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Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

embryology

A

study of embryonic development

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2
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of sperm and egg –> zygote

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3
Q

cleavage

A

cell divisions
–> blastula/ blastocyst

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4
Q

gastrulation

A

blastula rearranges layers of cells –> gastrula

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5
Q

organogenesis

A

rudimentary organs form

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6
Q

4 stages

A

fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation and organogenesis

occur in all animals

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7
Q

as embryo develops, specific patterns of _________ direct cells to a specific fate

A

gene expression

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8
Q

haploid sperm and egg give rise to a

A

diploid zygote

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9
Q

3 key events of fertilization

A
  • contact; sperm makes contact w protective layer (jelly coat ie zona pellucida) surrounding egg
  • acrosomal reaction; enzymes dissolve jelly coat, molecules on sperm bind to receptors on egg
  • cortical reaction; changes at surface of egg prevent further sperm entering; blocks polyspermy
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10
Q

how does acrosomal reaction work

A
  • molecules in jelly coat trigger acrosomal reaction in the sperm, which release hydrolytic enzymes from acrosome (in the head of sperm) which digests a hole in jelly coat
  • acrosomal process (actin filaments) pierce the jelly coat
  • proteins on the tip of acrosomal process bind to receptors on egg plasma membrane; lock and key
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11
Q

acrosomal reaction: bind of proteins on acrosomal process to receptors on egg causes

A

fusion of plasma membranes of sperm and egg

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12
Q

fusion of plasma membranes of sperm and egg triggers

A

opening on Na+ channels, and Na+ rapidly diffuses into egg, causes depolarization and blocks other sperm from fusing

this is still a part of acrosomal reaction

this is short lived, fast block, not the same as cortical reaction which is longer lasting block

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13
Q

cortical reaction

A

vesicles called cortical granules in head of sperm go beneath plasma membrane and fuse with plasma membrane of egg

contents (enzymes) released into space between plasma membrane and outer vitelline layer (perivitelline space)

vitelline layer lifts away

hardens to form fertilization envelope

receptors clipped off so no further binding

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14
Q

cleavage

A
  • succession of rapid cell division
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15
Q

in cleavage the large fertilized egg (zygote) becomes many smaller cells called

A

blastomeres

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16
Q

first 5-7 divisions in cleavage produce a hollow ball of cells called

A

blastula (blastocyst in mammals)

like a hollow ring of blastomeres

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17
Q

more divisions after blastula becomes a ball of cells surrounding a fluid filled space called

A

blastocoel

18
Q

cleavage steps

A

zygote;
divides into blastomeres
more and more until become blastula
and then even more and fluid space in middle becomes blastocoel

(look at pic on slide 10)

19
Q

2 types of cleavage patterns

A

holoblastic: therians, amphibians, echinoderms

meroblastic; monotremes, birds, reptiles, fish, insects

20
Q

holoblastic or meroblastic is a function of

A

presence of yolk which impedes cleavage

holoblastic; hole aka minimal yolk

meroblastic; partial aka large yolk

21
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

yolk is concentrated towards one end; vegetal pole

less yolk at opposite end; animal pole

generates vegetal and animal hemispheres

impedes cleavage

22
Q

in holoblastic cleavage an indentation forms that divides cells in half called a

A

cleavage furrow

first cleavage furrow parallel to lines connecting the poles

second is right angle to first

generates 4 blastomeres of equal size

3rd division is equatorial to prodice 8 cells

23
Q

in holoblastic cleavage the presence of yolk in the vegetal hemispheres

A

displaces the cleavage furrow TOWARDS the animal hemisphere

this means SMALLER blastomeres in animal hemispheres

24
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

the volume of yolk in vegetal hemisphere so big that cleavage furrows cannot pass through it

