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Oxford - Diversity Of life > Sponges, corals, Pre-bilaterian Life > Flashcards

Sponges, corals, Pre-bilaterian Life Flashcards

1
Q

Roughly how many phyla is the animal kingdom divided into?

A

33

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2
Q

7 common animal phyla

CAMP CAN

A

Cnidaria
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Porifera

Chordata
Annelida
Nematoda

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3
Q

What phylum do sponges make up?

A

Porifera

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4
Q

What are the four pre bilatarian early branching phyla

A

Porifera
Placazoa
Cnidaria
Ctenophora

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5
Q

Describe basic features of a sponge body plan?

4 types of cells

A

Outer cells called Pinacocytes
Inner cells
Pore cells
Collar cells called choanacytes (lining the inner cell endoderm like layer)

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6
Q

How do Porifera feed?

A

Choanocytes (collared cells) use their flagella to create a water current that draws water into the sponge.

Bacteria in the water are trapped in the collar of choanocytes.

Choanocytes chambers

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7
Q

What do choanocytes look similar to?

A

Choanoflagellates

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8
Q

Sessile sponge predator example

A

Deep sea carnivorous sponges which eat small crustaceans

Eg. Harp sponge (Chondrocladia lyra)

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9
Q

What are spicules?

A

Structural and protective components of sponges made of calcium or silica

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10
Q

Two functions of sponge spicules

A

Pointed sponge spicules protect against predators

Modified spicules shaped like hooks can catch prey

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11
Q

Cladorhizidae

A

Family of sponges which are carnivorous and prey on crustaceans and small animals

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12
Q

Why might carnivorous sponges have evolved?

A

As an adaption to a lack of plankton and little filter feeding

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13
Q

Placozoa body plan

A

Upper cell layer (some have cilia, others don’t)
Fibre cells
Lower cell layer (including some secretory gland cells)

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14
Q

What are placozoa fibre cells like?

A

A little like muscle cells - sort of contractile

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15
Q

How do placozoa feed?

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes as they crawl over algae on rocks

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16
Q

Approximately how many species of placozoa?

A

DNA analysis suggests 20

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17
Q

What are textbooks incorrect about placozoa?

A

Most textbooks say there is only one species - Trichoplax adharens however there are actually approximately 20

18
Q

Describe basic cnidarian body plan

A

Singular opening that functions as both a mouth and anus

No true muscle cells but inner/outer layer cells can be contractile

2 cell layers (epidermis and gastroepidermis)

Mesoglea

19
Q

What are the two cnidarian cell layers?

A

Epidermis

Gastroepidermis

20
Q

What is a mesoglea

A

Non connective tissues layer in cnidarians with proteins and polysaccharides

21
Q

Two cnidarian body plans

A

Polyp form

Medusa form

22
Q

Cnidarian Medusa body plan

A

Umbrella like structure with mouth/anal opening pointed downwards

More mesoglea

Stuffer mesoglea which gives more rigidity. More active contractile cells which allow it to swim.

23
Q

What does a cnidarian Medusa body plan do that the polyp form doesn’t?

A

Swim

24
Q

How do cnidarians feed?

A

Stinging organelles called nematocysts which help them catch prey

25
Q

What do cnidarians eat?

A

They are predators and eat fish

26
Q

What are cnidarian stinging organelles called

A

Nematocysts

27
Q

How do nematocysts function?

A

Cnidoblast cell contains a coiled, hollow and barbed thread that fires out and injects venom (touch sensitive)

28
Q

Oddity cnidarian life cycle

A

Some can alternate between Medusa and polyp forms

29
Q

Colonial cnidarian example

A

Portuguese man o’war built of thousands of polyp buds that form a colony

30
Q

Most odd looking cnidarian

A

Myxozoans - bizarre parasites that look nothing like other cnidarians

31
Q

Example of colonial cnidarian

A

Coral reefs

Portuguese man o’war

32
Q

What cnidarian has photosynthetic dinoflagellates

A

Corals - used to get food from sunlight

33
Q

Common name for Ctenophora

A

Comb jellies

34
Q

Basic body plan of Ctenophora

A

2 cell layers
Radial symmetry
Colloblast sticky cells used for predation

35
Q

How do ctenophores predate?

A

Colloblast sticky cells

36
Q

Which two of the early pre bilaterian branches are predators?

A

Cnidarian (stinging cells)

Ctenophora (sticky cells)

37
Q

How do Porifera feed?

A

Filter feeding

38
Q

How do placozoa feed?

A

Grazing

39
Q

Which of the four early branching pre bilateria lineages have no symmetry?

A

Porifera

Placozoa

40
Q

Which of the four early branching pre bilateria lineages have radial symmetry

A

Ctenophora

Cnidarians

41
Q

Nervous system comparison in four early pre bilaterian lineages ?

A

None have a centra nervous chord
Porifera and placozoa have no nerves
Cnidaria and Ctenophora have a nerve net

42
Q

Compare basic germ layer in four early pre bilaterian lineages

A

All have 2 germ cell layers

Oxford - Diversity Of life (39 decks)

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