mammalian skull and skeleton Flashcards
skeleton 1
framework of hard structures which protect and support the body; bone and cartilages
200+ bones in most mammals and almost half just in the feet
skeleton 2
- divided into
- cranial: skull
- post cranial: axial (vertebrae, ribs, sternum) and appendicular (bones of limbs and girdles)
vertebral column:
- cervical (C)
- thoracic (T)
- lumbar (L)
- sacral (S)
- caudal (Ca)
typical vertebra parts
- spinous process top one
- transverse process two bottom ones
- hole in middle vertebral foramen
- articular processes; processes on either side of spinous process
- base/body under vertebral foramen is the centrum
- has transverse foramen
how many cervical vertebra
always 7
describe regular cervical vertebra
- small and irregular
- all processes quite small but transverse bigger than spinous
- flat articular processes
C1
atlas, wing
C2
axis
large spinous process
thoracic vertebra
very large spinous process
attachment of ribs
lumbar vertbra
very large transverse processes, point towards head
sacrum
fusion of 3 vertebra
articulates with pelvis (os coxae)
caudal vertebra
- long and narrow
- small processes
- hemal processes (2 processes on bottom of vertebra)
sternal vs asternal ribs
sternal; true, attached to sternum
asternal; false, not attached to sternum
floating rib is last rib
ribs are attached to
thoracic vertebrae
sternum comprised of
sternebrae
most cranial and caudal of sternebrae
cranial; manubrium
caudal; xiphoid cartilage
limbs from proximal to distal
- humerus (arm) / femur (leg)
- radius & ulna (arm) / tibia and fibula (leg)
- 2 rows of carpals (arm)/ tarsals (leg)
- metacarpals (arm)/ metatarsals (leg)
- proximal phalanges
- middle phalanges
- distal phalanges
horse limb
- Horse is running around on the middle finger (digit 3)
- Splint bones are the remnants of digit 2 and 4 (showed on the metacarpals/ metatarsals)
- Ulna is a lot shorter and is fused on the radius (why they can’t rotate their leg)
scapula
- Broad flat bone, raised ridge called spine, increases SA for muscle attachment
- All about muscle attachment
- Has glenoid cavity (where humerus attaches
humerus trochlea is where
ulna fits
which is longer ulna or radius
ulna
carpals
2 rows of bones, 4 in each row
proximal row of carpals
- radial and intermediate
- ulnar
- accessory
distal carpals
names 1-4
how many metacarpals
5
digits have
phalanges; proximal, middle and distal
what is joined directly to vertebral column via the pelvic girlde
pelvic limb
os coxae
1/2 of pelvic girdle
3 bones in pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium and pubis
ilium is top near hip
ischium is bone w loops
pubis is in middle
dog humerus has
supertrochlea foramen (hole)
patella is a
sesamoid bone
tibia and fibula
fibula the skinny one
3 proximal tarsals
talus, calcaneus, centrale
how many distal tarsals
4
how many metatarsals
5
(1 usually absent in dogs)
digits
proximal, middle, distal
cranial bones
enclose brain and ear
facial bones
oral and nasal cavities
face joints; most are
sutures
only 2 moveable joints:
- temporo-mandibular joint and
- tympano-hyoid joint
maxilla
- one of largest skull bones
- forms side of face and lateral aspect of nasal cavity
- hole where nerves from skull come out
- makes up much of hard palate
- contains sinuses
- house many teeth (form canines back)
most rostral bone is
- incisive bone
- contains upper incisive teeth
nasal bones
2 long and thin bones form roof of nasal cavity
palatine
- back of the hard palate, just caudal to maxilla
- forms hard shelf; exit of nasal cavity into pharynx
lacrimal
- small bone sits right in corner of eye
- lacrimal canal (tear duct) runs through it
- tears get from eye to nose
zygomatic bone
- behind maxilla on sides
- forms bony arch; cheek bone
- arch protects eye
- muscle runs inside of arch for chewing
orbit
space for eye hole
occipital
- very back of head
- large hole; foramen magnum where spine comes out
- bump on either side of hole called occipital condyle
