Microbiology continued (pg 137) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the cause of leprosy?
A
Mycobacterium Leprae
2
Q
What are the two forms of hansen disease (leprosy)?
A
Lepromatous
Tuberculoid
3
Q
What is lepromatous leprosy? Which type of immune response is responsible for this?
A
Diffuse skin rash with lion like facies.
Th2 response (antibody mediated response)
4
Q
What is tuberculoid leprosy? Which type of immune response is responsible for this?
A
Limited skin lesions,
Th1 mediated (cell mediated immune response)
5
Q
MacConkey agar is specific for what type of bacteria? What is the color that indicates a positive result?
A
Lactose fermenting bacteria
Pink
6
Q
What are the three major lactose fermenting bacteria?
A
Klebsiella
E.coli
Enterobacter
(macconKEE’s agar)
7
Q
Generally, gram (positive/negative) bacteria are resistant to PCN.
A
Negative
8
Q
True or false: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae is an intracellular pathogen, and is often found inside PMNs
A
True
9
Q
How do you differentiate between neisseria meningitidis and neisseria Gonorrhoeae?
A
Maltose fermentation + for meningitidis. Also it has a polysaccharide capsule
10
Q
Is there a vaccine for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae? Meningitidis?
A
Yes for meningitidis, no for Gonorrhoea
11
Q
Which has a polysaccharide capsule: Neisseria Meningitidis or Gonorrhoeae?
A
Meningitidis
12
Q
What is the gram stain and morphology of Haemophilus influenzae?
A
Gram - rod
13
Q
What is the agar that is needed to grow haemophilus bacteria?
A
Chocolate
14
Q
What are the two factors in chocolate agar?
A
Factor V and X
15
Q
What are the diseases that haemophilus bacteria cause?
A
Epiglottitis
Meningitis
OM
Pneumonia
haEMOPhilus
16
Q
What is the gram stain and morphology of legionella pneumophila?
A
Gram negative rod
17
Q
What stain is specific for legionella? What is the agar needed?
A
Silver stain with Fe, charcoal, and Cysteine
legionnaire sitting around a charcoal campfire with a silver helmet, praying to the cysteine chapel
18
Q
What is characteristic of the labs for infx with legionella?
A
hyponatremia
19
Q
What causes pontiac fever?
A
Legionella pneumophila
20
Q
What is the gram stain and morphology of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
Gram negative rod
21
Q
Does pseudomonas ferment lactose? Is it catalase positive?
A
- lactose fermentation
+ catalase
22
Q
What are the diseases that pseudomonas causes?
A
Pneumonia Sepsis External OM UTI Diabetic Osteomyelitis
23
Q
What causes ecthyma gangrenosum?
A
Pseudomonas
24
Q
What is the treatment for pseudomonas infx?
A
PCN
25
What are the four strains of E.coli?
EHEC
ETEC
EPEC
EIEC
26
What disease doe ETEC cause?
Traveler's diarrhea via enterotoxins
27
What disease does EHEC cause? What are the toxins involved?
Hemorrhagic diarrhea via shiga-like toxins
Also, hemolytic-uremia syndrome
28
What disease does EPEC cause? What is the toxin involved?
Pediatric diarrhea, no toxin produced
29
What disease does EIEC cause?
Invasive diarrhea
30
What is the MOA of EIEC?
Disrupts brush border
31
What is the most common serotype of EHEC?
0157:H7
32
What are the four diseases that klebsiella causes? (4 As)
Aspiration pneumonia
Abscess in lungs/liver
Alcoholics
diAbetics
33
Which has flagella: salmonella or shigella?
Salmonella (think salmon swim)
34
Which can spread hematogenously: salmonella or shigella?
Salmonella
35
Which has only human reservoirs: salmonella or shigella?
Shigella
36
How do you distinguish between salmonella and shigella?
H2S test--salmonella is + (think, salmon smell funny).
37
Are abx effective with salmonella?
No
38
Which ferments lactose: salmonella or shigella?
Neither
39
True or false: salmonella typhi is only found in humans
True
40
Rose spot on the abdomen + diarrhea = ?
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
41
What does campylobacter jejuni cause?
