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Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology > vertebrates; tetrapods, amphibians and amniotes > Flashcards

vertebrates; tetrapods, amphibians and amniotes Flashcards

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1
Q

tetrapod means

A

4 footed

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2
Q

what does tetrapods include

A

amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

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3
Q

around when did vertebrates move onto land

A

400 MYA

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4
Q

many ancestral tetrapods, like modern amphibians were

A

aquatic as juveniles and terrestrial as adults

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5
Q

tetrapods had to adapt to land existence, give examples:

A
  • limbs, pelvis and pectoral girdle; more ossified, fusion of bones
  • vertebral column: larger articulations to avoid sagging
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6
Q

modern amphibians arose from

A
  • labrynthodonts
  • acanthostega; 4 footed fish
  • radial fins rays supporting rail fin
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7
Q

what arose first: digits or transition to land

A

digits

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8
Q

3 orders of amphibians

A

1) anura: frogs and toads
2) urodela/ caudata: salamanders and newst
3) gymnophonia/apoda: caecilians (legless blind creatures)

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9
Q

what most closely resembles ancestral amphibians

A
  • salamanders; long body, short legs, tail
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10
Q

amphibians; aquatic larva that metamorphose into terrestrial larva

A
  • lose lateral line system
  • lungs replace gills
  • develop legs
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11
Q

ancestral amphibians had

A

scales; evolved from lobe finned fish

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12
Q

modern amphibians have a very thin

A
  • stratum corneum
  • limited protection from abrasion and dehydration
  • cutaneous respiration
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13
Q

cutaneous respiration

A
  • gas exchange
  • capillary beds within epidermis
  • large SA to body mass ratio
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14
Q

amphibian adaptations to terrestrial existence

A
  • vertebrae; articular process
  • pectoral girdle; no longer joined to skull
  • pelvic girdle; ilium, ischium and pubis
  • digits; 5 on hind, 4 on front
  • mucous glands (continuous secretion)
  • granular glands (poison)
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15
Q

amphibian chromatophores

A

noxious skin secretions often coupled w striking colour
- predominantly in dermis

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16
Q

when do amphibian eyelids and tear glands develop

A

at metamorphosis

17
Q

amphibians; most return to ____ to reproduce

A

water

18
Q

in frogs and toads fertilization is

A

external

19
Q

in caecilians fertilization is

A

internal; cloacae pressed together

20
Q

in salamanders fertilization is

A

internal; male produce spermatophore (a cap of sperm on a gelatinous stalk) female picks up with cloaca

21
Q

amphibian brain

A

shows v little development from that of fish

lateral line (fish sensory system) present in aquatic larva and lost in terrestrial adults

22
Q

evolution of the _____ facilitated the success of vertebrates on land

A

amniotic egg

23
Q

amniotes inlcude

A

reptiles, birds, mammals

24
Q

amniotic egg is characterized by

A

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes

25
Q

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes in amniotic egg:

amnion

A

encloses the embryo; fluid filled and so protects the embryo from mechanical shock

26
Q

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes in amniotic egg:

allantois

A

contains fetal urine; contributes to placenta in eutherian mammals

27
Q

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes in amniotic egg:

chorion

A

outer envelope; contributes to placenta in eutherian mammals

28
Q

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes in amniotic egg:

yolk sac

A

source of nutrition for embryo

29
Q

in bird and reptiles the embryo and membranes enclosed by a

A

calcareous of leathery shell

30
Q

eutherian and marsupial (therian) embryo and associated membranes

A
  • have lost the shell
  • eutherians form placenta
  • marsupials deliver altricial young
31
Q

do monotremes have egg shell

A

yes

32
Q

basal group of amniotes

A

cotylosauria “ stem reptiles”

33
Q

2 major lineages in evolution of amniotes

A
  • sauropsids; dinosaurs, reptiles, birds
  • synapsids; mammals
34
Q

amniotes can be grouped according to anatomy of

A

temporal region of skull; number of temporal fenestrae

35
Q

anapsid

A
  • no fenestrae
  • ancestral amniotes
  • turtles and tortoises
36
Q

diapsids

A
  • 2 fenestrae
  • dinos, lizards, snakes, crocs, tuatara, birds
37
Q

synapsid

A
  • one fenestra
  • mammals

Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology (33 decks)

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