vertebrates; tetrapods, amphibians and amniotes

Question 1

tetrapod means

Answer 1

4 footed

Question 2

what does tetrapods include

Answer 2

amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Question 3

around when did vertebrates move onto land

Answer 3

400 MYA

Question 4

many ancestral tetrapods, like modern amphibians were

Answer 4

aquatic as juveniles and terrestrial as adults

Question 5

tetrapods had to adapt to land existence, give examples:

Answer 5

• limbs, pelvis and pectoral girdle; more ossified, fusion of bones
• vertebral column: larger articulations to avoid sagging

Question 6

modern amphibians arose from

Answer 6

• labrynthodonts
• acanthostega; 4 footed fish
• radial fins rays supporting rail fin

Question 7

what arose first: digits or transition to land

Answer 7

digits

Question 8

3 orders of amphibians

Answer 8

1) anura: frogs and toads
2) urodela/ caudata: salamanders and newst
3) gymnophonia/apoda: caecilians (legless blind creatures)

Question 9

what most closely resembles ancestral amphibians

Answer 9

• salamanders; long body, short legs, tail

Question 10

amphibians; aquatic larva that metamorphose into terrestrial larva

Answer 10

• lose lateral line system
• lungs replace gills
• develop legs

Question 11

ancestral amphibians had

Answer 11

scales; evolved from lobe finned fish

Question 12

modern amphibians have a very thin

Answer 12

• stratum corneum
• limited protection from abrasion and dehydration
• cutaneous respiration

Question 13

cutaneous respiration

Answer 13

• gas exchange
• capillary beds within epidermis
• large SA to body mass ratio

Question 14

amphibian adaptations to terrestrial existence

Answer 14

• vertebrae; articular process
• pectoral girdle; no longer joined to skull
• pelvic girdle; ilium, ischium and pubis
• digits; 5 on hind, 4 on front
• mucous glands (continuous secretion)
• granular glands (poison)

Question 15

amphibian chromatophores

Answer 15

noxious skin secretions often coupled w striking colour
- predominantly in dermis

Question 16

when do amphibian eyelids and tear glands develop

Answer 16

at metamorphosis

Question 17

amphibians; most return to ____ to reproduce

Answer 17

water

Question 18

in frogs and toads fertilization is

Answer 18

external

Question 19

in caecilians fertilization is

Answer 19

internal; cloacae pressed together

Question 20

in salamanders fertilization is

Answer 20

internal; male produce spermatophore (a cap of sperm on a gelatinous stalk) female picks up with cloaca

Question 21

amphibian brain

Answer 21

shows v little development from that of fish

lateral line (fish sensory system) present in aquatic larva and lost in terrestrial adults

Question 22

evolution of the _____ facilitated the success of vertebrates on land

Answer 22

amniotic egg

Question 23

amniotes inlcude

Answer 23

reptiles, birds, mammals

Question 24

amniotic egg is characterized by

Answer 24

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes

Question 25

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes in amniotic egg: amnion

Answer 25

encloses the embryo; fluid filled and so protects the embryo from mechanical shock

Question 26

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes in amniotic egg: allantois

Answer 26

contains fetal urine; contributes to placenta in eutherian mammals

Question 27

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes in amniotic egg: chorion

Answer 27

outer envelope; contributes to placenta in eutherian mammals

Question 28

presence of several extra-embryonic membranes in amniotic egg: yolk sac

Answer 28

source of nutrition for embryo

Question 29

in bird and reptiles the embryo and membranes enclosed by a

Answer 29

calcareous of leathery shell

Question 30

eutherian and marsupial (therian) embryo and associated membranes

Answer 30

- have lost the shell - eutherians form placenta - marsupials deliver altricial young

Question 31

do monotremes have egg shell

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

basal group of amniotes

Answer 32

cotylosauria " stem reptiles"

Question 33

2 major lineages in evolution of amniotes

Answer 33

- sauropsids; dinosaurs, reptiles, birds - synapsids; mammals

Question 34

amniotes can be grouped according to anatomy of

Answer 34

temporal region of skull; number of temporal fenestrae

Question 35

anapsid

Answer 35

- no fenestrae - ancestral amniotes - turtles and tortoises

Question 36

diapsids

Answer 36

- 2 fenestrae - dinos, lizards, snakes, crocs, tuatara, birds

Question 37

synapsid

Answer 37

- one fenestra - mammals