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Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology > mammalian skull and skeleton > Flashcards

mammalian skull and skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

skeleton 1

A

framework of hard structures which protect and support the body; bone and cartilages

200+ bones in most mammals and almost half just in the feet

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2
Q

skeleton 2

A
  • divided into
  • cranial: skull
  • post cranial: axial (vertebrae, ribs, sternum) and appendicular (bones of limbs and girdles)
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3
Q

vertebral column:

A
  • cervical (C)
  • thoracic (T)
  • lumbar (L)
  • sacral (S)
  • caudal (Ca)
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4
Q

typical vertebra parts

A
  • spinous process top one
  • transverse process two bottom ones
  • hole in middle vertebral foramen
  • articular processes; processes on either side of spinous process
  • base/body under vertebral foramen is the centrum
  • has transverse foramen
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5
Q

how many cervical vertebra

A

always 7

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6
Q

describe regular cervical vertebra

A
  • small and irregular
  • all processes quite small but transverse bigger than spinous
  • flat articular processes
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7
Q

C1

A

atlas, wing

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8
Q

C2

A

axis
large spinous process

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9
Q

thoracic vertebra

A

very large spinous process
attachment of ribs

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10
Q

lumbar vertbra

A

very large transverse processes, point towards head

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11
Q

sacrum

A

fusion of 3 vertebra
articulates with pelvis (os coxae)

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12
Q

caudal vertebra

A
  • long and narrow
  • small processes
  • hemal processes (2 processes on bottom of vertebra)
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13
Q

sternal vs asternal ribs

A

sternal; true, attached to sternum
asternal; false, not attached to sternum
floating rib is last rib

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14
Q

ribs are attached to

A

thoracic vertebrae

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15
Q

sternum comprised of

A

sternebrae

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16
Q

most cranial and caudal of sternebrae

A

cranial; manubrium
caudal; xiphoid cartilage

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17
Q

limbs from proximal to distal

A
  • humerus (arm) / femur (leg)
  • radius & ulna (arm) / tibia and fibula (leg)
  • 2 rows of carpals (arm)/ tarsals (leg)
  • metacarpals (arm)/ metatarsals (leg)
  • proximal phalanges
  • middle phalanges
  • distal phalanges
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18
Q

horse limb

A
  • Horse is running around on the middle finger (digit 3)
  • Splint bones are the remnants of digit 2 and 4 (showed on the metacarpals/ metatarsals)
  • Ulna is a lot shorter and is fused on the radius (why they can’t rotate their leg)
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19
Q

scapula

A
  • Broad flat bone, raised ridge called spine, increases SA for muscle attachment
  • All about muscle attachment
  • Has glenoid cavity (where humerus attaches
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20
Q

humerus trochlea is where

A

ulna fits

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21
Q

which is longer ulna or radius

A

ulna

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22
Q

carpals

A

2 rows of bones, 4 in each row

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23
Q

proximal row of carpals

A
  • radial and intermediate
  • ulnar
  • accessory
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24
Q

distal carpals

A

names 1-4

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25
Q

how many metacarpals

A

5

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26
Q

digits have

A

phalanges; proximal, middle and distal

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27
Q

what is joined directly to vertebral column via the pelvic girlde

A

pelvic limb

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28
Q

os coxae

A

1/2 of pelvic girdle

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29
Q

3 bones in pelvic girdle

A

ilium, ischium and pubis

ilium is top near hip
ischium is bone w loops
pubis is in middle

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30
Q

dog humerus has

A

supertrochlea foramen (hole)

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31
Q

patella is a

A

sesamoid bone

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32
Q

tibia and fibula

A

fibula the skinny one

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33
Q

3 proximal tarsals

A

talus, calcaneus, centrale

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34
Q

how many distal tarsals

A

4

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35
Q

how many metatarsals

A

5
(1 usually absent in dogs)

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36
Q

digits

A

proximal, middle, distal

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37
Q

cranial bones

A

enclose brain and ear

38
Q

facial bones

A

oral and nasal cavities

39
Q

face joints; most are

A

sutures

only 2 moveable joints:
- temporo-mandibular joint and
- tympano-hyoid joint

40
Q

maxilla

A
  • one of largest skull bones
  • forms side of face and lateral aspect of nasal cavity
  • hole where nerves from skull come out
  • makes up much of hard palate
  • contains sinuses
  • house many teeth (form canines back)
41
Q

most rostral bone is

A
  • incisive bone
  • contains upper incisive teeth
42
Q

nasal bones

A

2 long and thin bones form roof of nasal cavity

43
Q

palatine

A
  • back of the hard palate, just caudal to maxilla
  • forms hard shelf; exit of nasal cavity into pharynx
44
Q

lacrimal

A
  • small bone sits right in corner of eye
  • lacrimal canal (tear duct) runs through it
  • tears get from eye to nose
45
Q

