Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FA Review > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only protein subunit of histones that is not found in the core protein?

A

H1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Highly condensed, inaccessible DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Available chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA methylation results in silencing or upregulation?

A

Silencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two nucleotides that are methylated?

A

Cytosine and adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Histone acetylation causes activation or silencing of DNA?

A

Activates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two purines? Do these have one or two ring structures?

A

A
G

Two rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two pyrimidines?

A

C
T
U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between thymine and uracil?

A

Thymine has a meTHYl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do purines have?

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Base + (deoxy)ribose = ?

A

Nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Base + (deoxy)ribose + phosphate = ?

A

Nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the MOA of 5-fluorouracil?

A

Inhibits thymidylate synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the MOA of hydroxyurea?

A

inhibits ribonucleotide reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of adenosine deaminase deficiency?

A

SCID d/t decreased cell proliferation with dATP buildup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?

A

Defective purine salvage pathway d/t a loss of HGPRTase (leads to MR and finger biting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the symptoms of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? (HGPRT)

A 
Hyperuricemia
Gout
Pissed off
Retardation
DysTonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Deficiency of the HGRPTase results in the build up of what metabolite? What disease is this?

A

GMP and IMP, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is the genetic code unambiguous?

A

One codon = one amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is the genetic code redundant?

A

More than one codon for one amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the one part of the body in which the genetic code has not been preserved throughout evolution?

A

Mito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the enzyme that is responsible for unwinding the DNA template?

A

Helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the proteins that prevent a DNA strand from coming back together, once unwound?

A

SSBPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the enzyme that creates a single or double stranded break in DNA to allow for unwinding of supercoils?

A

Topoisomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the enzyme that that makes an RNA primer?

A

Primase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing fragment?

A

Pol II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase?

A

Ligates Okazaki fragments together using a phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of telomerase?

A

RNA dependent DNA polymerase that adds DNA to the 3’ end of chromosomes to avoid loss of genetic material with every duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sickle cell disease is the result of a missense, nonsense, frameshift, or silent mutation?

A

Missense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the nonsense mutation?

A

A mutation in which there is a premature stop codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the MOA of nucleotide excision repair? (two steps)

A

Endonucleases remove damaged segment

DNA pol and lig repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the steps of base excision repair (what is the enzyme that is utilized)?

A

Glycosylases recognize and remove incorrect bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is cause of xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Defect in nucleotide excision repair with pyrimidine dimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the steps of non-homologous end joining?

A

Bringing together of two ends of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the DNA repair mechanism that is mutated in ataxia telangiectasia? Which enzyme?

A

non-homologous end joining of double stranded end breaks

Enzyme = ATM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the start codon (triplet sequence)?

A

AUG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does AUG code for in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?

A 
Eukaryotes = met
Pro = Formylmethionine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the three sets of triplets that code for stopping replication?

A

UGA (U go away)
UAA (U are away)
UAG (U are Gone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the TATA box? CAAT box?

A

Promoter regions of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which are expressed: exons or introns?

A

Exons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the function of pol I in eukaryotes?

A

makes rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the function of pol II in eukaryotes?

A

makes mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the function of pol III in eukaryotes?

A

makes tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the protein, found in the death-cap mushroom, that inhibits RNA pol II?

A

alpha-amanitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

True or false: DNA pol I, II, and III are all utilized in eukaryotes

A

False–only II is. I and III are for prokaryotes

note this is DNA pol, not RNA pol

46
Q

What is the precursor form of mRNA?

A

hnRNA (heterogenous RNA)

47
Q

What are the steps of maturation for mRNA?

A
  1. capping w/ 7-methylguanosine
  2. Polyadenylation (poly A tail)
  3. Splicing out introns
48
Q

Where in the cell is mRNA translated?

A

Cytosol

49
Q

What are the proteins that are added to mRNA prior to splicing?

A

snRNPs

50
Q

What is the structure that is formed during the splicing process?

A

Lariat structure

51
Q

What are anti-smith antibodies, and what diseases are they associated with?

A

Antibodies to spliceosomal, snRNP.

Associated with autoimmune disorders.

52
Q

What is the genetic basis for beta thalassemia?

A

Abnormal splice site

53
Q

What is the codon sequence for the tRNA?

A

CCA (Can Carry AAs)

54
Q

What is the enzyme that “charges” tRNA, and loads AAs?

A

Amino-acyl tRNA synthetase

55
Q

What are the ribosomal subunits for eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotic: 40s + 60s =80s (Even)
Prokaryotic: 30s + 50s = 70s (Odd)

56
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the peptide bond formation between AAs in a ribosome?

A

ribozyme

57
Q

What energy chemical (ATP or GTP) is needed to initiate the binding of AAs to a ribosome? Which is needed to elongate the growing chain?

A

ATP for initiation (Activation)

GTP for elongation (Going places)

58
Q

What is Li-fraumeni syndrome?

A

Mutation in p53 tumor suppressor protein, leading to aberrant cell growth

59
Q

What are nissl bodies?

A

Organelles in neurons that synthesize neurotransmitters

60
Q

What is the signal for trafficking proteins from the Golgi apparatus, to lysosomes?

A

mannose-6-phosphate

61
Q

What is added to serine and threonine amino acid in the Golgi?

A

O-linked oligosaccharides

62
Q

What is added to asparagine amino acid in the Golgi?

