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Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology > ecdysozoans; arthropods > Flashcards

ecdysozoans; arthropods Flashcards

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1
Q

major roles of arthropods

A
  • food chains; predation, prey, parasites, symbionts
  • pollinators
  • decomposers, scavengers
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2
Q

major factors in the success of arthropods

A
  • diverse
  • adaptable body plan
  • ability to thrive in range of environments
  • body segmented; linear blocks allowing greater control of body regions and specialization of regions
  • segments fused allowing even greater control of body regions and specialization (head, thorax, abdomen)
  • exoskeleton w jointed appendages
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3
Q

tagmatization/ tagmosis

A
  • fusion of segments to produce super-segments; tagmata

allowed specialization of body from and function and specialization of appendages; allowed evolution from worm-like organisms

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4
Q

arthropod features

A
  • exoskeleton
  • segmentation
  • tagmata
  • appendages
  • respiratory structures
  • circulatory system
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5
Q

types of tagmata combinations

A
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • head, trunk
  • cephalothorax, absomen
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6
Q

appendages

A
  • tool for every purpose (mobility, sensing, feeding, reproduction)
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7
Q

respiratory structures

A

gills, spiracles tracheae, book lungs

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8
Q

circulatory system

A
  • open (haemocoel)
  • ventral nervous system
  • complex excretory system
  • sexual reproduction
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9
Q

ecdysis

A

shedding exoskeleton

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10
Q

exoskeleton made of

A

protein and chitin

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11
Q

exoskeleton function

A
  • physical, physiological protection, muscle attachment, supports body
  • but must moult to grow
  • temporary vulnerability and energetically expensive
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12
Q

2 living groups of arthropods based on mouthpart organization

A
  • chelicerates: chelicerae for grasping, often fang-like or pincers
  • mandibulates; mandibles; for chewing
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13
Q

chelicerates body

A
  • simple body; cephalothorax and abdomen
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14
Q

chelicerates mouthparts

A
  • chelicerae; paired feeding appendages modified into fangs (spiders) or pincers
  • pedipalps; aka palps, feeding or sensory
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15
Q

do chelicerates have antennae

A

no true antennae

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16
Q

chelicerates eyes

A

up to 8 single lens eyes

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17
Q

how many legs do chelicerates have

A

8 legs (4 pairs)

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18
Q

what are 4 examples of arachnids (chelicerates)

A

spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

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19
Q

mouthparts of a tick (arachnid, chelicerae)

A
  • Developed secondary structure the hypostome (looks like xmas tree in middle of chelicerae) locks in place and is like a sucking straw
  • Spikes on chelicerae are pedipalps (aka palps)
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20
Q

mouth parts of a spider
(arachnid, chelicerae)

A
  • Chelicerae bear fangs and teeth; teeth along inner margin
  • Saliva has venom and digestive enzymes
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21
Q

ticks (acarines)

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A
  • external parasites of mammals, birds and reptiles
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22
Q

how many hosts do ticks have

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A

1, 2 or 3

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23
Q

what do ticks eat and how big can they get

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A
  • heavy blood feeders; female ticks engorge; body size increases up to 100x
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24
Q

what assists in tick feeding

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A
  • saliva
  • secrete neurotoxins
  • therefore ticks can act as vectors of disease causing microorganisms
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25
Q

effects of ticks

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A
  • spread disease causing micro-organisms as vectors
  • blood loss
  • skin damage
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26
Q

cattle tick lifecycle

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A
  • rhipicephalus (boophilus australis)
  • Engorged female drops of host and lays around 300 eggs into environment and dies
  • Eggs develop; up to 2 months in summers, up to 7 months in winter
  • Larva quest; climb up grass, front legs up waiting for bovine to walk past, wave legs to try and catch on hair
  • Sit around shoulder/ neck region
  • Will molt on host → nymph, molt again → adult
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27
Q

why is it so hard to remove a feeding tick

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A
  • slicing chelicerae
  • denticulate toothed hypostome and also adhesive cement in some species
  • backwards facing spikes
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28
Q

mites

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A
  • like tiny ticks
  • most free living
  • ectoparasitic species
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29
Q

are most mites parasitic

arachnids, chelicerae, arthropods, ecysozoans

A

no, most free living

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30
Q

major example of mites

A
  • the scabies mite
  • live and burrows on skin
  • egg to adult on one host and transmission predominantly by contact
  • cause mange; condition associated w severe dermatitis
  • mange characterized by hair loss, scabs, keratinized skin w mites found in skin scraping
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31
Q

what do the mandibulates include

A

insecta (hexapoda)