CLEAVAGE OCCURS ONLY IN ANIMAL HEMISPHERE

cleavage occurs in a small disc at the animal pole; blastodisc

cleavage generates multicellular blastoderm

25
Q

end result of holoblastic cleavage is

A

ball of cells (blastula or blastocyst) with fluid filled space called blastocoel

the blastocoel is on the animal hemisphere side

larger cells on the vegetal hemisphere side

26
Q

in mice and humans the blastocyst contains a group of cells called

the outer layer of cells called the

A

the inner cell mass (embryoblast): forms the embryo and source of embryonic stem cells

trophoblast; does not contirbute to embryo; forms chorion –> placenta

27
Q

gastrulation

A

at end of cleavage the embryo consists of a ball of cells with a fluid fileld space

gastrulation involves reorganization of cells to form 3 layer embryo

28
Q

3 layer embryo is called

what are the 3 layers from in to out

A

gastrula

endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

29
Q

each of embryonic germ layers contributes to dinstict set of tissues in animal

A

ectoderm will form epidermal layer of skin

mesoderm will form muscle, bone, kidneys, blood, gonads, tissue

endoderm will from lining of gut, the liver and the lungs

30
Q

frog gastrulation

A
  • group of cells on blastula form a small indented crease called blastopore
  • sheet of cells at animal hemisphere migrate, move inside blastopore
  • once inside, move back to animal pole
  • organized into endoderm and mesoderm
  • remaining cells at animal hemisphere become ectoderm
  • cells at animal pole continue to spread over outer surface (ectoderm)
  • as more cells enter through enlarging blastopore, new space forms called the archenteron
  • blastocoel becomes smaller and smaller as archenteron becomes bigger
  • eventually endoderm lined archenteron replaces blastocoel
  • blastopore forms the anus
  • archenteron becomes cavity of digestive tract
31
Q

bird gastrulation

A
  • unlike hollow ball of cells like the frog, the bird blastula is a DISC of cell on top of yolk mass called blastoderm
  • blastoderm divides and forms 2 layers; epiblast and hypoblast
  • blastocoel sits in between
  • embryo will develop from epiblast
  • cell from epiblast move to centre of blastoderm and inwards towards yolk
  • produces a thickening: primitive streak
  • some cells that have migrated through the primitive streak move downwards and form endoderm
  • other move laterally and form mesoderm
  • cells left behind on surface form ectoderm
32
Q

mammal gastrulation

A
  • inner cell mass (embryoblast) forms the embryo
  • trophoblast form chorion
  • trophoblast cell secrete enzymes that facilitate implantation into endometrium of uterus
  • inner cell mass divides into epiblast and hypoblast
  • epiblast forms embryo
  • cells of epiblast move inwards via primitive streak to form mesoderm and endoderm
33
Q

totipotent

A

can form ALL cell types plus the extraembryonic (placental) tissues

first few divisions after fertilization

34
Q

pluripotent

A
  • can form ALL cell cell types of the body but NOT the extraembryonic tissues
  • cells from the inner cell mass
35
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

ESCs isolated form embryos
pluripotent

36
Q

induced pluripotent stem cells

A

IPSCs; produced from adult cells via reprogramming

37
Q

multipotent

A
  • can form MULTIPLE cell cell types of the body
  • adult stem cells
  • found in bone marrow and adipose tissue
  • limited differentaition ability
  • mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
38
Q

part of organogenesis that is development of CNS is called

A

neurulation

39
Q

neurulation: cells from dorsal mesoderm come together to form the

A

the notochord

40
Q

in neurulation, the ectoderm above the notochord becomes the

A

neural plate

41
Q

in neurulation, infolding of the neural folds adjacent to the neural plate generates the

A

neural tube; becomes brain and spinal cord

42
Q

in vertebrates 2 types of cells develop near the neural tube

A
  • neural crest cells; from neural folds, migrate to many parts of embryo; neurons, bone, pigment cells etc
  • somites; from mesoderm, play major role in organizing the segmented structure of body; vertebrae and associated muscles

Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology (33 decks)

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