evolution and domestication of livestock

Question 1

all domestic cattle descended from

Answer 1

aurochs (bos primigenius)

Question 2

two species of domestic cattle

Answer 2

taurine (bos taurus)
zebu (bos indicus)

Question 3

ancestor of aurochs

Answer 3

bos acutifrons

Question 4

oldest auroch remains found in

Answer 4

india

Question 5

3 subspecies of aurochs

Answer 5

indian, eurasian and north african

Question 6

indian aruochs

Answer 6

bos primigenius namadicus
first subspecies
gave rise to zebu

Question 7

eurasian aurochs

Answer 7

• bos primigenius primigenius
• declining number due to excessive hunting
• used for spectator arena sports in roman empire
• gave rise to modern taurine breeds
• extinction quickened by diseases from domestic cattle
• hunting aurochs was privilege of noble and royal
• poaching was punishable by death

Question 8

north african aurochs

Answer 8

• bos primigenius afircanus
• descended from eurasian auroch pops that migrated from middle east

Question 9

old cows compared to modern cows

Answer 9

• legs were longer and thinner
• skull was larger and elongated with larger horns
• large neck and shoulders
• front was bigger than the back

Question 10

two domestication events

Answer 10

indian aurochs; zebu
eurasian aurochs; taurine (turkey and iraq)

Question 11

zebu

Answer 11

• hump at shoulders
• droopy ears
• heat tolerant
• drought and low feed tolerant
• hardy
• tolerance for parasites and disease

Question 12

taurine

Answer 12

• flat back
• ears more upright

Question 13

dairy breeds of taurine

Answer 13

holstein, jersey, guernsey

Question 14

beef breeds of taurine

Answer 14

angus, hereford, belgian blue, charolais

Question 15

what were the first livestock species to be domesticated

Answer 15

sheep and goats

Question 16

sheep and goats domestication events

Answer 16

multiple events in fertile crescent of western iran, turkey, syria and iraq

intially for meat

Question 17

primary ancestor of domestic sheep

Answer 17

asiatic mouflon

Question 18

domestic sheep

Answer 18

ovis aries

Question 19

remnant of first domesticated sheep readapted to feral life

Answer 19

mediterranean mouflon

Question 20

ancestors of sheep had characteristics ideal for domestication such as

Answer 20

• lack of aggression
• manageable size
• early sexual maturity
• social nature
• high reproductive rates

Question 21

fleece in ancient sheep

Answer 21

plucked not shorn
hair vs wool
hair longer and coarser

Question 22

who pioneered blanketing sheep (fitted coat over sheep to maintain cleanliness and lustre of wool)

Answer 22

romans

Question 23

who were first main centers of sheep/ wool production

Answer 23

england and spain

Question 24

spanish produced

Answer 24

merino sheep; fine wool

financed spanish ruler and voyages

Question 25

where has highest density of sheep per capita

Answer 25

NZ

Question 26

who is worlds largest exporter of sheep and cattle

Answer 26

aus

Question 27

mulesing

Answer 27

skin cut away from breech area to prevent flystrike