sphenoid
underneath skull, just infront of occipital
2 important lateral holes in sphenoid
- optic canal; where optic nerve goes (round)
- orbital foramen for nerves to eye muscles (oval)
order of cranial bones from forehead region to back to underneath
frontal, pariteal, sagittal crest occipital, sphenoid, pterygoid
temporal on side
pterygoid
- means wing
- bottom of skull
- helps form canal for exit for nasal cavity
frontal has
sinuses in it (air cavities)
parietals
immediately caudal to frontal bone
ridge that runs from frontal both through parietal
temporal line
bone that comes up between parietals is
sagittal crest
temporal bone
under parietal
houses the ears
3 parts of temporal bone
1) squamous temporal; outside part; extends to zygomatic arch
2) tympanic temporal; tympanic bulla and extends auditory meatus (bulbous but contains whole middle ear and 3 tiny bones for hearing)
3) petrosal temporal: surrounds inner ear, can’t see it from outside
mandibles
house all lower teeth
atlas articulates with what
occipital condyles (atlanto occipital joint, allows nodding motion, no rotation)
axis has what, and joint allows what kind of movement
has dens (tooth-like projection) atlanto axial joint allows rotational joint
Which group of vertebrae has transverse foramina
cervical
Which vertebrae have the longest spinous processes
thoracic
Which vertebrae have the longest transverse processes
lumbar, sweep cranially
What articulates with the tubercle of a rib
costal fovea of transverse process of thoracic vertebra
What articulates with the head of a rib
caudial and cranial costal fovea, head of each rib articulates with thoracic vertebra
What articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum
pelvis; ilium
Where are haemal processes found
bottom of caudal vertebra
Name the cranial and caudal ends of the sternum
cranial; manubrium, caudal xiphoid cartilage
What is the junction between bone and cartilage in a rib called?
costochondral junction
What is the spine of the scapula for?
increases surface area for muscle attachment
The humerus articulates proximally with the
glenoid cavity of the scapula
The humerus articulates distally with the
trochlear notch of the ulna
up to down: scapula, humerus, ulna
cranial & medial bones of forearm
radius (rotation of radius allows supination, pronation ie palms up and down)
caudal and lateral bone of forearm
ulna (elbow)
pelvic girdle
ilium (biggest, crandio-dorsal) , ischium (cadual) , pubis (ventral), all meet together at the acetabulum
pelvic synthesis is right down the middle
humerus has a hole right above its trochlear, femur does not
supratrochlear foramen
What is the name of the cup-shaped articular surface in the ventro-lateral OS COXA?
acetabulum
What bone articulates with the medial side of the ileum?
sacrum
What does the femur articulate with proximally
acetabulum of pelvis
What does the femur articulate with distally
tibia and patella to form knee joint
cranial and medial bone of leg
tibia (bigger) condyles of tibia articulate with condyles of femur
lateral bone of leg
fibula; small
Name the phalanges of the following digits of the dog: 1
and 2-5
1st dewclaw, just proximal and distal (no middle phalanx)
2nd-5th proximal, middle, distal, weight bearing digits
Name the main sesamoid bone associated with the distal femur
patella, on the trochlear groove of the femur
Which proximal tarsal articulates with the tibia
talus
Which proximal tarsal provides a lever for muscles
calcaneus (hock bone)
how r u feeling today friend
humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula
Name the three parts of the temporal bone
squamous temporal, tympanic temporal, petrosal temporal
how many bones make up lower jaw, names?
1, mandible
What runs through the lacrimal bone
lacrimal canal (tear duct)
What is the function of the coronoid and angular processes
attachment sites for powerful muscles involved in the movement of the jaw during chewing and other oral activities.