The major cause of bloody diarrhea, especially in children
42
Which bacterial infection of the GI tract is associated with the onset of Guillian-Barre syndrome?
Campylobacter
43
Is campylobacter oxidase positive or negative
Positive
44
What disease does Yersinia enterocolitica cause? How is it transmitted?
Colitis--transmitted via contaminated milk or cheese
45
What is the gram stain and morphology of helicobacter pylori? Positive or negative: catalase, urease, oxidase?
Curved gram negative rod that is
All positive for th stuffs
46
What is the enzyme that allows helicobacter pylori to survive in the low pH of the stomach?
Urease--produces NH4
47
How can you test for helicobacter pylori?
Urea breath test
48
What are the three spirochetes?
Leptospira
Treponema
Borrelia
(BLT)
49
What disease does leptospira interrogans cause? Symptoms?
Leptospirosis
50
Animal urine exposure + jaundice + ILI= ?
Leptospirosis
51
What is the causative agent of lyme disease? What genus of tick carries this?
Borrelia Burgdorferi--ixodes tick
52
What are the symptoms of Lyme disease? (FAKE a keyLYME pie)
Facial nerve palsy
Arthritis
(K)ardiac block
Erythema migrans
53
What is the treatment for lyme disease?
Doxycycline + ceftriaxone
54
What is the causative agent of Syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
55
What is the treatment for syphilis?
PCN
56
Painless chancre = ?
primary Syphilis
57
What are the symptoms of secondary syphilis?
Rash on the palms and soles of the feet, condyloma lata
58
What are the symptoms of tertiary syphilis?
Gummas
59
Infant with saber shins + Hutchinson incisors = ?
Congenital syphilis
60
What is Argyll Robertson (prostitute) pupil? What disease is this associated with?
Pupil that will react to accommodation, but not to light
Tertiary syphilis
61
What is the Jarish-Herxheimer reaction?
Reaction to antibiotics due to release of pyrogens
62
What is the causative agent of cat scratch fever?
Bartonella
63
What is anaplasmosis?
Tick borne illness
64
What is the cause of relapsing fever?
Borrelia recurrentis
65
What is the usual vector for brucellosis?
Unpasteurized milk
66
Undulating Fever + diaphoresis + wet hay smell = ?
Brucellosis
67
What is the usual vector for psittacosis? What are the symptoms?
Parrots--nothing to septicemia + pneumonia
68
What is the causative agent of Q fever? Vector?
Coxiella burnetii--- from aerosols of cattle
69
What is ehrlichiosis?
Fever from the lone stay tick
70
What is the causative agent of tularemia? Vector?
Francisella tularensis---from small game
71
What is the gram stain and morphology of francisella tularensis?
gram negative coccobacillus
72
What is the causative agent of rocky spotted mountain fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii
73
What disease does pasteurella multocida cause?
Cellulitis from animal scratches/bites
74
What is the causative agent of bacterial vaginosis?
Gardnerella vaginalis
75
Clue cells = ?
BV
76
What is the treatment for BV?
Clindamycin
77
What is the treatment for all Rickettsial and tick borne diseases?
Doxycycline
78
Rash after tick bite that starts at the wrists and ankles, and spreads to trunk, palms, and soles = ?
Rocky mountain spotted fever (rickettsia on the wRists)
79
Rash from a tick bite that starts on the trunk, and moves outward = ?
Typhus (on the Trunk)
80
Monocytes with berry-like inclusions in cytoplasm from a tick bite = ?
Ehrlichiosis
81
What is the vector for anaplasma?
Ticks
82
What is the causative agent of Q fever?
Coxiella burnetii
83
What is the vector for coxiella burnetii (the causative agent of Q fever)? Symptoms?
Tick feces. -NO rash---pneumonia + fever
84
Why is chlamydia an obligate intracellular parasite?
Cannot make its own ATP
85
What are the two forms of Chlamydia? Which is infectious?
Elementary bodies--"Enfectious"
| Reticulate body--replicates
86
Cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or fluorescent antibody stain?
Chlamydia
87
Which species of chlamydia causes reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome)?
Trachomatis
88
What is the treatment for chlamydia?
Azithromycin or doxy
89
What disease do serotypes A, B, and C of chlamydia trachomatis cause?
