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Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology > vertebrates; reptiles > Flashcards

vertebrates; reptiles Flashcards

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1
Q

reptilia evolved form

A

amphibian ancestor 320 MYA

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2
Q

modern reptiles derived from 2 lineages

A
  • parareptilia; turtles and tortoises
  • eureptilia: lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards, tuatara) and archosauromorpha (dinos, crocs and birds)
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3
Q

parareptilia

A

turtules and torsoises

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4
Q

eureptilia:

A

lepidosauromorpha
archosauromorpha

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5
Q

lepidosauromorpha

A

snakes, lizards, tuatara

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6
Q

archosauromorpha

A

dinos, crocs, birds

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7
Q

4 orders of reptiles

A
  • testudines; turtles, tortoises
  • sphenodonta; tuatara
  • squamata; lizards, snakes
  • crocodilia; crocs, alligators, caimans, gharials
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8
Q

largest species of testudines

A

leatherback

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9
Q

two groups of testudines are based on

A
  • on how they withdraw neck into shell
  • cryptodira; contract neck; marine turtles, most freshwater turtles, tortoises
  • pleurodira; flex neck laterally; some species of freshwater
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10
Q

do testudines have teeth

A

no, keratinous ridges for grinding and slicing

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11
Q

cryptodira

A

contract neck; marine turtles, most freshwater turtles, tortoises

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12
Q

pleurodira

A

flex neck laterally
some species of freshwater turtle

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13
Q

unique features of turtle is

A

position of limbs within shell: ribs encapsulate the scapulae

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14
Q

sphenodonta

A
  • tuatara,
  • native to NZ,
  • 2 species,
  • lifespan of 100 yrs
  • have teeth
  • were considered most ancestral of amniotes but not
  • diapsid skull
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15
Q

squamates

A
  • lizards first then snakes from lizards
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16
Q

what percent of squamates are venemous

A
  • 60%
  • predominantly snakes but also 2 species of lizard: gila monster and mexican beaded lizard
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17
Q

squamates have moveable

A
  • quadrate bones (open mouth real wide)
  • allows greater range of motion of mandibles
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18
Q

crocodilia is the closest living relatives of

A

birds

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19
Q

largest species of crocodilia

A

australian saltwater croc

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20
Q

posture of crocodilia

A
  • semi-sprawled
  • allows them to gallop and go really fast
  • ancestors were bipedal
21
Q

crocodilian sprawled gait was a ____ trait

A

derived

22
Q

2 main lineages of dinos

A
  • ornithischia; bird hipped, herbivorous
  • saurischia; lizard hipped
    includes sauropods which are herbivores and therapods which are carnivores
23
Q

oviraptor

A

egg thief
evidence of maternal care in dinos

24
Q

dinos; therapods (carnivores)

A

embryos hatches from eggs in similar manner to modern birds

25
Q

all reptiles must return to _____ to lay eggs or live young

A

land (exception is sea snakes)

26
Q

distribution of reptiles is limited by being

A

ectothermic; body temp determined by environment

27
Q

endothermic

A

body produces heat

28
Q

ecothermic

A

heat absorbed from environment

29
Q

homeothermic

A

body temp constant

30
Q

poikilothermic

A

body temp varies

31
Q

reptilia skin

A

thick, heavily keratinized stratum corneum
epidermal scales
keratin structures

32
Q

large plate-like scales of reptiles are called

A

scutes

33
Q

what are osteoderms

A
  • plate of bones developed within the dermis
  • additional support to epidermis
  • crocs, testudines and some lizards
34
Q

in turtles and toroises; osteoderms (aka plate of shells within dermis)

A

fused with ribs and vertebra
carapace and plastron

35
Q

reptilia have ____ vertebra

A

cervical; with specialzied atlas and axis

36
Q

describe reptile vertebra

A
  • cervical with atlas and axis
  • thoracic and lumbar kind of the same (not distinguished)
  • 2 sacral vertebrae
  • caudal vertebrae
37
Q

reptile pectoral girdle

A

scapula, coracoid, clavicle and inter-clavicle

38
Q

reptile pelvic girdle

A

ilium, ischium and pubis, but arranged different to mammals

39
Q

limb bones of reptiles

A

similar to mammals
5 digits on each of manus and pes

40
Q

two reptile skull types

A

anapsid; no fenestrae; ancestral, turtles and tortoises

diapsid; 2 fenestrae; dinos and cros, snakes, lizards and birds

41
Q

reptile lungs

A
  • paired
  • many lizards have reduced left lung
  • snakes have long thin lungs
  • crocs and dinos have unidirectional flow like birds
42
Q

reptile heart

A
  • higher metabolic rate than amphibians
  • greater oxygen demands than amphibians
  • no typical reptile heart; differ between species
  • separate pulmonary and systemic circulations
43
Q

sexual dimorphisms in reptiles

A

minimal or non-existent

44
Q

reptiles and reproductive

A

viviparous and oviparous or both

45
Q

viviparous

A

fertilized eggs retained in oviduct; greater protection

46
Q

oviparous

A
  • oviduct deposits albumin shell membrane and shell
  • in turtles and crocs Ca2+ frp, shell used for calcification of embryonic skeleton
  • yolk is source of food
47
Q

parthenogenesis

A
  • female produces fertilized egg w no man
  • embryo is derived from fusion of 2 eggs
  • female lizards, fish, insects and birds
48
Q

pterosaurs

A

big winged dinos except they are actually reptiles not dinos

Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology (33 decks)

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