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32
Q

mandibulates

A
  • vast majority of species
  • all environments
  • many forms
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33
Q

mandibulates, insecta (hexapoda) what kind is the most abundant

A

beetles

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34
Q

insecta/ hexapoda (mandibulates) bodies

A

3 tagmata; head thorax and abdomen

35
Q

mandibulates insecta (hexapoda)

thorax has how many pairs of legs

A

3 pairs of legs, sometimes 2 pairs of wings

36
Q

why are insecta (hexapods) champions of terresterial environment

mandibulates

A
  • size
  • exoskeleton
  • excretory system
  • advanced respiratory system
  • advanced sensory system
  • internal fertilization
    -resistant eggs
37
Q

insecta (hexapods) exoskeleton

mandibulates

A

provides protection against environment
- jointed, hardened locomotory appendages; legs and wings hence greater dispersion

38
Q

insecta (hexapods) excretory system

mandibulates

A

composed of tubules that pass through body, extract water from wastes, nitrogen waste excreted as uric acid

39
Q

insecta (hexapods) advanced respiratory system

mandibulates

A
  • spiracles open to outside
  • tracheae (tubules) ramify through body
  • direct oxygen supply to tissues
40
Q

insecta (hexapods) advanced sensory system

mandibulates

A
  • antennae compound eyes
  • also cerci of cockroaches
41
Q

insect evolution is associated with

A

plant evolution

42
Q

hexapods arrived not long after

A

plants colonized terrestrial environment

43
Q

looking at evolution of insects; first type we look at that are primitively wingless with mostly simple mouths are called:

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A

apterygotes

44
Q

what is a modern day apterygote

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A

collembola- springtails
thysanura- silverfish

45
Q

what group in the evolution of insects did we see the evolution of wings

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A

palaeoptera

  • 350 MYA
  • simple insects w simple development
  • wings of these insects did not fold over abdomen
46
Q

in the group palaeoptera the wings did not

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A

fold over abdomen

47
Q

modern day example of palaeoptera

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A

dragon flies and may flies

48
Q

after palaoptera, we saw orthopteroida, what was developed in this group

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A

development of wings that fold over abdomen

49
Q

some examples of orthopteroida; insects w wings that fold over abdomen

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A
  • grasshoppers
  • praying mantis
  • stick insects
  • cockroaches
50
Q

after the orthopteroida we saw evolution of two lineages

A

1) those that maintain simple development (hemimetabolous)
2) those with complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)

51
Q

hemimetabolous imeans what and includes what group in evolution

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A

those that maintain simple development

  • hemipteroida
52
Q

hemimetabolous life cycle consists of

A
  • egg
  • juvenile form (nymph) that look like adults but lack wings and not sexually mature
  • juveniles moult to grow
  • adults, often have wings but not always, sexual maturity
53
Q

nymph

A

juvenile form that look like adults but lack wings and not sexually mature (hemimetabolous)

54
Q

examples of hemiptera

A
  • lice, bugs, aphids, bed bugs, kissing bugs
  • mostly plant feeders but some parasitic
55
Q

important disease caused by parasitic hemipteroida

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A
  • chagas disease transmitted by kissing bug and assassin bug caused by a trypanosome (flagellate)
56
Q

what 3 groups have true metamorphosis (holometabolous development)

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A
  • neuropteroida
  • hymenopteroida
  • panorpoida

(don’t worry about the differences between the groups)

57
Q

holometabolous development

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A
  • Larva v different from adult form
  • Larva specializes in feeding, growing and developing
  • Larva molts to grow, when fully developed it ceases feeding and then pupates
  • Pupa is a transitional phase; internally larva develops to sexual adult
  • Adult specializes in reproduction, dispersion, egg laying, can be feeding or non feeding
  • Classic ex is butterfly: larva is caterpillar, pupa is cocoon, adult is butterfly
58
Q

advantages of true metamorphosis (holometabolous)

insecta (hexapods) mandibulates

A
  • Major advantage; allows partitioning of life cycle
  • Allows adults to occupy a completely different habitat from larvae
  • Enables larvae and adults to exploit different food resources
  • Metamorphosis allows insects to escape from temporary habitats ex if larva lives in pond but then bond dries up it will still survive (before conditions become unfavorable for survival)
59
Q

