Vertebrate Flashcards
Three chordate subphyla
Tunicates
Cephalochordates
Vertebrates
Vertebrate general body plan mneumonic
PPLEND Pharyngeal Slits Postanal tail Lateral muscles Endostyle Notochord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord
Additional charcteristics thta vertebrates have (but tunicates and cephalochordates don’t) (4 BNBS)
- bony skeleton
- Neural Crest cells
- Sense organs in the head
- brain
osteoblasts
mesenchymal cells that synthesise bone
osteoclasts
cells that break down bone
osteocytes
cells that sense strains and cracks
What is bone made of?
collagen fibres
Calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite)
Sclerotome
embryonic tissue located in the ventromedial section of the somite which is made up of pluripotentent and mesenchymal stem cells
Somite
longitudinal segment repeated on either side down the length of the body
mesoderm
middle layer of three germ layers
What do somites give rise to?
structures such as the vertebrae, ribs, skeletal back muscles and skeletal muscles of the body wall
Neural crest cells
important group of cells that produce a huge range of cells and tissues in embryonic and adult development including melanocytes, cartilage, bone, neurons and lots more
5 things that neural crest cells form
Sensory nerves Pigment cells Autonomic nervous system Nerves in the gut Bone and cartilage in the head
Whta can neural crest cells in the head form that neural crest cells in other parts of the body cannot form?
bone
Three sense organs of the head that vertebrates have
optic
olfactory
otic
What is different about the brain in vertebrates? (3)
bigger forebrain (olfaction and thinking) clear midbrain (optic lobes) segmented hindbrain (touch sense and gill skeleton)
What did the
skeleton
Neural crest cells
Brain
mean for vertebrate ecology and evolution?
allowed them to evolve into active, swimming, hunting predators of the sea
What did vertebrate evolution of the skeleton mean?
efficient locomotion because provides structure for muscles to attach to
Main vertebrate groups
Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish
Condrichthyans
Cartilagenous fish
Actinopterygians
Ray-finned fish
Sarcopterygians
Lobe finned fish
Tetrapods
Where do lampreys spawn?
Rivers then migrate to the sea
What do hagfish and lampreys not have that other vertebrates do?
true bones
jaws, paired fins
What do hagfish have that is sort of like a jaw?
horizontal piercing mouthparts
What do hagfish secrete?
protein based slime used for defence against predators
