11
16
18
16
Q
What is the only ssDNA virus?
A
Parvovirus
except “part of us”
17
Q
What is the only dsRNA virus?
A
Reoviridae
18
Q
What are the 6 +ssRNA viruses?
A
I went to a RETRO TOGA part where I drank FLAVored CORONA and ate HEPE CALIfornia PICkles
19
Q
Which type of ssRNA viruses need to encode an enzyme in order to be infectious (- or +)?
A
negative
20
Q
Where in the cell do DNA viruses replicate?
A
nucleus (except pox virus)
21
Q
Where in the cell do RNA viruses replicate?
A
Cytoplasm (except flu and retro)
22
Q
What are the viruses that are naked (nonenveloped)?
A
Papilloma Adeno Parvo Polymarvirus Calicivirus Picornavirus reovirus Hepevirus
(“give PAPP smears and CPR to a naked Heppy”)
23
Q
What are the DNA viruses (HHAPPPPy)?
A
Hepadena Herpes Adeno Pox Parvo Papilloma Polyma
24
Q
What is the only DNA virus that does not replicated in the nucleus?
A
Pox
25
What is the only DNA virus that does not have an icosahedral shape?
Pox
26
What is the genetic makeup of herpesviruses? Enveloped?
ds, and enveloped
27
What is the serotype of herpes that causes oral lesions?
HSV 1
28
What is the serotype of herpes that causes genital lesions
HSV 2
29
What is the serotype of herpes that causes chickenpox?
HSV 3 (VZV)
30
What is the serotype of herpes that causes mono and Burkitt's lymphoma?
HHV4 (EBV)
31
What is the serotype of herpes that causes AIDS retinitis?
HHV5
32
What is the serotype of herpes that causes roseola (exanthema subitum)?
HHV6 (or HHV7)
33
What is the serotype of herpes that causes kaposi's sarcoma?
HHV8
34
What are the symptoms of roseola (sixth disease)?
transient fever and centrifugal spreading rash
35
What is the genetic makeup of hepadnavirus? Enveloped?
DS, enveloped
36
What is the genetic makeup of Adenovirus? Enveloped?
non enveloped, Ds
37
What is the genetic makeup of parvovirus? Enveloped?
-ssDNA, non-enveloped
38
What is the genetic makeup of papillomavirus? Enveloped?
dsDNA, nonenveloped
39
What is the genetic makeup of polyomavirus? Enveloped?
dsDNA, non-enveloped
40
What is the genetic makeup of poxvirus? Enveloped?
enveloped, dsDNA
41
B19 parvovirus = ?
Fifth's disease (erythema infectiosum or slapped cheek syndrome)
42
What are the serotypes of HPV that cause genital warts?
1
2
6
11
43
What is the serotype of polymavirus that causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
JC (junky cerebrum)
44
What is the serotype of polymavirus that causes kidney disease?
BK (bad kidney)
45
What is the virus type that causes conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
46
What is the virus type that causes febrile pharyngitis?
Adenovirus
47
What is the virus type that causes molluscum contagiosum?
Poxvirus
48
What is the serotype of HSV that causes temporal lobe encephalitis?
HSV 1
49
CMV (cytomegalovirus) is a member of which virus family? Which serotype?
HSV5
50
Owl-eye inclusions on light microscopy = ?
CMV
51
Tzanck test, tests for what virus?
HSV2
52
What is the genetic makeup of reoviruses? Enveloped?
dsRNA, not enveloped
53
What is the genetic makeup of picornaviruses? Enveloped?
+ssRNA, non-enveloped
54
What is the genetic makeup of hepeviruses? Enveloped?
+ssRNA, non-enveloped
55
What is the genetic makeup of caliciviruses? Enveloped?
+ssRNA, nonenveloped
56
What is the genetic makeup of flaviviruses? Enveloped?
+ssRNA, enveloped
57
What is the genetic makeup of togavirus? Enveloped?
+ssRNA, enveloped
58
What is the genetic makeup of retroviridae? Enveloped?
+ssRNA, enveloped
59
What is the genetic makeup of coronaviruses? Enveloped?
+ssRNA, enveloped
60
What is the genetic makeup of orthomyxoviruses? Enveloped?
-ssRNA, enveloped
61
What is the genetic makeup of paramyxoviruses? Enveloped?
-ssRNA, enveloped
62
What is the genetic makeup of rhabdoviruses? Enveloped?
-ssRNA, enveloped
63
What is the genetic makeup of filoviruses? Enveloped?
