single celled eukaryotes

Question 1

protists

Answer 1

single celled eukaryotes

Question 2

for the flagellates; the flagella are mostly

Answer 2

anterior

Question 3

for the flagellates, how many flagella per cell

Answer 3

usually 2 or more

Question 4

flagellates mitochondria is

Answer 4

highly modified

Question 5

difference between flagella and cilia

Answer 5

cilia; short, lots of them, fast beating, rotating cell, short

flagellum: long, threadlike, 1-10, wave-like, undulating beat, slow beat

Question 6

what are the 2 subgroups of flagellates that we considered

Answer 6

diplomonadida and euglenozoa

Question 7

diplomonads mitochondria

Answer 7

DON’T HAVE ONE! possess mitosomes, but not used for ATP generation, they lack plastids

Question 8

diplomonadida characteristics

Answer 8

-long lineage
-flagella
-most anaerobic (life in low oxygen)
-most symbiotic and many are parasites

Question 9

important member of flagellates in diplomonadida subgroup

Answer 9

giardia
-human and animal intestinal parasite
-resistant cysts contaminate water supplies, cysts can survive in cold water/ ice
-diarrhea in cats, dogs, caged birds
“eyes” are nuclei, around 10 flagella
-trophozoite stage (diagnostic stage)
-cyst stage (infective stage)

Question 10

euglenozoa symbiosis?

Answer 10

many free living, some parasitic

Question 11

what is a type of parasite euglenozoid and what are their characteristics

Answer 11

kinetoplastids, named this bevause mitochondrian has large circular DNA body: kinetoplast

heterotrophs
flagellates
free living and parasitic species

Question 12

what is an extremely important species of kinetoplastids (parasitic euglenozoids, flagellates)

Answer 12

trypansoma
responsible for nagana in animals and sleeping sickness in humans, chagas disease

Question 13

how is sleeping sickness and nagana transmitted by tryansoma (an euglenozoid, flagellate)

Answer 13

tstetse fly

Question 14

what are the groups of single celled eukaryotes we considered

Answer 14

1) the flagellates,
2) the ciliates, apicomplexans and others
3) plants and algae
4) amoebae
5) opisthokonts

Question 15

what kind of parasite are aplicomplexans

Answer 15

intracellular
obligatory parasites

Question 16

what are aplicomplexans named after

Answer 16

their apical complex that is used to invade cells

Question 17

what is an apicomplexans special organelle that is like a chloroplast but lacks chlorophyll

Answer 17

apicoplast

Question 18

how do apicomplexans move

Answer 18

no visible apparatus for locomotion, apical; complex secretes organelles and molecules from anterior end, flow along body= movement, glide, aslo reply on flow of medium for most movement

Question 19

what is an important apicomplexan

Answer 19

babesia, invades red blood cells, babesiosis in cattle transmitted by cattle tick

Question 20

what is tick fever in cattle caused by

Answer 20

2 species of babesia (apicomplexans) and 1 species of prokaryote

Question 21

how many cows die during outbreak of tick fever in cattle

Answer 21

1 in 20, very expensive

Question 22

what group do the apicomplexa and ciliata belong to

Answer 22

alveolata

apicomplexa and ciliata have no common morphological feature but do have molecular sequence identity

Question 23

what environment do ciliata live

Answer 23

freshwater, also many in rumen

Question 24

what is unique about ciliata nuclei

Answer 24

they have dual nucleus, macro and micro

Question 25

what is a ciliata of veterinary importance

Answer 25

balantidium coli in pigs

Question 26

describe the ciliata peculiar form of sexual reproduction

Answer 26

conjugation: the macro nucelus is the functioning desktop where as the micronucleus is like the backup two cells come together and dissolve into eachother, they then dissolve both of their macro nucleus and their micronucleus divides into 4, 3 of the 4 degrade and the one left over will copy itself (so there is 2), they then donate the copy to each other (still 2 each) and these 2 micronuclei will fuse together (one from own cell, one from other cell) and then each cell forms a new macro from the fused diploid micro, then the cells separate

Question 27

ciliates in the rumen function

Answer 27

essential for digestion of plant material

Question 28

how many ciliates in a rumen

Answer 28

many species and many many individuals, 50 billion

Question 29

what does group 3 plants and algae include

Answer 29

land plants, red algae and green algae

Question 30

what is red algae called

Answer 30

rodophyta

Question 31

characteristics of red algae and uses

Answer 31

some multicellular, use chlorophyll and another pigment for photosynthesis so red, used for: sushi wraps ice cream agar food stabilizers

Question 32

what is green algae called

Answer 32

chlorophyta

Question 33

characteristics of green algae

Answer 33

found in freshwater, marine and soil comes in unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms

Question 34

what are 2 importances of green algae

Answer 34

1) major autotrophs in marine environment 2) closest relatives to land plants

Question 35

how do amoebae move

Answer 35

move by by cytoplasmic flow through projections called pseudopodia (-ium)

Question 35

do amoebae have flagellum

Answer 35

no, they have pseudopodium

Question 36

where are are amoebae found

Answer 36

soil, fresh water, marine

Question 37

are amoebae heterotrophs or autotrophs

Answer 37

heterotrophs

Question 38

other than movement what else are their pseudopodia used for

Answer 38

capturing prey

Question 39

example of amoebae as an opportunistic parasite

Answer 39

Acanthamoeba and naegleria; both free living amoebae that can enter brain/ eye of host through freshwater contact

Question 40

example of amoebae as obligate parasite

Answer 40

entamoeba; parasites of humans, starts by eating bacteria within human but then turns pathogenic and eats host cells, feeds on lining of GI tract and moves to liver E. histolyica causes amoebic dysentery; 100 000 deaths/year

Question 41

what are slime moulds

Answer 41

different sorts, some are amoebae elements of both unicellular and multicellular life originally thought to be fungi

Question 42

why are opisthokonts named that

Answer 42

presence of single posterior flagellum in cell unicellular have single flagellum multicellular forms also have cells w single flagellum (ex sperm)

Question 43

important group of opisthokonts

Answer 43

choanoflagellates close relatives of animals

Question 44

choanoflagellate characeristics

Answer 44

choano; collar flagella produce water current for feeding, food is trapped in collar, many unicellular, some colonial

Question 45

animals and fungi

Answer 45

multicellular group within the opisthokonta

Question 46

important apicomplexans

Answer 46

babesia coccidiosis malaria

Question 47

how do african tryanosomes cause disease in humans and animals (flagellate, euglenozoa, kinetoplastid)

Answer 47

They have variant surface glycoproteins (thick dense protein coat) their VSG is not recognized by the host and they can go undetected by immune system, they can periodically switch switch to another active VSG in order to stay undetected they invade bloodstream and get into the CNS and cause coma and death

Question 48

how do both kinetoplastid and giardia reproduce

Answer 48

binary fission

Question 49

ciliates can undergo mitosis, but every so often will undergo conjugation, why?

Answer 49

their macronucleus is only functional for about 200 generations, then it needs to be broken down and a new one made