3 main groups of insects of veterinary significance

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A

lice, fleas, flies

60
Q

lice

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • permanent ectoparasites
  • small, wingless dorso-ventrally flattened body
  • hooked tarsi (terminal segments of legs) grip hair
  • host specific; different species on every species of domestic animal and humans and most birds and mammals
61
Q

two main types of lice

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • chewing lice (mallophaga) mammals, birds, feed on skin
  • sucking lice (anoplura) mammals only, feed on blood
62
Q

how do lice cause harm to house
M= mallophaga= chewing lice
A= anoplura= sucking lice

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • irritation, skin damage (M and A)
  • anaemia from blood loss (A and M)
  • vectors of disease organisms (A)
  • intermediate hosts of parasites; tapeworms (M)
63
Q

lice life cycle

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • Egg laid of feather of hair, glued to shaft
  • Hatch to be 1st nymph → molt to second nymph and again to 3rd nymph
  • Then molt to adult male or female
64
Q

sheep body louse

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A

feeds on skin, wool, but causes intense irritation

65
Q

hematopinus

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A

blood sucking louse of pigs and ruminants

66
Q

head/body louse pediculus humanus P. capitis

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A

two species of human lice
vectors of typhus

67
Q

phthirus pubic

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A

pubic louse (crabs)
sexual transmission

68
Q

fleas

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • non permanent extoparasites; small laterally compressed adults
  • muscular hing legs
69
Q

fleas hosts

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A

birds and mammals

70
Q

flea feeding

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A

blood feeder; have sucking mouthparts adapted to piercing skin and feeding on blood

71
Q

flea eggs

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A

laid on host or in nest of host (including kennels, blankets, cracks in floor, couches)

72
Q

fleas larva

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • detritus feeder, not on hosts,
  • chewing mouthing parts
  • in cats and dog flea larva feed on adult flea feces, gain essential nutrition form flood in feces
73
Q

flea larva vs adult mouthparts

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • larva; chewing mouthparts
  • adult; sucking mouthparts
74
Q

how do fleas cause harm to host

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • direct harm; flea bite allergy (hypersensitivity), blood loss, especially anaemia in kittens, pups and aged animals
  • vector; bacteria (plague, cat scratch disease; bartonella), virus (myxomatosis)
  • intermediate host; fleas host to “cucumber” tapeworm of dogs and cats (dipylidium caninum)
75
Q

life cycle of cat flea; ctenocephalides felis

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • holometabolous: complete metamorphosis; larva then pupa then adult
  • Adult; lays eggs on host
  • Off host; Eggs nutritive source, derived from parents during egg formation
  • Hatch to larvae, in bedding, carpets, soils, nests, feed on detritus feces of adults
  • Pupa; lives off energy is stored when it was larva
  • Then adult flea back on host
76
Q

flies and mosquitoes

insects, hexapods, mandibulates

A
  • important insects in relation to animal and human disease
77
Q

types of adult flies

A
  • filth flies; house and blow flies
  • blood sucking adults; blood loss (stable flies, horse flight) and vectors of disease (mosquitos, tsetse fly)
78
Q

diseases associated mosquitos and tsetse fly

A
  • tsetse fly; trypanosomiasis
  • mosquitos; malaria and heart worm
79
Q

larval stages of flies

A
  • decomposition of bodies; blow fly, flesh fly maggots
  • strike flies; myiasis, where maggots grow on living tissue of animals; strike flies
  • bot flies; maggots grow in internal organs
80
Q

crustaceans
mandibulates

A
  • dominant aquatic arthropods
  • some moist terrestrial (isopods)
  • extensively specialized appendages
  • many small crustaceans important in plankton?
81
Q

plankton

A

passive drifters, weak swimmers, most small, include larval forms of larger crustaceans, NB aquatic food chains

82
Q

copepods

crustacean, mandibulates

A
  • important group of crustaceans
  • important food source in aquatic systems
  • some copepods are predatory
  • mesocyclops has been used to control dengue mosquito
  • can be parasitic on fish
83
Q

what tagmata do crustaceans typically have

A

cephalothorax and abdomen

Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology (33 decks)

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