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Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology > deuterostomes- chordates > Flashcards

deuterostomes- chordates Flashcards

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1
Q

deuterostomia are part of the

A

bilateria

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2
Q

2 phyla of deuterostomia

A

echinoddermata and chordata

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3
Q

what constitutes a deterostome

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • coelom (body cavity)
  • radial cleavage during embryonic development ; cleavage parallel to vertical axis
  • blastopore –> anus
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4
Q

echinodermata

(deuterosomes)

A

starfish, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea lilies, sea cucumbers and brittle stars

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5
Q

DNA data indicates that echinoderms are closely related to

A

chordates

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6
Q

echinodermata endoskeleton

A
  • interlocking CaCO3 (calcareous) plates and spines
  • covered by a thin epithelium
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7
Q

echindermata water vascular system

A
  • unique, network of water-filled canals
  • branch to form tube feed
  • locomotion and feeding
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8
Q

echinodermata sexual reproduction

A

release gametes into water, spawning

also asexual; autotomy; ie lose an arm “comet” becomes new individual

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9
Q

5 classes of echindoermata

A

1) asteroidea: starfish and sea daisies
2) echinoidea: sea urchins
3) ophiuroidea; brittle stars
4) crinoidea; sea lillies and feather stars
5) holothuroidea; sea cucumbers

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10
Q

3 subphyla of chordata

A
  • vertebrata; fish, amphibians, reptiles, bird, mammals
  • cephalochordata;amphioxus
  • urochordata; sea squirts
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11
Q

when did earliest chordate appear

A

cambrian period 530 MYA

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12
Q

4 common feature

A
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • muscular, post-anal tail
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13
Q

the 4 common features that define chordates; when are they exhibited

A

may only be present briefly during embryonic development of may persist into adulthood, but all chordata exhibit them at some point

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14
Q

notochord

chordata criteria #1

A
  • slender rod
  • develops from mesoderm
  • lies dorsal to coelom (body cavity)
  • beneath and parallel to CNS (under the brain and hollow nerve cord)
  • consists of a core of cells and fluid, surrounded by fibrous sheath
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15
Q

how does notochord allow locomotion

A

through lateral undulations

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16
Q

in bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates when is notochord present and what is it replaced by

A
  • embryonic development
  • replaced by vertebral column
  • persists as nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
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17
Q

pharyngeal slits

chordata criteria #2

A
  • longitudinal series of openings in walls of pharynx
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18
Q

pharyngeal slits in primitive chordates

A

involved in feeding

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19
Q

pharyngeal slits in terrestrial vertebrates

A

in embryo phase and lost during embryogenesis

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20
Q

pharyngeal slits in aquatic vertebrates

A

gills develop ADJACENT to pharyngeal slits, slits allow for flow of water across gills

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21
Q

dorsal hollow nerve cord

chordata criteria #3

A
  • derived from ectoderm
  • lies above hut
  • hollow
  • surrounds fluid- filled neurocoel
22
Q

muscular, post anal tail

chordata criteria #4

A
  • posterior elongation of body beyond anus
  • consists of segmental musculature and the notochord
23
Q

what resembles the earliest chordate, what is a living example

A
  • cephalochordata
  • living example is branchiostoma; amphioxus
24
Q

branchiostoma; amphioxus

A
  • subphylum cephalocordata
  • blade like in shape
  • all 4 criteria of chordate as an adult
  • filter feed, mucous nets across slits
25
Q

cephalochordata digestive system

A
  • may be precursor of vertebrate organs
  • midgut caecum; liver and pancreas
26
Q

cephalochordata circulatory system

A
  • same general pattern as vertebrates
  • ventral and dorsal aorta
  • afferent and efferent vessels
  • capillary networks
  • NO HEART
27
Q

cephalochordate brain

A
  • shares homology w vertebrate brain
  • not a rela brain; cluster of cells
  • expression of genes; similar organization of forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
28
Q

vertebrate brain is an elaboration of the

A

cephalochordate brain

29
Q

urochordata

A
  • tunicates
  • all species marines
  • class ascidiacea; sea squirts
30
Q

sea squirts

A
  • in urochordata phylum
  • class ascidiacea
  • adults sessile, larva planktonic
  • display 4 criteria of chordates only as larva
31
Q

likely that urochordates and vertebrates

A

evolved from a common ancestor

32
Q

urochordata (sea squirt) CNS 3 divisions

A

sensory vesicle, visceral ganglion and nerve cord

33
Q

urochordata (sea squirt) neurel crest cells

A
  • derived from nerve cord
  • different cell types
34
Q

urochordata (sea squirt) heart and blood

A
  • rudimentary blood
  • several blood types of cells
35
Q

from the chordates evolved the craniates which are

A

chordates with a head

36
Q

craniata unique characteristic

A

is the neural crest

37
Q

most basal of crianates

A

hag fish

38
Q

hag fish

A
  • most basal craniate
  • cartilaginous skull
  • lacks jaw and vertebrae
  • retain notochord in adult
  • marine
  • feed on detritus
  • produce mucous as defense
39
Q

during cambrian period craniates gave rise to

A

vertebrates

40
Q

most basal lineage of vertebrates are

A

lampreys

41
Q

lampreys

A
  • most basal vertebrates
  • weird looking fish with big circle mouth/ teeth
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • lack jaw
  • retains notochord in adult
  • marine and freshwater
42
Q

one of most significant steps in early vertebrate evolution

A

development of jaws in primitive fish

43
Q

gnathostomes

A
  • vertebrate fish w jaws
  • transition from suspension feeding to selective feeding
  • paired pectoral and pelvic fins
  • 2 lines of evolution:
  • chondrichthyes; cartilaginous fish
  • oteichthyes; bony fish
44
Q

chondrichthyes

gnathostomes
vertebrates
chordates

A
  • sharks, rays and relatives
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • cartilaginous vertebral column replaces notochord
  • lack swim bladder
  • placoid scales; dentine and enamel with surface denticles
  • scales project through epidermis
  • internal fertilizations
  • males have clasper on pelvic fine
  • oviparous; tough leathery eggs
  • AND viviparous; gestation, nutrition via yolk, uterine milk or placenta
45
Q

osteichthyes

gnathostomes
vertebrates
chordates

A
  • bony fish
  • scales do not penetrate epidermis
  • swim bladder controls buoyancy
  • external fertilizations
46
Q

2 subclasses of osteichthyes

gnathostomes
vertebrates
chordates

A
  • actinopterygii; ray finned fish
  • sarcopterygii; lobe- finned fish
47
Q

actinopterygii; ray finned fish
2 main groups

bony fish ie osteichthyes

A
  • neopterygii: teleosts
  • palaeonisciformes; sturgeons
48
Q

sturgeons

A
  • largest species of freshwater fish
  • toothless
  • vertebrata
  • have a jaw so gnathostomes
  • bony fish so osteichthyes
  • ray finned so actinopterygii
49
Q
  • sarcopterygii; lobe- finned fish

bony fish

A
  • lung fish and coelacanth
  • flesh fins composed of soft muscle
  • gave rise to tetrapod limb!
50
Q

where did limbs arise from

A

lobe finned fish ie subclass sarcopterygii of bony fish

osteichthyes
gnathostomes
vertebrates
chordates

51
Q

subclass sarcopterygii

A

cam breath air when O2 levels in water fall
prominent notochord

52
Q

cool ex of sarcopterygii

A

coelacanth
thought ot be extinct but found in 1938
tiny vertebrate
possess swim bladder

Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology (33 decks)

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