A

N-linked oligosaccharides

63
Q

What is the cause of I cell disease?

A

Defect in phosphotransferase, causing protein to be secreted extracellularly, rather to lysosomes

64
Q

What are signal recognition proteins?

A

Proteins that direct proteins from the ribosomes to the RER (mutation leads to inclusion disease)

65
Q

What is the protein that directs proteins from the golgi to the ER (retrograde transport)?

A

COP I

66
Q

What is the protein that directs proteins from the ER to the Golgi (anterograde transport)?

A

COP II

67
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Degrades long chain fatty acids

68
Q

Defects in proteasomes have been associated with what disease?

A

Parkinson’s

69
Q

What are the two components of microtubules?

A

alpha and beta tubulin heterodimers

70
Q

Which way does dynein transport proteins: retrograde or anterograde?

A

retrograde (+ to - end)

71
Q

Which way does kinesin transport proteins: retrograde or anterograde?

A

Anterograde (- to + end)

72
Q

What are the 5 drugs that act on microtubules? (Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly)

A 
Mebendazole
Griseofulvin
Colchicine
Vincristine
Paclitaxel
73
Q

9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules = ?

A

cilia

74
Q

What is kartagener syndrome?

A

Immotile cilia d/t a dynein arm defect, causing infertility

75
Q

What are actin and myosin involved in?

A

muscle contraction, microvilli, cytokinesis

76
Q

What is the main function of microtubules?

A

Movement

77
Q

What is the main function of intermediate filaments?

A

Structure

78
Q

What does vimentin stain for?

A

CT

79
Q

What does desmin stain for?

A

Muscle

80
Q

What does cytokeratin stain for?

A

Epithelial cells

81
Q

What does GFAP stain for?

A

Neuroglia

82
Q

What is the chemical that inhibits K binding to the Na/K ATPase?

A

Ouabain

83
Q

What is the MOA of digoxin and digitoxin?

A

directly inhibits that Na- K ATPase, leading indirectly to Ca exhange

84
Q

What is the type of collagen in bone?

A

I

85
Q

What is the type of collagen in Cartilage?

A

II

86
Q

What is the type of collagen in blood vessels, organ casing, and nucleus pulposus?

A

III

87
Q

Which type of collagen in also known as reticulin?

A

III

88
Q

What type of collagen is found in the basement membrane, and lens of the eye?

A

IV

89
Q

What is the cause of marfan’s syndrome?

A

Defective elastin (fibrillin 1)

90
Q

What is the cause of Ehlers danlos syndrome?

A

Defective collagen IV

91
Q

What is the amino acid sequence in collagen?

A

Gly-X-Y (with X any Y usually being P or K respectively)

92
Q

What is vitamin C needed for in the synthesis of collagen?

A

Hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues

93
Q

What is the underlying defect in osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Defect in glycosylation of pro-alpha-chain hydroxylysine (no triple helix)

94
Q

Which comes first in the synthesis of collagen: hydroxylation or glycosylation?

A

Hydroxylation

95
Q

What is the proteolytic processing of collagen?

A

Removal of disulfide rich terminal regions of procollagen

96
Q

What are the two amino acids that are crosslinked in collagen?

A

Lysine and hydroxylysine

97
Q

Problems with cross linking collagen is found in what disease?

A

Ehler’s-danlos syndrome

98
Q

The classic type of Ehlers danlos syndrome is caused by a defect in the cross linking of what collagen type?

A

V

99
Q

The vascular type of Ehlers-danlos syndrome is caused by a defect in what type of collagen?

A

III

100
Q

What is Menkes disease, and what is the enzyme affected?

A

X-linked recessive CT disease caused by impaired copper absorption-decrease activity of lysyl oxidase

101
Q

What is the function of alpha-1-antitrypsin, and defects in this cause what?

A

Inhibits elastase.

Defects lead to emphysema

102
Q

Wrinkles of aging are caused by what?

A

Decreased collagen and elastin production

103
Q

What is the goal of PCR?

A

Amplification of a DNA segment, then running in a gel to determine size of fragment.

104
Q

What is the process involved in a southern blot? What type of genetic material does it analyze (DNA, RNA or proteins)?

A

Radiolabeled DNA run on a gel

105
Q

What is the process involved in a northern blot? What type of genetic material does it analyze (DNA, RNA or proteins)?

A

RNA is electrophoresed and radiolabeled

106
Q

What is the process involved in a western blot? What type of genetic material does it analyze (DNA, RNA or proteins)?

A

Protein run in a gel and antibodies used to identify the protein

107
Q

What is the process involved in a southwestern blot? What type of genetic material does it analyze (DNA, RNA or proteins)?

A

DNA binding proteins identified using labeled oligonucleotides

108
Q

What is an indirect ELISA vs a direct ELISA?

A 
Indirect = uses a test antigen
Direct = uses a test antibody
109
Q

Indirect ELISA is used to detect antigen or antibodies to an antigen?

A

Antibodies to an antigen

110
Q

What is the cloning method used in biochemistry (hint: think production of insulin)?

A

Take mRNA, reverse transcriptase it, and insert into plasmid

111
Q

What is the Crex-lox system?

A

Manipulating genes at specific developmental points

112
Q

What is RNA interference?

A

dsRNA synthesized the is complimentary to mRNA of interest. Once inserted into cell, causes destruction of mRNA.

FA Review (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions