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FA Review > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gastroschisis?

A

Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds that is NOT covered by peritoneum

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2
Q

What is an omphalocele?

A

Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord that is SEALED by peritoneum—caused by a lack of regression of abdominal contents back into the abdominal cavity

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3
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the pharynx to the duodenum?

A

Foregut

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4
Q

What is the adult derivative of the midgut?

A

duodenum to proximal 2/3 of colon

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5
Q

What is the adult derivative of the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to just above the pectinate line

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6
Q

Rostral fold closure defect = ?

A

Sternal defects

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7
Q

Failure of lateral fold closure = ?

A

Omphalocele, gastroschisis

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8
Q

Failure of caudal fold closure = ?

A

Bladder exstrophy

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9
Q

What is the cause of duodenal atresia? What genetic defect is this associated with?

A

Failure to recanalize–trisomy 21

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10
Q

What are the causes of jejunal, ileal, and colonic atresia?

A

Vascular accident

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11
Q

When in development does the midgut herniates through the umbilical rings? Return? When is returns, what artery does it rotate about?

A

6th week
10th
SMA

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12
Q

The intestines wrap around what artery in development?

A

SMA

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13
Q

What is the most common tracheoesophageal anomalies?

A

EA with distal tracheoesophageal fistula

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14
Q

What is the clinical test for assessing for a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Passing an NG tube down

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15
Q

What is the classic PE finding of congenital pyloric stenosis? S/sx?

A

Olive mass in the epigastric region

Non-bilious vomiting at 2-6 weeks old

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16
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs (remember the mnemonic!)

A

Suprarenal
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
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17
Q

Is the pancreas derived from the foregut, midgut, or hindgut?

A

Foregut

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18
Q

What is annular pancreas?

A

When the pancreas wraps around the duodenum

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19
Q

What is pancreatic divisum?

A

When the ventral and dorsal parts of the pancreas fail to fuse at 8 weeks

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20
Q

What does the falciform ligament connect? What does it contain? What is it a derivative of?

A
  • Liver to anterior abdominal wall
  • Ligamentum teres hepatis (derivative of fetal umbilical vein)
  • Derivative of ventral mesentery
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21
Q

What does the hepatoduodenal ligament connect? What does it contain? (3)

A
  • Liver to the duodenum

- Portal triad: proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct

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22
Q

What is the pringle maneuver, and when is it used?

A

Compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament in omental foramen to control bleeding

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23
Q

What does the gastrohepatic ligament connect? What does it contain?

A
  • Liver to lesser curvature of the stomach

- Gastric arteries

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24
Q

What does the gastrocolic ligament connect? What does it contain?

A
  • Greater curvature and transverse colon

- Gastroepiploic arteries

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25
Q

What does the gastrosplenic ligament connect? What does it contain?

A
  • Greater curvature of the stomach and the spleen

- Short gastric, left gastroepiploic arteries

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26
Q

What does the splenorenal ligament connect? What does it contain?

A
  • Spleen to the posterior abdominal wall

- Splenic artery and vein

27
Q

What are the layers of the GI tube, from deep to superficial?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

28
Q

What is the role of the myenteric plexus?

A

Muscular motility

29
Q

What is the role of the submucosal plexus?

A

Control of secretory activity

30
Q

What is the difference between an ulcer and an erosion of the GI tract?

A 
Ulcer = extend into the submucosa
Erosion = in the mucosa layer only
31
Q

Where in the gastric pits are parietal cells located? Chief cells?

A

Parietal cells near the top of the lumen

Chief cells near the bottom

32
Q

Where are the crypts of lieberkuhn? What do these contain?

A

In the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Brunner’s glands

33
Q

Where are peyer’s patches located?

A

Ileum

34
Q

Which part of the small intestines has the greatest number of goblet cells?

A

Ileum

35
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Vagus, vagus, and pelvic splanchnic nerves

36
Q

What spinal level is the celiac trunk located at?

A

T12

37
Q

What spinal level is the SMA located at?

A

L1

38
Q

What spinal level is the bifurcation of the aorta located at?

A

Bi-FOUR-cation (L4)

39
Q

What is the breakdown of the innervation and arterial supply to the GI tract?

A

Pharynx to proximal duodenum
Distal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of colon
Remainder

40
Q

What, generally, do the arteries that branch off of the aorta laterally supply? Anteriorly?

A 
Anteriorly = GI organs
Laterally = non-GI organs
41
Q

What is SMA syndrome?

A

When the transverse portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and aorta, causing a SBO

42
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Splenic
Common hepatic
Left gastric

43
Q

What does the common hepatic artery give rise to?

A

Proper hepatic

Gastroduodenal artery

44
Q

True or false: there is a strong anastomosis between the right and left gastroepiploic arteries

A

True

45
Q

True or false: there is a strong anastomosis between the right and left gastric arteries

A

True

46
Q

The right gastroepiploic artery is a branch of what artery? Left?

A 
Right = Gastroduodenal artery
Left = Splenic
47
Q

If branches off of the abdominal aorta are blocked, the superior epigastric artery anastomosis with what other artery to compensate? What is this a branch of?

A

Inferior epigastric (external iliac)

48
Q

If branches off of the abdominal aorta are blocked, the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery anastomosis with what other artery to compensate? What is this a branch of?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (SMA)

49
Q

If branches off of the abdominal aorta are blocked, the middle colic artery anastomosis with what other artery to compensate? What is this a branch of?

A

Left colic (IMA)

50
Q

If branches off of the abdominal aorta are blocked, the superior rectal artery anastomosis with what other artery to compensate? What is this a branch of?

A

Middle and inferior rectal (internal iliac)

51
Q

What is the anastomosis that allows the the development of esophageal varices in the case of cirrhosis?

A

Left gastric and esophageal

52
Q

What is the anastomosis that allows the the development of caput medusae in the case of cirrhosis?

A

Paraumbilical and small epigastric veins

53
Q

What is the anastomosis that allows the the development of anorectal varices in the case of cirrhosis?

A

Superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal

54
Q

What is TIPS in the treatment of pHTN 2/2 cirrhosis?

A

Transjugular intrahepatic portohepatic shunt

55
Q

The pectinate line is where what two embryological layers meet?

A

Endorem of the hindgut and ectoderm

56
Q

What is the arterial supply and lymphatic drainage above the pectinate line?

A

Superior rectal arteries (IMA)

Deep nodes

57
Q

What is the arterial supply and lymphatic drainage below the pectinate line?

A

Inferior rectal artery (branch of the pudendal)

Inguinal nodes

58
Q

What hepatic zone is affected first with viral hepatitis? EtOH? Drug abuse? Ischemia?

A

Viral hepatitis and drugs - zone 1

EtOH and ischemia = zone 3

59
Q

What hepatic zone houses the p450 enzymes?

A

3

60
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral vein, artery, and nerve

61
Q

Which of the following is not found in the femoral sheath: Femoral vein, artery, and/or nerve?

A

Femoral nerve

62
Q

What is the ampulla of vater?

A

Exit of the pancreatic duct

63
Q

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Sphincter around the ampulla of vater

64
Q

What is the pyramidalis muscle?

A

a small and triangular muscle, anterior to the rectus abdominis, and contained in the rectus sheath.

FA Review (22 decks)

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