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GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gastroschisis?

A

Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds that is NOT covered by peritoneum

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2
Q

What is an omphalocele?

A

Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord that is SEALED by peritoneum—caused by a lack of regression of abdominal contents back into the abdominal cavity

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3
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the pharynx to the duodenum?

A

Foregut

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4
Q

What is the adult derivative of the midgut?

A

duodenum to proximal 2/3 of colon

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5
Q

What is the adult derivative of the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to just above the pectinate line

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6
Q

Rostral fold closure defect = ?

A

Sternal defects

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7
Q

Failure of lateral fold closure = ?

A

Omphalocele, gastroschisis

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8
Q

Failure of caudal fold closure = ?

A

Bladder exstrophy

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9
Q

What is the cause of duodenal atresia? What genetic defect is this associated with?

A

Failure to recanalize–trisomy 21

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10
Q

What are the causes of jejunal, ileal, and colonic atresia?

A

Vascular accident

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11
Q

When in development does the midgut herniates through the umbilical rings? Return? When is returns, what artery does it rotate about?

A

6th week
10th
SMA

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12
Q

The intestines wrap around what artery in development?

A

SMA

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13
Q

What is the most common tracheoesophageal anomalies?

A

EA with distal tracheoesophageal fistula

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14
Q

What is the clinical test for assessing for a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Passing an NG tube down

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15
Q

What is the classic PE finding of congenital pyloric stenosis? S/sx?

A

Olive mass in the epigastric region

Non-bilious vomiting at 2-6 weeks old

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16
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs (remember the mnemonic!)

A

Suprarenal
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
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17
Q

Is the pancreas derived from the foregut, midgut, or hindgut?

A

Foregut

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18
Q

What is annular pancreas?

A

When the pancreas wraps around the duodenum

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19
Q

What is pancreatic divisum?

A

When the ventral and dorsal parts of the pancreas fail to fuse at 8 weeks

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20
Q

What does the falciform ligament connect? What does it contain? What is it a derivative of?

A
  • Liver to anterior abdominal wall
  • Ligamentum teres hepatis (derivative of fetal umbilical vein)
  • Derivative of ventral mesentery
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21
Q

What does the hepatoduodenal ligament connect? What does it contain? (3)

A
  • Liver to the duodenum

- Portal triad: proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct

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22
Q

What is the pringle maneuver, and when is it used?

A

Compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament in omental foramen to control bleeding

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23
Q

What does the gastrohepatic ligament connect? What does it contain?

A
  • Liver to lesser curvature of the stomach

- Gastric arteries

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24
Q

What does the gastrocolic ligament connect? What does it contain?

A
  • Greater curvature and transverse colon

- Gastroepiploic arteries

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25
What does the gastrosplenic ligament connect? What does it contain?
- Greater curvature of the stomach and the spleen | - Short gastric, left gastroepiploic arteries
26
What does the splenorenal ligament connect? What does it contain?
- Spleen to the posterior abdominal wall | - Splenic artery and vein
27
What are the layers of the GI tube, from deep to superficial?
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
28
What is the role of the myenteric plexus?
Muscular motility
29
What is the role of the submucosal plexus?
Control of secretory activity
30
What is the difference between an ulcer and an erosion of the GI tract?
``` Ulcer = extend into the submucosa Erosion = in the mucosa layer only ```
31
Where in the gastric pits are parietal cells located? Chief cells?
Parietal cells near the top of the lumen | Chief cells near the bottom
32
Where are the crypts of lieberkuhn? What do these contain?
In the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum Brunner's glands
33
Where are peyer's patches located?
Ileum
34
Which part of the small intestines has the greatest number of goblet cells?
Ileum
35
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?
Vagus, vagus, and pelvic splanchnic nerves
36
What spinal level is the celiac trunk located at?
T12
37
What spinal level is the SMA located at?
L1
38
What spinal level is the bifurcation of the aorta located at?
Bi-FOUR-cation (L4)
39
What is the breakdown of the innervation and arterial supply to the GI tract?
Pharynx to proximal duodenum Distal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of colon Remainder
40
What, generally, do the arteries that branch off of the aorta laterally supply? Anteriorly?
``` Anteriorly = GI organs Laterally = non-GI organs ```
41
What is SMA syndrome?
When the transverse portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and aorta, causing a SBO
42
What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk?
Splenic Common hepatic Left gastric
43
What does the common hepatic artery give rise to?
Proper hepatic | Gastroduodenal artery
44
True or false: there is a strong anastomosis between the right and left gastroepiploic arteries
True
45
True or false: there is a strong anastomosis between the right and left gastric arteries
True
46
The right gastroepiploic artery is a branch of what artery? Left?
``` Right = Gastroduodenal artery Left = Splenic ```
47
If branches off of the abdominal aorta are blocked, the superior epigastric artery anastomosis with what other artery to compensate? What is this a branch of?
Inferior epigastric (external iliac)
48
If branches off of the abdominal aorta are blocked, the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery anastomosis with what other artery to compensate? What is this a branch of?
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (SMA)
49
If branches off of the abdominal aorta are blocked, the middle colic artery anastomosis with what other artery to compensate? What is this a branch of?
Left colic (IMA)
50
If branches off of the abdominal aorta are blocked, the superior rectal artery anastomosis with what other artery to compensate? What is this a branch of?
Middle and inferior rectal (internal iliac)
51
What is the anastomosis that allows the the development of esophageal varices in the case of cirrhosis?
Left gastric and esophageal
52
What is the anastomosis that allows the the development of caput medusae in the case of cirrhosis?
Paraumbilical and small epigastric veins
53
What is the anastomosis that allows the the development of anorectal varices in the case of cirrhosis?
Superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal
54
What is TIPS in the treatment of pHTN 2/2 cirrhosis?
Transjugular intrahepatic portohepatic shunt
55
The pectinate line is where what two embryological layers meet?
Endorem of the hindgut and ectoderm
56
What is the arterial supply and lymphatic drainage above the pectinate line?
Superior rectal arteries (IMA) | Deep nodes
57
What is the arterial supply and lymphatic drainage below the pectinate line?
Inferior rectal artery (branch of the pudendal) | Inguinal nodes
58
What hepatic zone is affected first with viral hepatitis? EtOH? Drug abuse? Ischemia?
Viral hepatitis and drugs - zone 1 | EtOH and ischemia = zone 3
59
What hepatic zone houses the p450 enzymes?
3
60
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral vein, artery, and nerve
61
Which of the following is not found in the femoral sheath: Femoral vein, artery, and/or nerve?
Femoral nerve
62
What is the ampulla of vater?
Exit of the pancreatic duct
63
What is the sphincter of Oddi?
Sphincter around the ampulla of vater
64
What is the pyramidalis muscle?
a small and triangular muscle, anterior to the rectus abdominis, and contained in the rectus sheath.

FA Review (22 decks)

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