evolution and domestication of horses

Question 1

evolution of horses is reflected in their

Answer 1

limbs and teeth

Question 2

modern horses belong to genus

Answer 2

equus

Question 3

eohippus aka hyracotherium

Answer 3

oldest known ancestor, fox sized, omnivore dentition, hoof life structures

Question 4

hyracotherium (eohuppus) forelimb and hindlimb digits

Answer 4

forelimb; 2-5 weight bearing, 1 vestigial

hindlimb; 2-4 weight bearing, 1 and 5 vestigial

Question 5

after hyracotherium what came next

Answer 5

orohippus

(coexisted with hyracotherium(

Question 6

orohippus digits

Answer 6

same as hyracotherium

forelimb; 2-5 (4 digits)
hindlimb; 2-4 (3 digits)

Question 7

most dramatic change between hyracotherium and orohippus

Answer 7

teeth; premolar 1 smaller and premolar 4 became more molar
crests more pronounced
greater grinding ability

Question 8

after orohippus what was next

Answer 8

mesohippus

Question 9

mesohippus

Answer 9

3 digits on front and back feet but majority on 3rd digit

legs longer
faster
flatlands; so no protection from predators
3 premolars more molar like
sharp crests
better hrinding

Question 10

after mesohippus what was next

Answer 10

miohippus

Question 11

miohippus

Answer 11

extra crest in upper molars

Question 12

after miohippus what was next

Answer 12

parahippus

Question 13

parahippus

Answer 13

small pony size
still had 3 digits on front and back but digit 3 larger and stronger, most weight bearing

elongated skull

Question 14

after parahippus what was next

Answer 14

merychippus

Question 15

merychippus

Answer 15

looked like modern horse

first known grazing horse
still had 3 digits on front and back
high crowned cheek teeth

Question 16

what was first known grazing horse

Answer 16

merychippus

Question 17

horse teeth

Answer 17

Have shallow rooted teeth but big crowns and layers different, note enamel and cementum; like its been folded
When worn down there’s v sharp enamel ridges; enables them to grind up grass

Question 18

after merychippus whats next

Answer 18

pliohippus

Question 19

pliohippus

Answer 19

v similar to equus
still 3 digits present, but 2 and 5 barley visible

Question 20

what was the grandfather of modern horse

Answer 20

pliohippus because it gave rise to dinohippus which led to equus

Question 21

after pliohippus came

Answer 21

dinohippus

Question 22

dinohippus

Answer 22

closest relative to genus equus

Question 23

equus

Answer 23

only surviving genus

Question 24

modern domestic horse

Answer 24

equus caballus

Question 25

equus fossils found on every continent except

Answer 25

aus and antarctica

Question 26

2 equus wild species in modern time

Answer 26

tarpan (extinct)
przewalksis horse but actually feral because domesticated by botai culture

Question 27

domestication occurred

Answer 27

twice, but only one event gave rise to modern horses

Question 28

early evidence of domestication

Answer 28

botai culture: evidence includes
- cannon bones (metacarpals)
- milk consumption ; milk residue found inside their ceramics
- bit wear on premolars

Question 29

horses _____ are key indicators of domesticity

Answer 29

metacarpals (cannon bones)

narrower on domestic horses

Question 30

horses domesticated by botai are

Answer 30

NOT related to modern horse; they gave rise to przewalski’s horse

Question 31

spread of domesticated horses is aligned with

Answer 31

the sintashta migrating into asia
warrior culture
sintasha conquered central asia with superior horses and chariots

Question 32

explain the thorough.bred gene

Answer 32

• myostatin gene; inhibits muscle cell growth
• C/C best suited to fast, short distance sprints
• C/T best in middle distance
• T/T greater stamina better for long distance