-ssRNA, enveloped
64
What is the genetic makeup of arenaviruses? Enveloped?
-ssRNA, enveloped
65
What is the genetic makeup of bunyaviruses? Enveloped?
-ssRNA, enveloped
66
What is the genetic makeup of deltaviruses? Enveloped?
-ssRNA, enveloped
67
What disease does rotavirus cause? What virus family?
pediatric diarrhea, reoviridae
68
What virus causes colorado tick fever? Which family?
Coltivirus--reoviridae
69
What is the virus family of Hep E?
hepeviridae
70
What disease does norovirus cause? Virus family?
Viral gastroenteritis--caliciviridae
71
What virus family is yellow fever?
flavivirus
72
What virus family is HCV?
Flavivirus
73
What virus family is dengue fever?
flavi
74
What virus family is st. louis encephalitis?"
flavi
75
What virus family is West Nile?
flavivirus
76
What virus family is Rubella?
Togavirus
77
What virus family is eastern and western equine viruses?
Togaviridae
78
What is the viral cause of the common cold?
Coronavirus or rhinovirus
79
What virus family is the influenza virus from?
Orthomyxoviridae
80
What is the causative agent of croup? What virus family?
parainfluenza from paramyxoviridae
81
What virus family is RSV from?
Paramyxoviridae
82
What virus family are measles and mumps from?
Paramyxoviridae
83
Ebola virus is from which family?
Filoviridae
84
LCMV is from which viral family?
Arenaviridae
85
Hantavirus is from which viral family?
Bunyaviridae
86
What are the two types of diseases that hantavirus causes? What is the vector?
Pulmonary
Hemorrhagic fever
Rodents
87
What is the virus family for Hepatitis D? What is special about this virus?
Delta virus
Needs Hep B co infection for surface antigens
("hep D is a Defective Deltavirus)
88
What are all of the -ssRNA viruses (note that all need reverse RNA pol to replicate)
```
Arena
Bunyavirus
Paramyxo
Ortho
Filo
Rhabdo
```
("always bring polymerase or fail replication")
89
What are the four segmented viruses (BOAR)?
Bunya
Ortho
Arena
Reo
90
What virus family is polio a part of?
Picornavirus
91
What virus family is echovirus a part of?
picornavirus
92
What virus family is rhinovirus from?
Picrona
93
What virus family is coxsackievirus a part of?
Picorna
94
What virus family is HAV (acute viral hepatitis) a part of?
Picorna
95
What is the only hepatitis virus that we do not have a vaccine for?
C (D is covered by B)
96
What are the five viruses of the picornaviridae family?
PERCH
```
Polio
Echo
Rhino
Coxsackie
Hep A
```
97
What family is the yellow fever virus a part of?
Flavi (flavi = L. for yellow, like flava flav)
98
What is the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis (which virus)?
Rotavirus (ROTA = Right Out The Anus)
99
H#N# coding for the flu specifies what?
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase type
100
Which causes pandemics: flu virus genetic shifts/antigenic changes, or genetic drift? Which causes epidemics?
Pandemics = genetic shifts
Epidemics = genetic drift
("Sudden Shift is more deadly than graDual Drift)
101
German measles is also known as what?
Rubella
102
Blueberry muffin baby = infected with which virus?
Rubella
103
What is the protein on paramyxoviruses that allows them to fuse with cells? What is the medication that is directed against this?
F protein--Palivizumab
104
Koplik spots = ?
Prodrome for measles
105
What are the three Cs of measles?
Cough
Coryza
Conjunctivitis
106
The measles virus is a part of which virus family?
Paramyxo
107
MMR: name the virus families of each.
Para
Para
Toga
108
What are the three major symptoms of mumps?
Parotid gland swelling
Orchitis
Meningitis
109
Bullet shaped virus with negri bodies = ?
rabies
110
Macular rash that spreads downward and onto the limbs = ?
Measles
111
What family is the hep A virus from?
Picornavirus
112
What family is the hep B virus from?
hepadnavirus
113
What family is the hep C virus from?
Flavivirus
114
What family is the hep D virus from?
Delta
115
What family is the hep E virus from?
Hepevirus
116
Which hepatitis strains do not have carriers?
A and E
117
Which hepatitis viruses have a risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma?
B, C, and D
118
What are the usual symptoms of infection with Hep A (if any)?
usually asymptomatic
119
What are the usual symptoms of infection with Hep C (if any)?
Cirrhosis, carcinoma, carrier
120
What are the signs and symptoms of acute infx of any of the hepatitis viruses?