Follicular conjunctivitis, and blindness
| ABC for African Blindness/Chronic infx
90
What disease do serotypes D-K of chlamydia trachomatis cause?
PID, neonatal pneumonia/conjuntivitis
91
What disease do serotypes L1, L2, and L3 of chlamydia trachomatis cause?
Lymphogranuloma venereum (small painless genital ulcers (buboes)
92
What are the symptoms of infx with mycoplasma pneumonia?
Atypical pneumonia
93
Where/in what populations is infx with mycoplasma pneumoniae found?
Prisons and military barracks
94
Atypical pneumonia + no cell wall of bacteria + not seen on gram stain = ?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
95
Why doesn't mycoplasma pneumoniae stain with gram staining?
Has sterols in wall for stability
96
What is the only infectious fungus that is not dimorphic? What form does it take?
Coccidioidomycosis---spherules
97
Spherule fungi = ?
Coccidioidomycosis
98
What is the treatment for systemic infx with coccidioidomycosis?
Amphoterrible B
99
Where is histoplasmosis endemic to? Symptoms? Characteristics under light microscopy?
Mississippi river valley.
Pneumonia
**WITHIN** macrophages (Histo Hides, within macrophages)
100
Where is blastomycosis endemic to? Symptoms? Characteristics under light microscopy?
States east of mississippi
Pneumonia
broad based buds
101
Where is coccidioidomycosis endemic to? Symptoms? Characteristics under light microscopy?
Southwestern US
Pneumonia
Spherule
102
Where is paracoccidioidomycosis endemic to? Symptoms? Characteristics under light microscopy?
Latin America
Captain's wheel appearance
(parasails to Latin american with the captain's wheel)
103
Captain's wheel fungi=?
Paracoccidioidomycosis
104
Spherule fungi = ?
Coccidioidomycosis
105
Fungi within macrophages = ?
Histoplasmosis (hist hides)
106
Budding fungi?
Blastomycosis (blasto buds)
107
What is the causative agent of tinea versicolor?
Malassezia furfur
108
What disease does malassezia furfur cause?
Cutaneous mycoses (tinea versicolor)
109
tinea ungium = ?
Onychomycosis
110
What is the stain for fungi?
KOH prep
111
What is the treatment for candida infx?
Topical azole or amphoterrible B
112
Diabetic BV after abx use = ?
Candida albicans infx
113
What are the microscopic characteristics of candida albicans?
Pseudohyphae or Germ tubes
114
Germ tube = ?
Candida albicans
115
What disease does aspergillus fumigatus cause?
Pneumonia
116
Septate hyphae that branch at 45 degrees = ?
Aspergillus fumigatus (Acute Angles in Aspergillus)
117
India ink stain + = ?
Cryptococcus neoformans
118
What is the reservoir of cryptococcus neoformans?
Bird droppings
119
What diseases does cryptococcus neoformans cause?
Meningitis
120
Soap bubble lesion on head CT in immunocompromised pt=?
Cryptococcus neoformans
121
In whom is mucor and Rhizopus fungal infx found?
DM or leukemia pts
122
What is the treatment for infx with mucor and/or rhizopus infx?
Amp B
123
What disease does pneumocystis jirovecii cause, and in whom?
PCP in AIDS pts
124
Disc shaped yeast on methenamine silver stain of lung tissue?
Pneumocystis jiroveci
125
What disease does sporothrix schenckii cause? How is it usually transmitted?
Sporotrichosis (lymphatic spread of fungi)--rose thorns
126
Fungal infx from a rose thorn?
Sporotrichosis
127
What is the treatment for sporotrichosis?
KI (rose in the pot)
128
What are the symptoms of infx with giardia?
Fatty, foul smelling diarrhea
129
How is giardia spread?
Spores in water
130
What is the treatment for giardiasis?
Metronidazole
131
What disease does entamoeba histolytica cause? (2 symptoms)
Dysentery, liver abscesses
132
What are the histological characteristics of entamoeba histolytica?
Multinucleated trophozoites (like eyes looking back at you)
133
What disease/symptoms does infection with cryptosporidium cause?
Severe diarrhea in immunocompromised, o/w mild diarrhea
134
What is the treatment for toxoplasmosis?
