Vertebrate

Question 1

Three chordate subphyla

Answer 1

Tunicates
Cephalochordates
Vertebrates

Question 2

Vertebrate general body plan mneumonic

Answer 2

PPLEND
Pharyngeal Slits
Postanal tail
Lateral muscles
Endostyle
Notochord
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord

Question 3

Additional charcteristics thta vertebrates have (but tunicates and cephalochordates don’t) (4 BNBS)

Answer 3

1. bony skeleton
2. Neural Crest cells
3. Sense organs in the head
4. brain

Question 4

osteoblasts

Answer 4

mesenchymal cells that synthesise bone

Question 5

osteoclasts

Answer 5

cells that break down bone

Question 6

osteocytes

Answer 6

cells that sense strains and cracks

Question 7

What is bone made of?

Answer 7

collagen fibres

Calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite)

Question 8

Sclerotome

Answer 8

embryonic tissue located in the ventromedial section of the somite which is made up of pluripotentent and mesenchymal stem cells

Question 9

Somite

Answer 9

longitudinal segment repeated on either side down the length of the body

Question 10

mesoderm

Answer 10

middle layer of three germ layers

Question 11

What do somites give rise to?

Answer 11

structures such as the vertebrae, ribs, skeletal back muscles and skeletal muscles of the body wall

Question 12

Neural crest cells

Answer 12

important group of cells that produce a huge range of cells and tissues in embryonic and adult development including melanocytes, cartilage, bone, neurons and lots more

Question 13

5 things that neural crest cells form

Answer 13

Sensory nerves
Pigment cells
Autonomic nervous system
Nerves in the gut 
Bone and cartilage in the head

Question 14

Whta can neural crest cells in the head form that neural crest cells in other parts of the body cannot form?

Answer 14

bone

Question 15

Three sense organs of the head that vertebrates have

Answer 15

optic
olfactory
otic

Question 16

What is different about the brain in vertebrates? (3)

Answer 16

bigger forebrain (olfaction and thinking)
clear midbrain (optic lobes)
segmented hindbrain (touch sense and gill skeleton)

Question 17

What did the

skeleton
Neural crest cells
Brain

mean for vertebrate ecology and evolution?

Answer 17

allowed them to evolve into active, swimming, hunting predators of the sea

Question 18

What did vertebrate evolution of the skeleton mean?

Answer 18

efficient locomotion because provides structure for muscles to attach to

Question 19

Main vertebrate groups

Answer 19

Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians 
Fish

Question 20

Condrichthyans

Answer 20

Cartilagenous fish

Question 21

Actinopterygians

Answer 21

Ray-finned fish

Question 22

Sarcopterygians

Answer 22

Lobe finned fish

Tetrapods

Question 23

Where do lampreys spawn?

Answer 23

Rivers then migrate to the sea

Question 24

What do hagfish and lampreys not have that other vertebrates do?

Answer 24

true bones

jaws, paired fins

Question 25

What do hagfish have that is sort of like a jaw?

Answer 25

horizontal piercing mouthparts

Question 26

What do hagfish secrete?

Answer 26

protein based slime used for defence against predators