zygomatic bone

A
  • behind maxilla on sides
  • forms bony arch; cheek bone
  • arch protects eye
  • muscle runs inside of arch for chewing
46
Q

orbit

A

space for eye hole

47
Q

occipital

A
  • very back of head
  • large hole; foramen magnum where spine comes out
  • bump on either side of hole called occipital condyle
48
Q

sphenoid

A

underneath skull, just infront of occipital

49
Q

2 important lateral holes in sphenoid

A
  • optic canal; where optic nerve goes (round)
  • orbital foramen for nerves to eye muscles (oval)
50
Q

order of cranial bones from forehead region to back to underneath

A

frontal, pariteal, sagittal crest occipital, sphenoid, pterygoid

temporal on side

51
Q

pterygoid

A
  • means wing
  • bottom of skull
  • helps form canal for exit for nasal cavity
52
Q

frontal has

A

sinuses in it (air cavities)

53
Q

parietals

A

immediately caudal to frontal bone

54
Q

ridge that runs from frontal both through parietal

A

temporal line

55
Q

bone that comes up between parietals is

A

sagittal crest

56
Q

temporal bone

A

under parietal
houses the ears

57
Q

3 parts of temporal bone

A

1) squamous temporal; outside part; extends to zygomatic arch
2) tympanic temporal; tympanic bulla and extends auditory meatus (bulbous but contains whole middle ear and 3 tiny bones for hearing)
3) petrosal temporal: surrounds inner ear, can’t see it from outside

58
Q

mandibles

A

house all lower teeth

59
Q

atlas articulates with what

A

occipital condyles (atlanto occipital joint, allows nodding motion, no rotation)

60
Q

axis has what, and joint allows what kind of movement

A

has dens (tooth-like projection) atlanto axial joint allows rotational joint

61
Q

Which group of vertebrae has transverse foramina

A

cervical

62
Q

Which vertebrae have the longest spinous processes

A

thoracic

63
Q

Which vertebrae have the longest transverse processes

A

lumbar, sweep cranially

64
Q

What articulates with the tubercle of a rib

A

costal fovea of transverse process of thoracic vertebra

65
Q

What articulates with the head of a rib

A

caudial and cranial costal fovea, head of each rib articulates with thoracic vertebra

66
Q

What articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum

A

pelvis; ilium

67
Q

Where are haemal processes found

A

bottom of caudal vertebra

68
Q

Name the cranial and caudal ends of the sternum

A

cranial; manubrium, caudal xiphoid cartilage

69
Q

What is the junction between bone and cartilage in a rib called?

A

costochondral junction

70
Q

What is the spine of the scapula for?

A

increases surface area for muscle attachment

71
Q

The humerus articulates proximally with the

A

glenoid cavity of the scapula

72
Q

The humerus articulates distally with the

A

trochlear notch of the ulna

up to down: scapula, humerus, ulna

73
Q

cranial & medial bones of forearm

A

radius (rotation of radius allows supination, pronation ie palms up and down)

74
Q

caudal and lateral bone of forearm

A

ulna (elbow)

75
Q

pelvic girdle

A

ilium (biggest, crandio-dorsal) , ischium (cadual) , pubis (ventral), all meet together at the acetabulum

pelvic synthesis is right down the middle

76
Q

humerus has a hole right above its trochlear, femur does not

A

supratrochlear foramen

77
Q

What is the name of the cup-shaped articular surface in the ventro-lateral OS COXA?

A

acetabulum

78
Q

What bone articulates with the medial side of the ileum?

A

sacrum

79
Q

What does the femur articulate with proximally

A

acetabulum of pelvis

80
Q

What does the femur articulate with distally

A

tibia and patella to form knee joint

81
Q

cranial and medial bone of leg

A

tibia (bigger) condyles of tibia articulate with condyles of femur

82
Q

lateral bone of leg

A

fibula; small

83
Q

Name the phalanges of the following digits of the dog: 1
and 2-5

A

1st dewclaw, just proximal and distal (no middle phalanx)

2nd-5th proximal, middle, distal, weight bearing digits

84
Q

Name the main sesamoid bone associated with the distal femur

A

patella, on the trochlear groove of the femur

85
Q

Which proximal tarsal articulates with the tibia

A

talus

86
Q

Which proximal tarsal provides a lever for muscles

A

calcaneus (hock bone)

87
Q

how r u feeling today friend

A

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

88
Q

Name the three parts of the temporal bone

A

squamous temporal, tympanic temporal, petrosal temporal

89
Q

how many bones make up lower jaw, names?

A

1, mandible

90
Q

What runs through the lacrimal bone

A

lacrimal canal (tear duct)

91
Q

What is the function of the coronoid and angular processes

A

attachment sites for powerful muscles involved in the movement of the jaw during chewing and other oral activities.

Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology (33 decks)

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