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
135
What disease does infection with naegleria fowleri cause? Where is this found?
rapid meningoencephalitis---freshwater lakes
136
What is the treatment for infection with naegleria fowleri?
Amp B (maybe)
137
What is the causative agent of african sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma brucei
138
What is the vector for trypanosoma brucei?
Tsetse fly
139
What is the treatment for african sleeping sickness?
Suramin for hematogenous
Melarsoprol for CNS penetration
(Sure nice to go to sleep; Melatonin helps with that)
140
How do you diagnose african sleeping sickness?
Blood smear
141
How do you diagnose naegleria fowleri?
Spinal tap
142
What is the causative agent of malaria?
Plasmodium
143
What is the species of plasmodium that causes 48 hr cycle fevers?
vivax or ovale
144
What is the species of plasmodium that causes irregular cycle fevers?
p. falciparum
145
What is the species of plasmodium that causes 72 hr cycle fevers?
p. malariae
146
What is the treatment for malaria?
chloroquine
147
What disease contraindicates use of chloroquine for the treatment of malaria?
G6PD deficiency
148
What disease does babesia causes? Symptoms?
Babesiosis-- fever + hemolytic anemia
149
Whos is at risk of developing babesia?
Asplenic individuals
150
What is the causative agent of Chagas disease? vector = ?
Trypanosoma cruzi
| Reduviid bug
151
What are the symptoms of Chagas disease?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
152
What is the vector for leishmania donovani?
Sandfly
153
What are the symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?
Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly
154
Foul smelling, greenish vaginal discharge + strawberry cervix = ?
trichomonas vaginalis
155
What is the treatment for trichomonas?
Metronidazole
156
What is the bacterial cause of BV?
Gardnerella vaginalis
157
How do you diagnose trichomonas?
Wet mount
158
What is the scientific name for the pinworm?
Enterobius vermicularis
159
What is the treatment for enterobius vermicularis?
Bendazoles (since worms are bendy)
160
What is disease that ascaris lumbricoides causes?
Live in intestines after being coughed up
161
What is strongyloides stercoralis?
Worm the can live in soil (not as eggs), and penetrates the skin to infect
162
Ancylostoma and Necator americanus gain entry into the body how? Where do they disseminate to?
Penetrate the skin, and disseminate to the intestines
163
What is the causative agent of river blindness? Vector?
onchocerca volvulus
| Vector = black flies
164
What is the vector for loa loa?
Mango flies
165
What is the causative agent of elephantiasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
166
What is the causative agent of visceral larva migrans? What is this disease?
Toxocara canis---cyst formation in organs d/t incorrect host
167
What are the three nematodes that are transmitted via ingestion? (don't EAT these)
Enterobius (vermicularis)
Ascaris (lumbricoides)
Toxocara (canis)
168
What are the three nematodes that are transmitted via cutaneous infx? (from the SANd)
Strongyloides
Ancylostoma
Necator
169
What are the three nematodes that are transmitted via bites? (law LOW to avoid being bitten)
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti
170
What is the pork tapeworm?
Taenia solium
171
What is the fish tapeworm?
Diphyllobothrium latum
172
What is the dog tapeworm?
Echinococcus granulosus
173
Which tapeworm causes hydatid cyst disease?
Dog tapeworm (echinococcus granulosus)
174
What is the host of schistosomes?
Snails
175
What is schistosomiasis?
Liver and spleen granulomas
176
What is the name for the chinese liver fluke? What are the symptoms of infection?
Clonorchis sinensis
| Asymptomatic to bile duct issues
177
What are the symptoms of schistosomiasis?
Dysentery
178
How is clonorchis sinensis transmitted?
Undercooked fish
179
Biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma = which parasite?
Clonorchis sinensis
180
Brain cysts, Szs = which parasite?
Taenia solium
181
Hematuria + bladder CA = which parasite?
Schistosoma haematobium
182
Liver cysts = which parasite?
Echinococcus granulosus
183
Microcytic anemia = which parasite?
Ancylostoma, necator
184
Perianal pruritus = which parasite?
Pinworm (Enterobius)
185
Portal HTN = which parasite?
Schistosoma mansoni, schistosoma japonicu
186
Vit B12 deficiency = which parasite
Diphyllobothrium latum