Jaundice, increased LFTs
121
What are the two hepatitis viruses that have a fecal to oral transmission?
A and E(the vowels hit your bowels)
122
What is the best marker for active Hep A?
IgM antibodies
123
What is the best marker for chronic Hep A?
IgG antibodies
124
What is the marker for an active hep B infection?
HBaAg (antigen of HBV virus)
125
What is the marker used to test for immunity to Hep B?
Anti Hep Bs(urface antigen)
126
What is the antigen associated with the core of HBV?
HBcAg
127
What does HBeAg indicate?
Active viral replication and therefore high transmissibility
128
ALT > AST in alcoholics or in viral hepatitis?
Viral hepatitis
129
AST > ALT in alcoholics or in viral hepatitis?
Alcoholics
130
HBsAg + HBeAg + IgM to HBc = acute, window period, chronic HBV, recovery, or immunized?
Acute
131
AntiHBe + IGM to HBc = acute, window period, chronic HBV, recovery, or immunized?
Window
132
HBsAg + HBeAg + IgG to HBc = acute, window period, chronic HBV, recovery, or immunized?
Chronic (high infectivity)
133
What marker distinguishes high infectivity, chronic hepatitis, from low infectivity?
HBeAg
134
Anti-HBs + anti-HBe + IgG = acute, window period, chronic HBV, recovery, or immunized?
Recovery
135
Anti HBs = acute, window period, chronic HBV, recovery, or immunized?
Immunized
136
What distinguishes an immunized person for hep B vs one that is infected?
Immunized ONLY has anti HBs
137
What is the docking protein for HIV?
gp120
138
What is the fusion protein for HIV?
gp41
139
What is the genetic makeup of HIV?
ssRNA (retroviridae)
140
What is the surface antigen the HIV binds to initially? Later? (CCR5 or CXCR4)?
```
CCR5 = Early
CXCR4 = late
```
141
Homozygous mutation of (CCR5 or CXCR4) results in immunity to HIV.
CCR5
142
What is the first test for HIV? Is this highly sensitive, specific, or both?
ELISA for antibodies--highly sensitive
143
What is the second step to confirm HIV after a positive ELISA?
Western Blot--highly specific
144
What is the marker used to distinguish between HIV vs progression to AIDS?
CD4 count below 200 cell/mm^3
145
What are the four stages of untreated HIV infection?
Flu-like
Fine
Falling CD4 count
Final crises
146
HIV pt with low grade fever + cough + hepatosplenomegaly + tongue ulcer + yeast cells within macrophages= infection with what fungi?
Histoplasma
147
HIV pt with fluffy white cottage cheese lesions on skin that form pseudohyphae = infection with what fungi?
candida albicans
148
HIV pt that has hairy leukoplakia = infection with which virus?
EBV
149
HIV pt with superficial vascular proliferation with PMN infiltration = what bacterial infection?
Bartonella henselae
150
What is the causative agent of cat scratch fever?
bartonella henselae
151
HIV pt with diarrhea from a parasite = ?
Cryptosporidium
152
Neurologic abscesses in an HIV pt = ?
Toxoplasmosis
153
Cotton wool spots on fundoscopic exam of HIV pt = ?
CMV infection
154
What is the common cause of non-hodgkin's lymphoma in HIV pts?
EBV
155
What is the cause of primary CNS lymphoma in HIV pts?
EBV
156
Squamous cell carcinoma around the anus of an HIV pt = ?
HPV
157
What is the causative agent of kaposi's sarcoma?
HHV8
158
Intranuclear owl eye inclusion bodies in an AIDS pt with interstitial pneumonia = ?
CMV
159
AIDS pt with pleuritic pain + hemoptysis + infiltrates on CXR may have infection with what fungi?
Aspergillus fumigatus
160
ground glass appearance on imaging of the chest = ?
Pneumocystis jiroveci
161
What is the protein change that occurs with prion diseases?
from an alpha helical protein to a beta-pleated sheet (PrP^c to PrP^sc)
162
What is the normal, dominant flora for the skin?
Staph epidermidis
163
What is the normal, dominant flora for the nose?
Staph epidermidis or staph aureus
164
What is the normal, dominant flora for the oropharynx?
Strep viridans
165
What is the normal, dominant flora for dental plaque?
Strep mutans
166
What is the normal, dominant flora for the colon?
B. fragilis or e.coli
167
What is the normal, dominant flora for the vagina?
Lactobacillus
